胸段脊旁肌肌电图在肌萎缩侧索硬化诊断中的作用

目的 研究胸段脊旁肌自发电位在诊断肌萎缩侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis，ALS)中的价值。方法 50例确诊的ALS患者分别行胸段脊旁肌自发电位、胸锁乳突肌运动单位，部分患者行舌肌自发电位检测；同时，将性别、年龄相匹配的30例根性损害的患者和30名健康人作为对照，行胸段脊旁肌自发电位检测。结果 50例ALS患者中，41例(82％)胸段脊旁肌肌电图可见大量纤颤电位和正锐波；胸锁乳突肌肌电图无一例见自发电位，但有48例(96%)运动单位时限增宽，波幅增高，符合慢性神经源性损害改变；6例患者行舌肌自发电位检测，3例可见自发电位。30例根性病变的患者中，2例(7％)可见胸段脊旁肌有少量自发电位；健康对照组未见胸段脊旁肌自发电位。结论 胸段脊旁肌大量自发电位对诊断ALS具有一定的敏感性。     

腹直肌肌电图在肌萎缩侧索硬化诊断中的价值

目的建立腹直肌肌电图运动单位动作电位(MUAP)各参数正常参考值,并探讨其在诊断肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)中的价值。方法对ALS组67例患者(其中有呼吸困难症状者19例)进行常规肌电图检测,包括上、下肢远近端肌肉、胸锁乳突肌、下胸段脊旁肌及腹直肌,测定自发电位、募集相、MUAP时限、波幅及多相波,其中脊旁肌只检测自发电位和募集相。对健康对照组109名健康志愿者进行腹直肌肌电图的检测。比较ALS组腹直肌肌电图与健康组的差异、ALS组中腹直肌肌电图与下胸段脊旁肌肌电图的差异以及腹直肌肌电图与呼吸障碍症状的关系。结果健康对照组腹直肌肌电图的MUAP参数分别为:波幅(373·78±56·46)μV,时限(9·95±1·13)ms,多相波(19·40±4·52)%;ALS组腹直肌肌电图的MUAP各参数分别为:波幅(537·19±159·04)μV,时限(13·02±1·30)ms,多相波(31·19±8·84)%,ALS组腹直肌肌电图各参数与健康对照组相比差异有统计学意义;ALS组腹直肌肌电图神经源性改变(63/67,94·0%)与下胸段脊旁肌肌电图(57/67,85·1%)的差异无统计学意义;有呼吸困难症状患者的腹直肌肌电图自发电位(18/19,94·7%)多于无呼吸困难症状患者(32/48,66·7%)。结论腹直肌肌电图各参数均能可靠、稳定地测出,可作为检测ALS患者胸段下运动神经元病变的辅助手段。     

12例肯尼迪病患者肌电图和神经电图特点

目的研究肯尼迪病（KD）患者肌电图和神经电图特征,以加强对此病电生理学改变的认识。方法12例经基因检测确诊的KD患者行肌电图（EMG）和神经电图检测。EMG取双侧股四头肌、三角肌、胸锁乳突肌和腹直肌,检测项目包括静止时的自发电位,小力收缩运动单位动作电位（MUAP）的时限、波幅,大力收缩时的募集相。神经电图取双正中神经、双腓总神经和双腓肠神经,检测项目包括感觉神经动作电位（SNAP）波幅、运动神经传导速度（MCV）和感觉神经传导速度（SCV）。结果KD患者肌电图特点：60.4%肌肉静息状态出现2处以上的纤颤电位、正锐波;轻收缩时MUAP时限延长,波幅增高;75.0%肌肉重收缩时呈单纯相或单纯混合相。神经电图方面,MCV正常,而SNAP波幅和SCV均低于健康者均值（P=0.000）。结论KD患者EMG呈典型神经源性改变。感觉受累可能是KD的基本表现之一。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化患者肌电图与ALS-FRS-R的研究

目的研究肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)患者肌电图(EMG)相关肌肉小力收缩时运动单位动作电位(MUAP)的波幅(Amp)和时限(Lat)与肌萎缩侧索硬化功能评分(ALS-FRS-R)之间的相关性。方法 25例ALS患者分别进行ALS-FRS-R和EMG检查,分别记录并分析左右胫骨前肌、左右伸指总肌、腹直肌及胸锁乳突肌小力收缩时MUAP的Amp和Lat与ALS-FRS-R的相关性。结果 23例ALS患者右胫骨前肌小力收缩时Amp与ALS-FRS-R存在相关性,R2=0.173,P=0.043。左胫骨前肌、左右伸指总肌、腹直肌及胸锁乳突肌小力收缩时的Amp及左右胫骨前肌、左右伸指总肌、腹直肌及胸锁乳突肌小力收缩时的Lat与ALS-FRS-R不存在相关性(P>0.05)。结论 EMG中仅个别相关肌肉小力收缩时MUAP的Amp与ALS-FRS-R相关,因此EMG相关肌肉小力收缩时的Amp和Lat对ALS仅具有定性意义,不能反映ALS患者病情的严重程度。     

不同阶段肌萎缩侧索硬化患者肌电图的研究

目的研究不同阶段肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)患者的定量肌电图(EMG)表现,寻找早期诊断ALS的敏感电生理指标。方法对60例ALS患者进行定量EMG检查,分析不同阶段运动单位动作电位(MUPs)多相参数、自发电位和大力收缩募集相变化,并与健康对照组进行比较。结果不同阶段ALS EMG表现不同,从最早期阶段到最后阶段可分为N0~N56个连续的电生理阶段。N2期MUPs的时限、波幅、面积、运动单位指数(SI)、多相波数值均较健康对照组显著升高(均P<0·001),N0、N4期MUPs部分多相参数数值明显升高(P<0·05);自发电位在病变的各个阶段均可见到,以N2~N5多见,分别为63·6%、83·0%、91·2%、100%。结论ALS患者早期阶段如出现自发电位,即为下运动神经元受累的特征表现;定量EMG检查中运动单位面积和波幅增大是其显著特点。     

斜方肌肌电图在肌萎缩侧索硬化早期诊断中的应用

目的 探讨斜方肌肌电图在检测肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)延髓部下运动神经元损害中的价值.方法 对100例ALS患者、80例颈椎病患者和100名健康志愿者进行斜方肌肌电图检测,AKS组和颈椎病组同时进行胸锁乳突肌、第一骨间肌、腹直肌、胫前肌肌电图检测,比较3组肌电图的差异.颈椎病组中43例患者进行手术前后斜方肌肌电图比较.结果 ALS组中,病程≤8个月的患者斜方肌肌电图自发电位的出现率高于病程>8个月者[分别为21/30(70%)和28/70(40%),X~2=7.56,P=0.004];斜方肌肌电图与胸锁乳突肌肌电图异常率比较差异无统计学意义.ALS组[波幅(1086.9±152.6)μV,时限(17.2±6.5)ms,多相波23.6%±3.4%]与对照组[波幅(606.7±82.7)μV,时限(11.6±1.8)ms,多相波12.8%±2.2%;q=9.27、4.57、4.12,均P<0.01]、ALS组与颈椎病组[术前,波幅(615.7±90.3)μV,时限(12.1±2.0)ms,多相波13.5%±2.4%]间运动单位动作电位(MUAP)各参数比较,差异有统计学意义(q=8.32、4.25、4.23,均P<0.01).颈椎病患者手术前后斜方肌肌电图MUAP各参数无明显变化,5例术后发现少量自发电位.结论 斜方肌肌电图可作为检测ALS延髓部下运动神经元损害的辅助手段,特别是早期可见自发电位增多. 1.6±1.8)ms,多相波12.8%±2.2%;q=9.27、4.57、4.12,均P<0.01]、ALS组与颈椎病组[术前,波幅(615.7±90.3)μV,时限(12.1±2.0)ms,多相波13.5%±2.4%]间运动单位动作电位(MUAP)各参数比较,差异有统计学意义(q=8.32、4.25、4.23,均P< .01).颈椎病患者手术前后斜方肌肌电图MUAP各参数无明显变化,5例术后发现少量自发电位.结论 斜方肌肌电图可作为检测ALS延髓部下运动神经元损害的辅助手段,特别是早期可见自发电位增多. 1.6±1.8)ms,多相波12.8%±2.2%;q=9.27、4.57、4.12,均P<0.01]、ALS组与颈椎病组[术前,波幅(615.7±90.3)μV,时限(12.1±     

阔筋膜张肌肌电图在腰椎间盘突出症诊断中的价值

目的:观察腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)患者阔筋膜张肌与臀大肌、臀中肌肌电图(EMG)上的自发电位阳性比例、运动单位电位(MUP)时限及波幅差异,了解其临床诊断价值.方法:本次研究共纳入30例LDH患者作为观察组,另设30例正常人为对照组,两组受试者性别、年龄比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),具有可比性.对每例受试者阔筋膜张肌、臀大肌、臀中肌分别收集30个MUP,去除10个基线不稳的MUP,将剩余20个作定量分析,计算其波幅、时限的平均值及标准差.凡出现自发电位、MUP时限波幅较正常组超过两个标准差的肌肉均定义为阳性.统计阔筋膜张肌、臀大肌、臀中肌的阳性率.结果:观察组阔筋膜张肌EMG表现出自发MUP的患者的比例显著高于臀大肌、臀中肌,其MUP时限、波幅与臀大肌、臀中肌相比差异无显著意义(P＞0.05),阔筋膜张肌、臀大肌、臀中肌MUP时限、波幅与正常组相比差异均有显著意义(P＜0.05).结论:阔筋膜张肌EMG对于LDH患者的定位诊断价值明确,其自发电位出现比例高于臀大肌、臀中肌与样本量不足有关,需增加样本量以作进一步的研究.     

肌萎缩侧索硬化与脊髓型颈椎病的鉴别诊断

目的　探讨肌萎缩侧索硬化 (ALS)与脊髓型颈椎病 (CSM )早期临床鉴别诊断方法。方法　回顾性对临床确诊的 36例ALS和 2 2例CSM主要症状 /体征、辅助检查异常率进行比较。结果　除肌无力为两病共同的常见症状和体征外 ,肌萎缩、肌束震颤、感觉异常、病理征阳性率皆有显著性差别 ;ALS不存在客观感觉障碍 ,CSM不存在构音 /吞咽障碍和掌颏反射阳性。运动单位减少 ,波幅增高 ,时限增宽 ,纤颤电位增多 ,感觉传导速度和体感诱发电位正常 ,胸锁乳突肌EMG异常均利于ALS诊断。结论　在临床早期 ,通过识别关键性的症状、体征 ,结合电生理等实验室检查 ,可以对ALS和CSM作出正确的鉴别诊断     

胸锁乳突肌肌电图在鉴别肌萎缩侧索硬化与颈椎病性脊髓病的研究

对106例肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)与颈椎病性脊髓病(CSM),及两病鉴别困难者进行胸锁乳突肌、肢体肌及舌肌EMG检查。结果ALS组胸锁乳突肌神经源性损害的异常率高于三肢体肌、舌肌;CSM组胸锁乳突肌无1例异常。表明该肌神经源性损害能明显提高ALS亚临床的阳性率,有助于ALS的早期诊断及ALS与CSM两病的鉴别。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化症152例下胸段脊旁肌肌电图特点

目的探讨下胸段脊旁肌肌电图在肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)诊断中的应用价值。方法总结152例确诊ALS患者的临床及电生理资料,观察下胸段脊旁肌肌电图的特点,并分析其与病程、年龄、首发部位、呼吸困难、胸锁乳突肌肌电图、舌肌肌电图的相关性。结果152例ALS中,下胸段脊旁肌肌电图出现自发电位者125例(82．24%)；胸锁乳突肌肌电图呈神经源性损害83例(55．33%),其中出现自发电位者45例。通过Logistic多元回归分析提示脊旁肌肌电图与病程、年龄有关,而与首发部位、呼吸困难无明显相关性。结论脊旁肌肌电图与ALS患者的病程及年龄有关,且下胸段脊旁肌肌电图方便易行,在ALS中诊断价值较大。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Onset of action of antipsychotics in the treatment of mania

Introduction: An important consideration in treating acute mania is the promptness with which a chosen therapy can bring symptom amelioration. This article reviews the available published data from controlled, blinded studies regarding the latency of responses to antipsychotics in patients with acute mania.

Methods: Articles for this review were obtained from a search of the Medline database (1966–1999), using the following keywords and phrases: antipsychotic, atypical, bipolar disorder, mania, neuroleptic, typical. The bibliographic sections of articles gleaned from this search were used to direct further inquiries.

Results: Although information regarding the onset of action of antipsychotics is limited, we discovered data for four typical and three atypical antipsychotics. Drugs with the fastest onsets include haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine, with onsets appearing in 2–6 days. Chlorpromazine and thiothixene were at the slowest end of the continuum, with onsets of 2 weeks or longer. Data regarding pimozide are mixed, with some studies showing an onset equivalent to that of the 'fast' compounds and others showing one similar to that of the 'slow' compounds.

Conclusions: Choice of therapy should consider not only efficacy and safety, but also onset speed. Atypical antipsychotics appear to offer safer, faster, and more effective therapies.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

The origins of innervation of the esophagus of the dog

This study defined the origins of extrinsic efferent and afferent innervation of the normal canine esophagus. When all the layers of the wall of the 3 esophageal regions (cervical, thoracic and abdominal) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), labeled nerve cells were found in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and parasympathetic nucleus of X (PX) of the brainstem. Most labeled cells in the NA were located in the compact column (retrofacial nucleus) while labeled cells in the PX were located in separate rostral and caudal areas. There was no somatotopic organization in either the NA or PX. Labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons were found in the cranial cervical, middle cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic sympathetic trunk and celiacomesenteric ganglia. The HRP injection of the esophageal wall labeled sensory cell bodies in the glossopharyngeal, proximal and distal vagal, and C2-T6 spinal ganglia. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of labeled cells in the autonomic or sensory ganglia. When the HRP injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa layers of the thoracic esophagus, a small number of labeled cells were identified in the NA; however, no labeled cells were found in the NA when injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa of either the cervical or abdominal esophageal regions. With these confined injections, the labeled nerve cells appeared in the rostral part of the PX. Thus, it appeared that the internal tunics of the esophagus (i.e., the mucosa and submucosa) were innervated by neurons in the rostral PX while the muscular tunic was innervated by neurons in the caudal PX and the rostral NA. After mucosa-submucosa injections, labeled sympathetic neurons appeared in the same ganglia that were identified after whole wall injections and these had a similar random distribution. These injections also labeled neurons in the glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, and distal vagal ganglia, but unlike the whole wall injections there was no labeling in the spinal ganglia. This suggested that the labeled cells of the spinal ganglia seen after whole wall injections conveyed impulses from the tunica muscularis and serosa.