立体定向手术治疗难治性精神分裂症近期疗效及远期预后分析

目的　探讨立体定向手术治疗难治性精神分裂症的近期疗效和远期预后。方法　回顾性分析 1987年 3月～ 2 0 0 4年 3月间应用立体定向多靶点毁损手术治疗的 39例精神分裂症患者 ,对术后超过 10年的 15例患者设立非手术对照组 ,采用简明精神病量表 (BPRS)、大体评定量表 (GAS)、临床疗效总评量表 (CGI)、阳性和阴性症状量表 (DANSS)、社会功能缺陷量表 (SDSS)和日常生活能力量表 (ADL)等对治疗结果和远期预后进行评定。结果　 39例手术患者优 3例 ,显著进步 16例 ,进步 14例 ,无效 4例。手术前后GAS、BPRS、CGI评分有显著性差异(P <0 .0 1)。长期随访 ,手术组与非手术组BPRS中的激活因子分、PANSS中的攻击危险性和偏执 /好斗因子分有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,余各项评分及SDSS和ADL评分两组间的差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　立体定向手术是治疗难治性精神分裂症的安全、有效的方法 ,手术对患者的社会和生活能力无明显影响。     

立体定向颅内多靶点毁损术治疗难治性精神分裂症的远期预后分析

目的探讨立体定向手术治疗难治性精神分裂症的远期疗效。方法回顾性分析应用立体定向多靶点毁损手术治疗的826例难治性精神分裂症患者的临床资料,对术后回访超过5年的348例患者设立非手术对照组,采用简明精神病量表（BPRS）、阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、社会功能缺陷量表（SDSS）和日常生活能力量表（ADL）等对远期预后进行评定。结果长期随访,手术组与非手术组（BPRS）中的激活因子分、PANSS中的攻击危险性和偏执／好斗因子分有显著性差异（P〈0．01）,SINS和ADL评分两组间的差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论脑立体定向手术对临床确诊的难治性精神分裂症靶症状疗效是肯定的,对患者的社会和生活能力无明显影响。     

101例精神分裂症立体定向手术后三年疗效观察

自1987年2月起,我们在精神科的配合下,对101例难治性精神分裂症病人施行丁脑立体定向手术,三年来经过多次随访,现总结如下: 临床资料本组101例,按1984年我国精神分裂症临床工作诊断标准,参照DSM—Ⅲ确诊为精神分裂症,其中男性57例,女性44例,年龄15～57岁(33.02±9.2)病程1～25年(X=10±5.8),住院次数1～10次(X=3.8±1.8)。病人主要临床表现多以情感、行为障碍为主,伴有不同程度的思维障碍,几乎所有病人术前均接受过比较充分的抗精神病药物或胰岛素、电休克等治疗(药物折合氯丙嗪最大量3500毫克/日,平均1075.66毫克/日)效果不佳。辅助检查(能配合的病人):31例中有12例呈边缘状态,其余正常。(2)术前量表:简明精神病量表(BPRS)42～92分(X=61.35±10.57);临床总体印象量表(CGIS)5～7分(X=5.9±0.67);大体评定量表(GAS)12～45分(X=25.26±7.34)。提示有明显精神障碍。     

精神分裂症患者出院后心理康复指导的意义

目的　探讨心理康复指导对精神分裂症患者出院后康复的意义。方法　对 12 0例出院的精神分裂症患者随机分成干预组 6 0例和对照组 6 0例 ,两组均接受抗精神药物的维持治疗 ,在此基础上干预组进行心理康复指导 ,而对照组仅限于一般情况的介绍 ,于干预前和干预后 6个月、一年对二组进行简明精神病量表(BPRS)、日常生活能力量表 (ADL)、功能大体评定量表 (GAF)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表 (SDSS)评定。结果　干预后 6个月BPRS、GAF、ADL评分分别为 2 1.4± 4 .5 ,79.0± 18.4和 19.6± 4 .8,对照组分别为 2 3.5±5 .1,6 8.0± 16 .8和 2 1.7± 5 .5 ,两组各项评分差异有显著性 ,干预组 12个月后BPRS、GAF、ADL、SDSS评分分别为 16 .3± 3.4 ,82 .0± 113.4 ,4 .1± 2 .2和 14 .5± 5 .5 ,对照组分别为 19.7± 8.2 ,5 8.0± 14 .7,6 .7±2 .8和 18.7± 5 .5 ,两组各项评分差异均有显著性 ,1年内干预组 8例 (13.3% )复发 ,对照组 2 1例 (3.5 % )复发 ,有差异显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　心理康复指导能降低精神分裂症患者的复发率 ,有利于社会功能的康复     

偏执型与非偏执型首发精神分裂症患者认知功能及精神症状的比较

目的　探讨偏执型与非偏执型精神分裂症患者认知功能及精神症状的特征。方法　以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第 4版诊断标准 ,将 1 64例首发精神分裂症患者分为偏执型组 (1 1 9例 )及非偏执型组 (45例 ) ;分别进行韦氏成人智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、铁槽铁钉测验、利手测验、动作功能测验、手功能协调测验、连线测验A和B、威斯康星卡片分类测验及自编言语流利性测验 1 0项神经心理测查 ,并评定简明精神病评定量表 (BPRS)、修订的阴性症状评定量表 (SANS)、临床总体印象量表、功能总体评定量表 (GAF)。结果　 (1 )认知功能 :偏执型组与非偏执型组各项认知功能的差异均无显著性 (均P >0 0 5)。 (2 )临床症状 :偏执型组与非偏执型组BPRS中的迟滞因子 [分别为 (5 2±1 3)分和 (7 0± 2 7)分 ]、思维障碍 [分别为 (1 3 9± 2 6)分和 (1 2 5± 3 0 )分 ]、SANS总分及各项因子分、GAF评分 [分别为 (37 1± 7 2 )分和 (32 7± 8 1 )分 ]的差异均有非常显著性 (均P <0 0 1 )。结论精神分裂症不同亚型的认知损害不具特征性 ,不能依此作为诊断依据     

选择性多靶点毁损治疗难治性精神病(附56例报告)

目的探讨立体定向选择性多靶点毁损术治疗难治性精神病的临床效果。方法应用脑立体定向技术对56例难治性精神病进行颅内多靶点射频毁损治疗。术后随访3￣15个月,采用临床疗效总评定量表(CGI)简明精神病评定表(BPRS)、社会功能量表(SDSS)、阳性症状量表(SAPS)、韦氏智力量表(WISC)评价治疗效果。结果CGI评定为有效51例(91.1%);其中优8例,显著进步36例,进步7例;无变化5例。BPRS评分术前68.66±14.20,术后34.40±8.86;SAPS评分术前27.52±2.49,术后9.98±2.52;SDSS评分术前15.62±1.20,术后8.68±1.62,均有显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。WISC手术前、后无显著性差异。术后无严重并发症和后遗症。结论立体定向技术微创、安全,是难治性精神病的有效治疗方法。根据不同的症状设计不同的靶点组合,对提高疗效、降低并发症有较大意义。     

5-羟色胺2C受体基因启动子区多态性与迟发性运动障碍的关联分析

目的　探讨 5 羟色胺 2C(5 HT2C)受体基因启动区 - 759C/T和 - 697G/C单碱基置换多态性与精神分裂症伴迟发性运动障碍 (TD)的相关性。方法　先用异常不自主运动量表 (AIMS)评定精神分裂症男性患者有无TD及其严重程度 ,再对 42例符合TD(AIMS总分≥ 3分 )者和与TD组严格相匹配的 50例非TD者 ,采用简明精神病评定量表 (BPRS)评定精神症状 ,并应用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性方法分析 5 HT2C受体基因的分布频率。结果　 (1 )TD组的 - 697C(突变型 )半合子型频率 (38% )高于非TD组 (1 8% ;χ2 =4 7,P =0 0 3 ,OR =2 8)。TD组 - 759T(突变型 )半合子型频率和 - 759T/ - 697C突变型单倍体频率虽高于非TD组 ,但差异均无显著性 (χ2 值分别为 2 9和 4 9,P =0 0 9)。 (2 )TD组的AIMS和BPRS评分分别为 (6 5± 1 8)分和 (51 2± 7 8)分 ,非TD组分别为 0分和(50 0± 7 3)分 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5)。结论　 5 HT2C受体基因启动控制区的 - 697G/T单碱基置换突变可能是精神分裂症患者发生TD的易感因素之一     

立体定向多靶点联合射频毁损术治疗难治性精神病

目的 探讨脑立体定向多靶点联合射频毁损手术在治疗难治性精神病中的作用。方法 对10例难治性精神病患者应用立体定向技术对颅内杏仁核、内囊前肢、扣带回等部位进行多靶点组合射频热凝治疗。应用简明精神病评定量表(brief psychiatric rating scale，BPRS)、社会功能量表(social disability screening schedule，SDSS)、韦氏智力量和临床记忆量表对治疗效果进行评定，并随访病人6个月～1年。结果 10例患者中治愈2例，显著进步3例，进步2例，无变化3例。手术前后BPRS、SDSS量表检查有显著差异，临床记忆量表测验、韦氏智力测验病人脑功能变化与术前无显著差异。结论 立体定向多靶点联合射频毁损手术是治疗难治性精神病的有效治疗方法，根据不同症状设计不同靶点组合做到手术计划个体化，对提高疗效、降低并发症有较大意义。     

5-羟色胺2A受体基因多态性与精神分裂症患者迟发性运动障碍的关联分析

目的　探讨 5 羟色胺 2A(5 HT2A)受体基因A14 38G多态性与精神分裂症伴迟发性运动障碍 (TD)的相关性。方法　先用异常不自主运动量表 (AIMS)评定精神分裂症男性患者有无TD及其严重程度 ,再对 4 2例符合TD(AIMS总分≥ 3分 )者和与TD组严格相匹配的 5 1例非TD者 ,采用简明精神病评定量表 (BPRS)评定精神症状 ,应用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性方法分析 5 HT2A受体基因的分布频率。结果　 (1)经吻合度检验 ,TD组、非TD组的 5 HT2A受体基因A14 38G多态性位点的基因型分布均符合Hardy Weinberg平衡法则 (χ2 值分别为 0 0 6、0 0 2 ,υ均 =1,P均 >0 0 5。 (2 )TD组与非TD组的基因型总体分布的差异无显著性 (χ2 =4 37,υ =2 ,P >0 0 5 ) ,等位基因频率分布的差异有显著性 (χ2 =4 36 ,υ=1,P <0 0 5 )。 (3)TD组的AIMS和BPRS的评分分别为 (6 5± 1 8)分和 (5 1 2± 7 8)分 ,非TD组分别为 0分和 (5 0 3± 7 4 )分 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　 5 HT2A受体基因的A14 38G多态性可能与男性精神分裂症患者的TD相关联。     

以阳性或阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者脑脊液催乳素水平测定

目的　探讨以阳性症状为主 (以下简称阳性 )和以阴性症状为主 (以下简称阴性 )的精神分裂症患者脑脊液催乳素 {PRL)水平及氯氮平治疗前后的变化。方法　对 2 6例阳性精神分裂症患者 (阳性组 )和 2 2例阴性精神分裂症患者 (阴性组 )用氯氮平治疗 6周 ,用简明精神病量表 (BPRS)、阳性症状量表 (SAPS)或阴性症状量表 (SANS)评定疗效。治疗前及治疗 6周末用放射免疫测定法测定患者脑脊液PRL水平。结果　治疗前阳性组PRL水平 [(1.0 8± 0 .39) μg/L]低于阴性组 [(1.34± 0 .4 1) μg/L],P <0 .0 5 ;治疗后阳性组PRL水平 [(1.16± 0 .35 ) μg/L]较治疗前升高 ,阴性组 [(1.2 4± 0 .4 6 ) μg/L]较治疗前降低 ,差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。两组治疗后BPRS、SAPS或SANS总分较同组治疗前下降均有极显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　阳性和阴性精神分裂症患者脑脊液PRL基础水平有差异 ,氯氮平对精神分裂症患者脑脊液PRL水平影响较小。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.     

Une phénoménologie de la dépendance à l'alcool. Une expérience primordiale de la « nostrité »

The phenomenological approach to alcoholism interestingly focuses on specific dynamics of interpersonal relationships displaying the founding of the Self from a primary “us” and its original basis in the human feast. Priorities for treatment intervention recommend to involve social setting and relationships of the patients, reaching their active participation to a motivational and long term group treatment, underlying the specific therapeutic effect of world exchanges. Biopsychosocial determination of alcoholism could be primarily based on components of interpersonal relationships. Regarding social background, drinking is one of the most famous supports for the achievement of the feast, a founding marker of present time. Taking an existential point of view, the feast appears as the heart of mankind because it presents a primary “us”, a plural state which indicates the beginning and founding of the Self from the others. During the feast, we regularly have to reach our Self from the “us” while avoiding two main dangers, drunkenness, an increase in the dizziness of upright verticality, and addiction, an opposite vertical surrender to alcohol and falling into in the alcoholic relapse, both situations imply a spatial domination and the disappearance of others. Treatment programs of alcohol addicts need to integrate the necessity of reaching the existential basic trust from the support of a group to the appropriation of the community which can be defined as an original “usness”.