桥脑出血的临床、CT与MRI

本文收集了经ＣＴ或ＭＲＩ证实的桥脑出血１９例，结合其ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ表现，对其临床表现进行分析，并比较ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ对桥脑出血的诊断价值。提出桥脑出血的预后与出血的部位及数量有关。桥脑出血各期ＭＲＩ均有阳性表现，且ＭＲＡ（磁共振血管成像）无创伤，可发现隐匿血管畸形，有助于桥脑出血病因诊断，故桥脑出血的最佳影像诊断方法为ＭＲＩ。     

桥脑出血的临床、CT与MRI

本文收集了经ＣＴ或ＭＲＩ证实的桥脑出血１９例，结合其ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ表现，对其临床表现进行分析，并比较ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ对桥脑出血的诊断价值。提出桥脑出血的预后与出血的部位及数量有关。桥脑出血各期ＭＲＩ均有阳性表现，且ＭＲＡ（磁共振血管成像）无创伤，可发现隐匿血管畸形，有助于桥脑出血病因诊断，故桥脑出血的最佳影像诊断方法为ＭＲＩ。     

“自发性”桥脑出血

本文报告了“自发性“桥脑出血１２例，对其临床表现，神经放射检查及手术治疗诸问题作了较深入分析，出血原因系脑血管畸形，病理证实３例为海绵状血管瘤，２例为ＡＶＭ和２例为畸形血管。我们认为，目前ＭＲＩ检查是术前诊断最主要方法，Ｘ－ＣＴ在急诊检查及术后随诊中起一定作用，而脑血造影对诊断几乎没有帮助。全组术后平均随访２年，结果令人满意，提出，无论哪种类型的血管畸形所造成的桥脑血肿，尤其病灶较大者，手术治疗能     

脊髓血管畸形合并髓内出血的临床表现与MRI（附一例报告）

脊髓血管畸形合并髓内出血的临床表现与ＭＲＩ（附一例报告）毛小平，余绍祖，凌芳，陶枫，李祝密脊髓血管畸形可引起髓内出血，临床症状及体征复杂，早期诊断困难。作者收治经ＭＲＩ诊断和手术证实的一例患者，现报告如下。临床资料患儿，男，１１岁，无明显诱因突感左上...     

小儿自发性蛛网膜下腔出血病因及治疗方法探讨

目的：研究小儿自发性蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）的病因与治疗。方法：多数病人行凝血因子，ＣＳＦ，血管造影，ＣＴ，ＤＳＡ，ＭＲＩ和ＭＲＡ检查以明确该病的病因诊断和手术治疗的临床意义。结果：６３例小儿自发性ＳＡＨ中，有１３例出血性血液病，３３例血管性疾病，８例颅内肿瘤，１例炎症，８例病因不明。结论：脑血管病和颅内肿瘤病人应手术治疗，采用手术治疗对血液病所致的严重ＳＡＨ病人有一定的帮助。     

CT,MRI和DSA诊断蛛网膜下腔出血价值的评价

本文通过对７９例ＳＡＨ的临床、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ和ＤＳＡ的对照研究，发现ＣＴ对急性期ＳＡＨ诊断价值较大，可作为筛选措施。ＭＲＩ对亚急性ＳＡＨ及隐匿性血管畸形的诊断优于ＣＴ和ＤＳＡ。ＤＳＡ可直观显示动脉瘤、动静脉畸形和供血动脉、引流静脉，还可作介入治疗。     

脑干血管畸形致进行性加重的脑干出血

脑干血管畸形致进行性加重的脑干出血高润林，王胜武脑干血管畸形所致脑干出血绝大多数为卒中样发病，诊断并不困难。但起病缓慢，病情呈进行性加重的脑干血肿，易误诊。ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ问世以来，提高了对该病的认识，现报告２例如下：例１，男性，３４岁。３年前出现言语不...     

CTA在脑动静脉畸形出血急诊显微外科手术治疗中的指导意义

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)存脑动静脉畸形(AVM)出血急诊显微外科手术治疗中的指导意义. 方法 同顾性分析四川省人民医院神经外科自2004年8月至2007年10月应用CTA指导急诊显微外科手术治疗脑AVM出血的21例患者的临床资料. 结果 本组21例脑AVM患者均行血肿清除及脑AVM的显微外科手术治疗,畸形血管伞切15例.部分切除5例,1例延髓血管畸形未能切除.痊愈6例(皮层下非功能区血肿5例,小脑血管畸形1例),好转14例(皮层下功能区血肿7例,小脑血肿4例,基底节区血管畸形3例),死亡1例(延髓血管畸形).结论 CTA可完成脑AVM的诊断,指导脑AVM出血的急诊显微外科手术治疗.     

磁共振成像在三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛诊断中的应用

目的　对应用磁共振成像（ＭＲＩ）特殊序列诊断三叉神经痛（ＴＮ） 和面肌痉挛（ＦＳ）血管神经压迫的价值进行评价。方法　临床诊断ＴＮ１８ 例,ＦＳ１１ 例。先行ＳＥＴ１ＷＩ、Ｔ２ＷＩ扫描,然后行三维时间飞越破坏性稳态梯度回波序列（３ＤＴＯＦＳＰＧＲ） 分析。利用原始图像对两侧三叉神经进行斜矢状位和冠状位重建。结果　ＴＮ中,２ 例为肿瘤所致,１５ 例为血管压迫引起,１ 例未发现病因。１１ 例ＦＳ中发现血管神经接触１０ 例,未发现病因１ 例。８ 例手术证实病例中,７ 例与ＭＲＩ诊断完全符合。结论ＭＲＩ对发现ＴＮ和ＦＳ病因具有重要价值,特别是３ＤＴＯＦＳＰＧＲ原始图像是显示神经血管接触的敏感方法,对选择手术方法具有重要的指导意义。     

小儿自发性脑出血的病因及诊治

目的：探讨小儿自发性脑出血的病因及其诊治方法的选择。方法：小儿自发性脑出血２５例，多见于８～１４岁，临床上癫痫发生率（４４．０％）明显高于成人，部分患儿有贫血表现。病因以脑动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）最常见（４８．０％），血液病（１６．０％）次之，约１／４患儿病因不明。出血量大、病情进展快者宜急诊手术清除血肿，并及时行脑血管造影及全身系统检查明确病因、作相应治疗。小儿ＡＶＭ采用血管内栓塞、手术切除或栓塞加手术切除。结果：治愈１９例（７６．０％），好转３例（１２．０％），死亡３例（１２．０％）。随访１６例（１～６．５年），１例死亡，１例再出血，余１４例健康生存。结论：小儿自发性脑出血最常见病因是动静脉畸形和血液病，如诊断治疗及时，预后良好。     

Thrombolysis for ischemic stroke in patients with old microbleeds on pretreatment MRI

BACKGROUND: Old asymptomatic microbleeds (MBs) visualized on T2-weighted MRI are indicative of microangiopathy. They may be a marker of increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) following thrombolysis. However, data regarding this potential risk are limited. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of pretreatment T2-weighted MRI was performed in consecutive stroke patients who received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). We aimed to assess the impact of MBs on the risk of cerebral bleeding. The frequency and location of MBs were assessed and compared with the location of ICH after thrombolysis. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were studied. MBs were present on pretreatment MRI in 8 cases (18.2%). At day 1, symptomatic ICH occurred in none of 8 patients with MBs versus 1 of 36 patients without (NS). At day 1, ICH occurred in 3 of 8 patients with MBs versus 10 of 36 patients without (NS). At day 7, symptomatic ICH occurred in 1 of 8 patients with MBs versus 2 of 36 patients without (NS). At day 7, ICH occurred in 5 of 8 patients with MBs versus 12 of 36 patients without (NS). No ICH occurred at the site of an MB. ICH occurred within the ischemic area in all patients who bled. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that stroke patients with a small number of MBs on pretreatment MRI could be treated safely with thrombolysis. Larger prospective studies are needed to address the predictive value of detection of MBs with regard to the risk of tPA-induced ICH.     

Association between cerebral microbleeds and prior primary intracerebral hemorrhage in ischemic stroke patients

OBJECTIVE: To investigate association between cerebral microbleeds (CMB) and prior intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) on MRI and topographic correlation of the two types of lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and sixty consecutive patients (67.0+/-11.1 years) with ischemic stroke were included. CMB and prior ICH were assessed on T2-gradient-echo MRI. The presence and number of CMB as predictors for prior ICH were examined. Topographic correlations between CMB and ICH lesions in patients with prior ICH in the infratentorial, basal ganglionic/thalamic and cortico-subcortical regions were tested. RESULTS: CMB were observed in 113 (43.5%) patients and a total of 50 prior primary ICH lesions were observed in 39 (15.0%) patients. Among the ICH lesions, 39 (78%) were asymptomatic. Presence of CMB (odds ratio 2.53, p=0.015) and number of CMB (odds ratio 1.11, p<0.001) were independent determinants for prior ICH. Topographic correlation between CMB and ICH was significant in the basal ganglionic/thalamic region (p=0.017), but not in the infratentorial (p=0.548) or cortico-subcortical regions (p=0.389). CONCLUSION: CMB were associated with prior ICH on MRI of patients with ischemic stroke. CMB in the basal ganglion or thalamus was associated with prior ICH in the same region.     

MRI features of intracerebral hemorrhage within 2 hours from symptom onset.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MRI has been increasingly used in the evaluation of acute stroke patients. However, MRI must be able to detect early hemorrhage to be the only imaging screen used before treatment such as thrombolysis. Susceptibility-weighted imaging, an echo-planar T2* sequence, can show intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in patients imaged between 2.5 and 5 hours from symptom onset. It is unknown whether MRI can detect ICH earlier than 2.5 hours. We describe 5 patients with ICH who had MRI between 23 and 120 minutes from symptom onset and propose diagnostic patterns of evolution of hyperacute ICH on MRI. METHODS: As part of our acute imaging protocol, all patients with acute stroke within 24 hours from symptom onset were imaged with a set of sequences that included susceptibility-weighted imaging, diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging, T1- and T2-weighted imaging, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and MR angiography using echo-planar techniques. Five patients with ICH had MRI between 23 and 120 minutes from the onset of symptoms. RESULTS: ICH was identified in all patients. Distinctive patterns of hyperacute ICH and absence of signs of ischemic stroke were the hallmark features of this diagnosis. The hyperacute hematoma appears to be composed of 3 distinct areas: (1) center: isointense to hyperintense heterogeneous signal on susceptibility-weighted and T2-weighted imaging; (2) periphery: hypointense (susceptibility effect) on susceptibility-weighted and T2-weighted imaging; and (3) rim: hypointense on T1-weighted imaging and hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging, representing vasogenic edema encasing the hematoma. CONCLUSIONS: MRI is able to detect hyperacute ICH and show a pattern of evolution of the hematoma within 2 hours from the onset of symptoms.     

Utility of magnetic resonance imaging in acute intracerebral hemorrhage.

The authors determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during acute hospitalization for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) provides new diagnostic information. ICD-9 codes were used to identify consecutive patients with spontaneous ICH at Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas, between January 1995 and August, 1997. Two investigators employed rigorous criteria to determine whether the MRI findings led to a specific new diagnosis. Two hundred ninety-one patients met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sixty-seven (23%) patients underwent brain MRI during the acute hospitalization. MRI provided a new diagnosis in 15 of these 67 patients (22%). Amyloid angiopathy and vascular malformation (four each) were the most frequently identified etiologies. The yield of MRI was low in basal ganglia and thalamic hemorrhage. Two of 23 (9%) patients with deep ICH and 13 of 44 (30%) patients with lobar and infratentorial hemorrhage had etiology determined by MRI. Timing of MRI did not affect yield.     

A Rule to Identify Patients Who Require Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background

A study performed in Hong Kong of catheter angiography after ICH found a high rate of structural lesions in patients 45 years of age or younger, without a history of hypertension, or with lobar hemorrhage. We hypothesized that a clinical decision rule based on these Hong Kong criteria would reliably identify patients who require MRI after ICH.

Methods

We identified all patients admitted with ICH to our medical center during a 5-year period who underwent brain MRI. Patients were excluded if the history revealed an obvious cause of ICH. Two study neurologists independently adjudicated whether MRI revealed the cause of ICH. We devised a rule recommending MRI if patients met one or more Hong Kong criteria, and calculated the proportion of patients with diagnostic MRI studies who would have been identified by this rule. We also examined the performance of a modified rule using age ≤ 55 years.

Results

The original Hong Kong rule applied to 102 of the 148 patients in our cohort (69%), and would have recommended MRI in 25 of 27 patients with diagnostic MRI studies (93%, 95% CI 76–99%). The modified rule applied to 110 patients (74%), and would have recommended MRI in all 27 patients with diagnostic MRI studies (100%, 95% CI 91–100%).

Conclusions

A rule based on simple clinical criteria may be useful for stratifying the yield of MRI after ICH. If validated in further studies, such a rule could reduce the number of unnecessary MRI studies after ICH, leading to more cost-effective care.     

磁敏感加权成像在脑出血中的应用价值

目的 探讨MRI磁敏感加权成像(SWI)在脑出血中的应用价值.方法 对12例经CT确诊的脑出血患者于发病2 d内及2周后分别进行MRI常规序列及SWI扫描,并进行血肿分期及对各序列的病灶显示率、微出血灶的分布和出血量评估.结果 在12例脑出血患者中,共发现33处出血灶.SWI、T,WI、T<,2>WI、Flair序列对...     

Recanalization between 1 and 24 hours after t-PA therapy is a strong predictor of cerebral hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke patients

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) can improve clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The most important complication of t-PA therapy is intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The aim of this study was to use serial MRI studies to identify independent predictors of symptomatic and asymptomatic ICH after t-PA therapy. METHODS: Consecutive anterior-circulation ischemic stroke patients treated with t-PA within 3 h of stroke onset were studied prospectively. To identify the presence of recanalization in the occluded arteries and the presence of ICH, MRI, including diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), T2*, and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), was performed before and 1 h, 24 h, and 5-7 days after t-PA thrombolysis. The independent predictors of ICH were determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: 41 patients (21 males, 20 females; mean age, 73.2+/-10.7 years) were enrolled, and 19 ICHs (1 symptomatic, 18 asymptomatic) were observed on T2*. The initial MRA demonstrated occluded brain arteries in 31 patients (75.6%), of which follow-up MRA at 1 h, 24 h, and 5-7 days after t-PA therapy revealed recanalization in 48.4%, 80.0%, and 90.0% of patients, respectively. The frequency of recanalization within 1 h after t-PA therapy did not differ between ICH and No-ICH groups, but the ICH group had more frequent recanalization between 1 h and 24 h after t-PA than the No-ICH group (50.0% vs. 4.5%, P=0.001). The ICH group had arterial fibrillation (AF) more frequently than the No-ICH group (78.9% vs. 27.3%, P=0.001). Compared to the No-ICH group, the NIHSS score was higher (16.4+/-5.7 vs. 11.5+/-6.5, P=0.011) and the ASPECTS-DWI value (a normal DWI has an ASPECTS-DWI value of 11 points) was lower (7.3+/-2.4 vs. 8.9+/-1.9, P=0.019) in the ICH group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of recanalization between 1 and 24 h after the end of t-PA infusion (OR: 20.2; CI: 1.0-340.9; P=0.037) was the only independent predictor of ICH. CONCLUSION: Recanalization of occluded arteries between 1 and 24 h but not within 1 h after t-PA infusion should be independently associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic ICH after t-PA therapy.     

Modified ASPECTS for DWI including deep white matter lesions predicts subsequent intracranial hemorrhage

We hypothesized that extensive early ischemic changes increase subsequent intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in patients within 3?h of onset regardless of intravenous tPA (IV-tPA). We have established a modified scoring method, ASPECTS+W, including deep white matter lesions on DWI (DWI-W) in addition to the original ASPECTS regions. We aimed to elucidate whether CT-ASPECTS, DWI-ASPECTS, and ASPECTS+W could be useful tools in helping to predict subsequent ICH in acute ischemic stroke. One-hundred sixty-four consecutive patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke were enrolled. All patients underwent both MRI and CT within 3?h of onset. ASPECTS+W was defined as an 11-point method combining the ten ASPECTS regions and DWI-W. The relationships of CT-ASPECTS, DWI-ASPECTS, and ASPECTS+W with ICH within the initial 36?h were assessed. Thirty-six patients (22%) were treated with IV-tPA. Follow-up CT was obtained in 159 patients, and 19 (12%) developed ICH. Patients with ICH had higher baseline NIHSS scores (median, 25 vs. 13, p?=?0.010), a higher rate of IV-tPA (42 vs. 20%, p?=?0.041), lower CT-ASPECTS (median, 7 vs. 10, p?=?0.008), lower DWI-ASPECTS (6 vs. 9, p?=?0.001), lower ASPECTS+W (6 vs. 9, p?=?0.001), and higher DWI-W lesions (74 vs. 47%, p?=?0.048) than those without ICH. ICA or M1 proximal occlusion was more frequently seen in patients with ICH (68 vs. 32%, p?=?0.004) than in those without ICH. On multivariate regression analysis, lower ASPECTS+W (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.58-0.96, p?=?0.027) and administration of IV-tPA (OR 9.13, 95% CI 2.15-46.21, p?=?0.004) independently predicted ICH development. In conclusion, ASPECTS+W is a useful tool for predicting ICH development independent of IV-tPA.     

Diffusion-perfusion MR evaluation of perihematomal injury in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that a zone of perihematomal ischemia analogous to an ischemic penumbra exists in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Diffusion-perfusion MRI provides a novel means of assessing injury in perihematomal regions in patients with ICH. OBJECTIVE: To characterize diffusion-perfusion MRI changes in the perihematomal region in patients with hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage. METHOD: Twelve patients presenting with hyperacute, primary ICH undergoing CT scanning and diffusion-perfusion MRI within 6 hours of symptom onset were reviewed. An automated thresholding technique was used to identify decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in the perihematomal regions. Perfusion maps were examined for regions of relative hypo- or hyperperfusion. RESULTS: Median baseline NIH Stroke Scale score was 17 (range, 6 to 28). Median hematoma volume was 13.3 mL (range, 3.0 to 74.8 mL). MRI detected the hematoma in all patients on echo-planar susceptibility-weighted imaging and in all seven patients imaged with gradient echo sequences. In six patients who underwent perfusion imaging, no focal defects were visualized on perfusion maps in tissues adjacent to the hematoma; however, five of six patients demonstrated diffuse ipsilateral hemispheric hypoperfusion. On diffusion imaging, perihematomal regions of decreased ADC values were identified in three of 12 patients. All three subsequently showed clinical and radiologic deterioration. CONCLUSIONS: A rim of perihematomal decreased ADC values was visualized in the hyperacute period in a subset of patients with ICH. The presence of a rim of decreased ADC outside the hematoma correlated with poor clinical outcome. Although perfusion maps did not demonstrate a focal zone of perihematomal decreased blood flow in any patient, most patients had ipsilateral hemispheric hypoperfusion.     

Cortical microinfarcts on 7T MRI in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

In patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) coexisting abnormalities on brain imaging can provide clues on the etiology of the underlying small vessel disease. We examined cortical cerebral microinfarcts as a novel marker of coexistent vascular damage in ICH. Twelve patients with spontaneous ICH and 15 controls underwent 7Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Microinfarcts were present in 9 of 12 patients with spontaneous ICH, and in 5 of 15 controls. This explorative study shows, for the first time, that microinfarcts appear to be a very common vascular comorbidity in spontaneous ICH. Future larger studies should further assess the etiological significance of these lesions.