伴轻度抑郁症状的双相障碍患者执行和注意功能对照研究

目的:探讨伴轻度抑郁症状的双相障碍患者执行功能、注意功能与健康对照者的差异。方法:40例伴轻度抑郁症状的双相障碍患者(研究组)和40名年龄、性别、受教育年限与研究组匹配的健康者(健康对照组)均采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及持续操作测验(CPT)测试两组执行功能和注意功能。结果:两组WCST测试成绩除完成第1个分类所需应答数、非持续性错误数差异无统计学意义(P0.05)外,完成分类数、总应答数、正确应答数、错误应答数、持续性错误数、持续性错误率组间差异有统计学意义(t=-6.10~5.96,P均=0.000);CPT测验中正确数研究组明显低于健康对照组(t=-3.87,P=0.000);错误数明显高于健康对照组(t=5.21,P=0.000)。结论:伴轻度抑郁症状的双相障碍患者存在执行功能损害和注意功能损害。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的执行功能研究

目的：研究注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的执行功能。方法选择60例注意缺陷多动障碍患儿为观察组，另选择健康志愿者60例为对照组，2组研究对象均接受Stroop色词测验及威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST ）。记录并比较2组Stroop效应测试及威斯康星卡片分类测验结果。Stroop效应测试指标包括完成卡片A耗时、完成卡片B耗时、完成卡片C耗时及干扰效应。威斯康星卡片分类测验指标包括总测验次数、正确反应数、持续错误数、非持续错误数及分类数。结果2组儿童完成卡片A、B耗时比较差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。观察组儿童完成卡片C耗时（54.76±11.65）s ，显著长于对照组，其干扰效应为（28.76±6.75）s ，显著长于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组完成分类数、概念化水平均显著低于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。但观察组错误应答数、持续性错误数及持续性应答数均显著高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论注意缺陷多动障碍患儿存在执行功能障碍。     

早年创伤对女性PTSD患者记忆与执行功能的影响

目的 探讨早年经历心身创伤对女性创伤后应激障碍患者记忆和执行功能的影响.方法 收集遭受过早年创伤的PTSD患者(研究组)15例,经历早年创伤无PTSD者(对照1组)17例,健康对照组(对照2组)20例.所有受试者均为女性.采用儿童期创伤问卷(CTQ)评估早年创伤经历,韦氏记忆测验(WMS-R)评估记忆功能,威斯康星卡片分类(WCST)评估执行功能.结果 WMS-R中延迟理解记忆成绩依次为对照2组、对照1组、研究组,两两比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);理解记忆、视觉再生、延迟视觉再生成绩研究组和对照1组均差于对照2组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);WCST中完成分类数、正确应答数成绩依次是对照2组、对照1组、研究组,两两比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);总应答数、错误应答数、持续性错误数、非持续性错误数、完成第一个分类所需应答数研究组、对照1组测验成绩均差于对照2组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 早年创伤事件可导致记忆、执行功能下降,再次经历精神创伤事件的个体认知损害更加突出.     

难治性抑郁症患者认知功能损害的对照研究

目的 探讨难治性抑郁症患者认知功能损害的特点,为难治性抑郁症的治疗提供一些依据.方法 采用威斯康星卡片测试(WCST)、连线测试(TMT)、数字广度、数字-符号测试对60例难治性抑郁症患者与60例正常对照组进行评估,对其认知功能进行t检验分析.对抑郁症患者采用相应的心理治疗.结果 两组WCST评分显示:研究组WCST的总应答数(Ra)、持续错误数(Rpe)、持续性应答(Rp)均高于正常组,完成分类数(Cc)、正确应答数(Rc)低于正常对照组,差别有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.89,-6.62,-7.13,-7.26,-7.04,均P<0.01).研究组连线测试(TMT-A)用时明显大于对照组(P<0.01),TMT-B错误数显著多于对照组(P<0.01).研究组与对照组在韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS)中数字广度、数字-符号测试差异性显著(P<0.01).结论 难治性抑郁症患者在执行能力、认知转移能力、记忆、抽象概括能力、注意能力及速度方面有明显损害,而在概念形成、选择性记忆上尚不显著.     

血清S100B蛋白水平与首发抑郁症关系的研究

目的 探讨首发抑郁症患者的血清S100B蛋白水平与抑郁症及其认知功能的关系.方法 纳入符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第四版(DSM-Ⅳ)抑郁症诊断标准的首发抑郁症患者30例和正常对照30名,检测血清S100B蛋白水平,同时应用17项版本汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评定患者的病情和认知功能.并进行两组间比较.结果 患者组血清S100B蛋白水平明显高于对照组[(0.109±0.032)μg/L与(0.033±0.014)μg/L,P<0.01].患者组WCST的完成分类数得分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而错误应答数、完成第一个分类所需应答数、持续性错误数、持续性应答和持续性错误百分数均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).患者组血清S100B蛋白水平与HAMD的总分、阻滞因子分及睡眠障碍因子分呈正相关(r为0.46、0.41和0.37,P均小于0.05),与WCST中的持续性错误数、持续性应答及持续性错误百分数呈正相关(r为0.39、0.37和0.37,P均小于0.05).结论 首发抑郁症患者血清S100B蛋白水平升高,其升高程度与抑郁症的严重程度和认知损害程度正相关.     

缓解期双相障碍患者认知功能损害影响因素分析

目的:探讨缓解期双相障碍(BPD)患者认知功能损害的影响因素。方法:采用8个神经心理测验(共17项)对缓解期BPD50例和正常对照组50例进行注意力、言语学习和记忆、视觉记忆和执行功能的评定,并对上述神经心理测验结果和临床变量的关系进行相关分析。结果:即刻逻辑记忆、延迟逻辑记忆、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)完成分类数、WCST持续性错误数、WCST非持续性错误数、完成第一分类应答数、连线测验-A、连线测验-B均与病程、住院次数、躁狂发作次数、抑郁发作次数呈显著性相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),数字广度测验-倒背和住院次数呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论:病程越长、住院次数和发作次数越多,缓解期BPD患者认知功能测验成绩越差。     

发作期抑郁症患者脑动脉血流速度与注意力、执行功能关系

目的探讨发作期抑郁症患者脑动脉血流速度及其与注意力、执行功能的关系。方法 70例发作期抑郁症患者及65名健康对照纳入研究。采用24项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(24 items Hamilton depression scale,HAMD-24)评估抑郁症患者抑郁情绪,划销测验(cancellation test,CT)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin card sorting test,WCST)评估的认知功能,采用经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)检测脑动脉血流速度。结果与对照组比较,发作期抑郁症患者基底动脉、左侧大脑中动脉、右侧大脑中动脉、左大脑前动脉与右大脑前动脉平均血流速度均减慢,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。患者组CT各阶段净分及总净分低于对照组,而WCST总应答数、错误应答数、持续性错误数、完成第一个分类所需应答数均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。发作期抑郁症患者大脑基底动脉(r=0.25)、左中动脉(r=0.46)、右中动脉(r=0.25)、右后动脉(r=0.26)平均血流速度与CT总净分呈正相关(P0.05),各大脑动脉平均血流速度与WCST总应答数、持续性错误数呈负相关(P0.05),基底动脉、左右后动脉与错误应答数、完成第一个分类所需应答数呈负相关(P0.05)。结论发作期抑郁症患者大脑动脉平均血流速度普遍降低,注意力与执行功能受损。认知功能受损可能与脑动脉平均血流速度的改变有关。     

精神分裂症患者的认知功能和血清脑源性神经营养因子的相关性分析

目的探讨精神分裂症患者认知功能状况,分析其与血清脑源性神经营养因子的相关性。方法选取已确诊的居家精神分裂症患者36例,另选择34例健康对照组,收集一般人口学资料,运用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和Stroop色词测验评估所有受试者的认知功能,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定受试者的血清BDNF水平,HCY水平采用全自动生化分析仪检测。结果 WCST检测显示:病例组正确应答数、持续性应答数、完成测验用时高于对照组,错误应答数、非持续错误数低于于对照组,两组间差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);STROOP测验显示:病例组与对照组正确数差异无统计学意义(P0.05),病例组BDNF水平与对照组差异无统计学意义,病例组HCY水平高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义;病例组血清HCY水平与Stroop正确数呈正相关(P0.05),BDNF水平与威斯康辛正确应答数、错误应答数、持续性错误数、非持续性错误数、完成测验用时和Stroop正确数均无相关性(P0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者,HCY水平高于对照组,精神分裂者患者的血清HCY浓度与认知功能存在一定的相关性。     

联合应用尤瑞克林治疗缺血性脑卒中对患者执行功能的影响

目的观察尤瑞克林治疗对缺血性脑卒中患者后期执行功能的影响。方法 98例缺血性脑卒中患者随机分为治疗组与对照组,根据卒中治疗指南,两组均给予常规基础治疗,治疗组在此基础上联合尤瑞克林治疗,分别于治疗21d及3m后对两组患者采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、简明智能状态量表(MMSE)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)进行神经心理学测验,评估执行功能。结果在21d测试中,治疗组仅在WCST中持续性错误数少于对照组(P<0.05),完成分类数多于对照组(P<0.05),但在3m后,治疗组MoCA总分高于对照组(P<0.01),治疗组MMSE成绩显著高于对照组(P<0.05),治疗组错误应答数明显减少(P<0.05),持续性错误数也明显减少(P<0.01),完成分类数增多(P<0.01)。与21d测验成绩相比,3m后第2次测验,治疗组成绩所有下降均不明显(P>0.05),而对照组MoCA总分及MMSE成绩显著下降(P<0.05),WCST持续性错误次数明显增多(P<0.01),完成分类数明显减少(P<0.01)。结论联合尤瑞克林治疗缺血性脑卒中可有效阻止患者视空间能力、认知灵活性、工作记忆等多项执行功能减退,预防血管性认知功能障碍的发生。     

阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症患者执行功能障碍的影响

目的 探讨阿立哌唑对首发精神分裂症患者执行功能的影响.方法 入组43例首发精神分裂症患者为研究组,使用阿立哌唑（15-30mg/d）治疗,观察6周.采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定疗效,用威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）评定认知功能.与35例健康对照组进行比较分析.结果 ①治疗前,研究组随机错误数、持续错误数高于对照组,正确应答数和完成分类数低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t=6.75、3.93、-2.84、-7.70,P〈0.05）.②治疗后研究组随机错误数高于对照组,完成分类数低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t=3.91、-7.27,P〈0.05）.③研究组治疗前后比较,治疗后PANSS总分和随机错误数低于治疗前,而完成分类数和正确应答数高于治疗后,差异具有统计学意义（t=13.61、2.91、-2.26、-2.07,P〈0.05）.结论 阿立哌唑可能有利于改善精神分裂症患者的执行功能.     

首次发病与复发抑郁症患者执行功能的对照研究

目的:探讨首发和复发抑郁症患者执行功能损害情况。方法:采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、Stroop测验、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)对100例抑郁症患者进行评定,其中首次发病(首发组)患者41例,复发(复发组)患者59例;同时以50名正常人作为对照组进行测评并分析比较。结果:在WSCT的总错误数、分类完成数、持续性错误数及持续性应答数、以及Stroop色词测验的彩色文字阅读(Stroop-c)时间和彩色文字的色彩阅读(Stroop-cw)正确数上,首发组、复发组与对照组之间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);Stroop-c正确数上首发组和复发组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:无论首发还是复发抑郁症患者均存在明显的执行功能损害,复发者更为显著。     

Genetic influences on frontal brain function: WCST performance in twins

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is one of the most widely used assessments of executive functioning related to prefrontal cortex. However, little is known about genetic and environmental determinants of individual differences in WCST performance. This study assessed heritability of standard WCST scores in a sample of 168 young female twins including 58 monozygotic and 25 dizygotic pairs. Several WSCT indices, including the number and percentage of errors, the number of perseverative responses, and the number and percent of perseverative errors, showed significant heritability ranging from 37 to 46%. The results suggest that selected aspects of frontal executive functioning measured by the WCST are moderately influenced by genetic factors.     

发作期精神分裂症患者执行功能及注意功能的对照研究

目的探讨发作期精神分裂症患者的执行功能和注意功能。方法采用威斯康星卡片测验（WCST）和连续性操作测验（CPT）,对107名发作期精神分裂症患者和67名健康对照者的执行功能和注意功能进行评估。,结果1、在WCST中,精神分裂症患者组的总测验次数、持续错误数和随机错误数（分别为94．3±25．6、30．4±22．5和41．0±23．O）显著高于正常对照组（分别为65．1±25．0、18．8±11．4和21．2±17．3）（P=0．00、P=0．00、P：0．00）;精神分裂症患者组的正确反应数（23．7±6．1）显著少于对照组（25．0±0．0）（P=0．03）;精神分裂症患者组的完成分类数（4．8±2．4）与对照组（5．0-．t-O．0）相比无显著差异（P=0．46）;2、精神分裂症患者CPT三项指标（CPT2=6．5±2．9、CPT3=8．5±3．3,CVT25．0±6．6）均显著低于对照组（CPT=30．4±2．7,CPT2=8．9±2．0和CPT3：10．6±0．7）（P：0．00、P=0．00、P=0．00）;精神分裂症患者组的CPT1（10．0±4．0）与对照组（CPTI=10．8±0．6）相比,差异无显著性（P=0．05）3、WCST中持续错误数与CPT各项指标无显著相关关系。结论精神分裂症存在执行功能和注意功能的缺陷,两者无显著相关关系。     

Spatial working memory performance in patients with schizoaffective psychosis versus schizophrenia: a tale of two disorders?

We explored the relationship between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder by comparing the two patient groups in terms of their performance on measures of executive functioning (spatial working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). Patients with schizophrenia (N=34) and those with schizoaffective disorder (N=23) performed significantly poorer than community controls (N=30). However, the schizoaffective and schizophrenia groups did not differ from each other in terms of working memory accuracy or mean response latencies. Similarly, the two patient groups did not differ in terms of the number of categories achieved or number of perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Among the patients, working memory accuracy was associated with number of WCST perseverative errors and number of categories achieved, though working memory performance was not associated with number of WCST nonperseverative errors. These findings indicate that both schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are associated with executive functioning deficits. The findings are discussed in the context of the ongoing debate regarding the conceptualization of schizoaffective disorder.     

精神分裂症患者与其健康同胞的注意和执行功能障碍的对照研究

目的　探讨精神分裂症患者及其健康同胞的注意、工作记忆 /执行功能的特点。方法对 5 0例精神分裂症患者 (患者组 )及其健康同胞 5 0名 (同胞组 ) ,以及 4 5名正常对照者 (正常对照组 )采用威斯康星卡片分类测验 (WCST)和持续操作测验 (CPT) ,评估注意、工作记忆 /执行功能。结果　(1)在WCST中 ,患者组及其同胞组的总测验次数 (分别为 83 4± 2 3 2和 74 1± 2 4 6 )、持续错误数 (分别为 2 5 8± 11 7和 2 2 8± 10 7)、随机错误数 (33 4± 19 2和 2 5 9± 17 1)均高于正常对照组 (分别为6 0 0± 2 1 6、14 8± 8 3和 18 1± 16 0 ;P <0 0 1)。 (2 )在CPT中 ,患者组的评分 [(2 8 4± 4 0 )分 ]低于同胞组 [(30 4± 2 3)分 ]和正常对照组 [(30 9± 2 8)分 ],而同胞组与正常对照组的差异无显著性(P >0 0 5 )。(3)患者组及其同胞组发生执行功能障碍 (分别为 2 9例和 2 5例 )和注意缺陷 (分别为 2 2例和 7例 )的例数均多于正常对照组 (分别为 9例和 4例 ;P <0 0 1) ,其中有工作记忆 /执行功能缺陷的精神分裂症患者 ,其同胞出现这一缺陷的比率 (6 6 % )高于无缺陷的精神分裂症患者的同胞 (2 8% )。(4)WCST中的持续错误数与文化程度呈负相关 (r =- 0 32 ,P <0 0 1) ,CPT与性别 (r=- 0 2     

Executive functions and P300 latency in elderly depressed patients and control subjects.

The authors asked whether impaired executive functioning and long P300 latency are related dysfunctions and whether they are associated with geriatric depression. A group of 25 elderly depressed patients without dementia and 20 control subjects were assessed on tasks of fluency, initiation and perseveration, the Stroop task, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) perseverative error score, and P300 latency. The groups' performance differed significantly on these tasks and in P300 latency. Longer latency was associated with poorer performance in both groups on all measures except WCST perseverative errors. Regardless of patients' depression status, increased P300 latency predicts poorer performance on executive function tasks requiring speeded performance.     

Vulnerability for autism traits in boys and men with an extra X chromosome (47,XXY): The mediating role of cognitive flexibility

The XXY chromosomal pattern (Klinefelter syndrome, KS) has been associated with specific effects on physical, neurobiological, endocrinological and psychological development. This study was focused on the described risk for autism in KS, and the cognitive mechanisms that mediate this risk. Our aim was to assess whether autistic features in KS result from impairments in executive functioning, more specifically difficulties in cognitive flexibility. In total, 71 boys and men with KS and 61 non-clinical controls participated in the study. Autistic features were assessed using the Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ). Mental flexibility was measured using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The level of autism traits was significantly increased in the KS group, the effect size for total AQ score was 1.6. The KS group also showed significantly more difficulties in cognitive flexibility, as indicated by and increased number of perseverative (but not non-perseverative) errors in the WCST. This effect was independent of intellectual functioning, age or testosterone supplements. Within the KS group, the number of perseverative errors was significantly (positively) correlated with total AQ score. Our findings suggest that KS can be associated with dysfunctions in mental flexibility, and that individuals with more mental flexibility problems also have more autism traits. This insight is relevant for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of severe problems in individuals with KS. Implications also extend beyond this specific syndrome. As executive dysfunctions in KS have also been linked to ADHD symptoms and thought disorder, this could be a shared mechanism contributing to overlap in symptoms and comorbidity between different psychiatric conditions.     

Do schizophrenia patients make more perseverative than non-perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test? A meta-analytic study

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is widely used to explore executive functions in patients with schizophrenia. Among other findings, a higher number of perseverative errors has been suggested to implicate a deficit in task switching and inhibitory functions in schizophrenia. Many studies of patients with schizophrenia have focused on perseverative errors as the primary performance index in the WCST. However, do schizophrenia patients characteristically make more perseverative than non-perseverative errors compared with healthy controls? We reviewed the literature where schizophrenia patients were engaged in the WCST irrespective of the primary goal of the study. The results showed that while both schizophrenia patients and healthy participants made more perseverative than non-perseverative errors, the contrast between perseverative and non-perseverative errors is higher in schizophrenia patients only at a marginal level of significance. This result suggests that schizophrenia patients do make a comparable number of non-perseverative errors and cautions against simplistic interpretation of poor performance of schizophrenia patients in WCST as entirely resulting from impairment in set-shifting or inhibitory functions.     

Performance of patients with schizophrenia on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)

OBJECTIVE: To directly compare the performance of patients with schizophrenia and control subjects on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Specifically, we sought to verify if there are significant differences on the "classical" WCST measurements (perseverative errors and number of categories), as well as on more rarely reported scores, and assess the extent to which patients with schizophrenia can improve their performance with card-by-card instructions and continuous verbal reinforcement. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: Psychiatry department in a university-affiliated hospital. PARTICIPANTS: 30 patients with schizophrenia, diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, and 30 control subjects, matched to patients according to age and education. INTERVENTION: The WCST was administered according to the criteria of Heaton, and a subgroup of the patients with schizophrenia was given a retest after an explanation of the WCST and verbal reinforcements. RESULTS: Patients with schizophrenia succeeded on fewer categories (t = 23.3, p < 0.001), committed more perseverative errors (t = 15.6, p < 0.001), made more perseverative responses (t = 14.6, p < 0.001), needed more trials to succeed at the first category (t = 9.2, p < 0.003) and gave significantly lower conceptual level responses (t = 14.1, p < 0.001) than the controls. However, on retest, patients with schizophrenia committed significantly fewer perseverative errors (t = 5.1, p < 0.001) and showed higher conceptual level responses (t = -3.45, p < 0.003). CONCLUSION: Consistent with a hypothesis of frontal dysfunction in schizophrenia, patients with schizophrenia tend to show a perseverative deficit; however, some are able to partially overcome this deficit when given verbal reinforcement.