针刺对缺血再灌注大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子mRNA的影响

目的 探讨针刺对缺血再灌注大鼠海马内脑源性神经营养因子（BONF）基因表达的影响，推测针刺改善缺血再灌注的可能机制。方法 采用4-血管阴断法制备大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型，电针刺激百会、肾俞、足三里穴后，利用RT-PCR检测BDNF mRNA。结果 正常组大鼠海马BDNF mRNA表达极低，缺血再灌注组大鼠海马BDNF mRNA表达明显增高，治疗15d的针刺1、2组大鼠海马BDNF mRNA表达较缺血再灌注组更高，及早治疗且治疗时间为20d的针刺3组大鼠海马BDNF mRNA表达较降低。结论 缺血再灌注大鼠海马BDNF水平增高有利于损伤的神经元存活、恢复；针刺促进脑内细胞分泌内源性BDNF可能是针刺有效治疗缺血再灌注的机制之一。     

不同时间窗电针治疗对脑梗死大鼠Bcl-2和BDNF表达的影响

目的 研究大鼠脑缺血-再灌注后不同时间窗开始电针(electroacupuncture)治疗对其康复的影响.方法 将100只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、假手术组、电针组和模型组,制备左侧大脑中动脉栓塞/再灌注模型.电针组于动物再灌注后不同时间窗给予电针治疗,于治疗14d后取脑,采用RT-PCR检测梗死侧Bcl-2 mRNA、BDNFmRNA的表达.结果 各组均检测到BDNF mRNA和Bcl-2 mRNA阳性表达,在电针12h亚组可以检测到BDNFmRNA的表达明显高于其它各组,有显著性差异(P<0.05);在电针24h组可以检测到Bcl-2 mRNA的表达明显高于其它各组,有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 在12h～24h时间窗给予电针治疗能促进大鼠脑梗死后梗死侧BD-NF mRNA和Bcl-2 mRNA的表达达到峰值,从而发挥其脑保护及康复治疗的最大效应.     

文拉法辛对慢性应激抑郁大鼠前额区可塑性相关蛋白mRNA表达的影响

目的：探讨文拉法辛对慢性应激抑郁大鼠前额区3种可塑性相关蛋白mRNA表达的影响。方法：用慢性不可预见应激（CUS）方法建立抑郁大鼠模型，给予2种剂量（5mg／kg和10mg／kg）的抗抑郁药物文拉法辛14d或28d，用逆转录-聚合酶链反应检测大鼠前额区脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、转录因子环磷腺苷反应元件结合蛋白（CREB）和神经细胞粘附分子（NCAM）mRNA表达的变化。结果：抑郁模型大鼠体质量增加量，蔗糖水消耗量和行为学测试均较正常组明显下降，提示抑郁模型大鼠在第28天建立成功。CUS28d后前额区BDNF、CREB和NCAM mRNA表达均较正常组明显降低（P〈0．05），5mg／kg文拉法辛组明显增加抑郁模型大鼠前额区3种可塑性相关蛋白mRNA的表达，10mg／kg文拉法辛组轻度降低抑郁模型大鼠前额区3种可塑性相关蛋白mRNA的表达。结论：文拉法辛在调节前额区神经可塑性时具有剂量依赖性，BDNF、CREB和NCAM在抑郁症病因和治疗中可能发挥着重要作用。     

高血糖对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后碱性成纤维因子表达的影响

目的观察高血糖条件下大鼠脑缺血再灌注后碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF）表达的情况。方法以链脲佐菌素诱导产生实验性糖尿病大鼠,饲养6周左右,经测定血糖〉16.7mmol/L确定糖尿病模型的建立。以线栓法制作大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,进行梗死体积测定,采用免疫组化方法观察大鼠脑缺血再灌注6h、12h、24h、48h时程bFGF的表达情况,比较糖尿病大鼠及正常大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑内bFGF的表达的差异。结果（1）相同时间点糖尿病组大鼠脑梗死体积明显大于正常血糖组。（2）正常血糖组大鼠及糖尿病组大鼠脑缺血后bFGF的表达均增加,糖尿病组大鼠脑缺血再灌注后各时间点bFGF的表达均低于正常血糖组（P〈0.01）。结论脑缺血再灌注损伤可以诱导bFGF表达增强,提示bFGF对缺血性脑损伤有保护作用。糖尿病加重了大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤,造成bFGF的表达不足。     

脑溢安对脑出血大鼠脑内bFGF表达的影响

目的：探讨国家三类新药－脑溢安颗粒（NYA）对脑出血大鼠脑出碱性成纤维因子（bFGF）蛋白和mRNA表达的影响，从而为治疗脑出血，促进 神经功能的修复提供理论依据。方法：用Ⅶ型胶原酶诱导大鼠脑出血模型，并进行行为学计分，免疫组化、Northern blot4及吸光度扫描。结果：模型组的行为学计分在术后24h时开始降低，7d时逐渐减弱，脑溢安组在各个时间的表达均强于模型组，结论：脑溢安治疗脑出血有增强bFGF的表达，从而使行为学得到改善，这可能是脑溢安促进神经功能修复的主要机制之一。     

电刺激小脑顶核对成年大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌注后脑内神经营养因子bFGF mRNA的影响

目的 观察对局灶脑缺血再灌注大鼠进行电刺激小脑顶核(FNS)后,侧脑室和海马神经营养因子bFGF mRNA的动态变化.方法 将雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组(NC组)、假手术组(SC组)、模型组(I/R组)、小脑顶核假刺激组(I/RFs组)、小脑顶核刺激组(I/RF组),每组于缺血再灌注后1 d,3 d,7 d,14 d,21 d,28 d 6个时间点进行观察(n=6).采用线栓法制备大鼠右侧大脑中动脉局灶脑缺血/再灌注模型.应用原位杂交检测缺血侧侧脑室和海马bFGF mRNA随缺血再灌注后的动态变化规律.结果 (1)在侧脑室区域,局灶脑缺血/再灌注后1 d,I/R组缺血侧bFGF mRNA 3 d时达一小高峰(P<0.01),7 d开始下降(P<0.01),14 d后迅速下降,28 d时下降到略高于正常水平(P<0.05);局灶脑缺血/再灌注后再给予FNS,I/RF组1 d时bFGF mRNA即明显增加(P<0.01),3 d时增加更明显(P<0.01),7 d才达到高峰(P<0.01),14 d后缓慢下降,28 d时虽已明显下降,但仍高于其他各组水平(P<0.05).(2)在海马,局灶脑缺血/再灌注后,I/R组缺血侧bFGF mRNA 1 d时开始增加(P<0.05),3 d即达一小高峰(P<0.01),7 d开始下降;局灶脑缺血/再灌注后再给予FNS,缺血侧海马bFGFmRNA的表达更加强烈,1 d时明显增加(P<0.01),3 d后bFGFmRNA继续升高(P<0.01),到7 d时才达高峰(P<0.01),峰值更高,14 d时缓慢下降(P<0.01).结论 FNS能够持续上调bFGF mRNA的表达,使其反应更迅速、表达更高,并使其高峰延迟,表达时程更长,提示FNS对缺血性脑损伤具有较持久的脑保护作用.     

氟西汀对卒中后抑郁大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子表达的影响

目的 分析卒中后抑郁（post-stroke depression，PSD）模型大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子（Brainderived neurotrophic factor，BDNF）蛋白及mRNA表达水平，及抗抑郁剂氟西汀干预后BDNF表达水平的变化，初步探讨BDNF在PSD发生中的作用。方法 大脑中动脉阻塞（Middle cerebral artery occlusion，MCAO）法建立局灶脑缺血模型，加用慢性不可预见温和应激（Chronic unpredictable mild stress，CUMS）结合孤养，建立PSD大鼠模型，并予以氟西汀干预。应用蛋白免疫印迹（Western-blot）、Real time-PCR分别检测应激18、28 d时海马BDNF蛋白及mRNA表达水平。结果 与对照组相比，应激14d后PSD组较对照组大鼠体重与糖水消耗比例降低，水平、垂直试验得分下降（P <0.05或P <0.01）。氟西汀干预组糖水消耗比例，水平、垂直试验得分均较PSD组显著增加（P <0.05或P <0.01）。第18、28天，PSD组BDNF蛋白水平较对照组均显著下降（P <0.05或P <0.01）。PSD组BDNF mRNA的表达在应激18d时较正常组有下降趋势，但无统计学意义；至28 d时，表达含量明显下降，差异有统计学意义（P <0.01）。第18、28天，氟西汀干预组BDNF蛋白及mRNA水平均较PSD组显著增加（P <0.01）。结论 应用MCAO模型联合CUMS加孤养模型制备的PSD大鼠模型在神经功能缺损的同时，表现快感缺乏和探索行为减少的抑郁核心症状，并且体重的增长幅度显著减慢。PSD大鼠海马BDNF蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著降低，氟西汀干预后BDNF表达水平上升，初步提示BDNF在卒中后抑郁发生中的作用。     

电针对缺血再灌注大鼠脑内小胶质细胞和TGF-β mRNA表达的影响

目的 研究局灶性脑缺血再灌注对大鼠脑内小胶质细胞活化、转化生长因子-β mRNA(TGF-β mRNA)表达的影响以及电针刺激水沟、百会穴的调节作用。方法 以改良的血管内栓线技术制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型。将80只Wistar实验大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、电针组、正常对照组。电针取穴水沟和百会。切片组织采用免疫组化SABC法以蓖麻凝集素标记小胶质细胞，以原位杂交法检测TGF-β mRNA表达。结果正常组和假手术组小胶质细胞未见显色，TGF-β mRNA少量表达。各模型组在缺血灶边缘可见大量小胶质细胞活化，数量增加，TGF-β mRNA大量表达。经电针治疗后，各治疗组小胶质细胞活化数量较模型组减低，TGF-β mRNA表达无明显减少。结论 脑缺血再灌注后脑内小胶质细胞被活化，对神经元产生毒性作用。电针治疗可减少小胶质细胞活化，但不降低TGF-βmRNA表达，从而对神经元发挥保护作用。     

中药对大脑中动脉闭塞模型大鼠脑血管发生的作用

目的研究中药复方复健片对大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）模型大鼠脑血管发生的影响，并探讨其治疗缺血性脑卒中的作用机制。方法采用Tamura等方法制造大鼠MCAO模型。将30只大鼠随机分为药物组、MCAO模型组、假手术组。药物组于造模成功后6d按体重10g／kg灌胃给予复健片水溶液。余二组分别灌胃给予同等量NS，1次／d，共2周。观察模型大鼠脑内血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）、血小板源性生长因子（PDGF）的表达以及微血管密度的变化。结果药物组大鼠脑内VEGF、bFGF、PDGF表达明显增强．微血管密度增高。结论复健片可显著增加MCAO模型大鼠脑内VEGF、bFGF、PDGF的表达．提示其促进血管发生是治疗缺血性脑卒中的作用机制之一。     

丝胶干预2型糖尿病大鼠海马及大脑皮质血红素加氧酶1的表达

目的：探讨丝胶对2型大鼠海马及大脑皮质血红素加氧酶1（HO-1）表达的影响。方法：30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组,正常对照组、糖尿病模型组和丝胶治疗组,每组10只。糖尿病模型组和丝胶治疗组大鼠均采用链脲佐菌素连续腹腔注射建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,以血糖≥16.7mmol/L作为成模标准。待模型成功建立后,模型组大鼠不再作任何处理,丝胶治疗组大鼠给予丝胶（2.4g/kg/d）灌胃35天。HE染色观察海马和大脑皮质的形态变化;分别采用Western Blotting和RT-PCR法检测海马和大脑皮质HO-1蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果：糖尿病模型组大鼠海马及大脑皮质的神经细胞均出现明显的病理变化,HO-1蛋白及mRNA的表达明显高于正常对照组大鼠（P＜0.01）。丝胶治疗组大鼠海马、大脑皮质神经细胞的病理变化明显减轻,HO-1蛋白及mRNA的表达明显低于模型组大鼠（P＜0.01,P＜0.05）。结论：丝胶可通过下调海马及大脑皮质HO-1的表达,减轻糖尿病时HO-1高表达对海马及大脑皮质神经细胞的毒性损害,发挥对糖尿病神经系统损伤的保护作用。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.