住院老年期痴呆患者监护人生活质量及其影响因素

目的探讨住院老年期痴呆患者监护人生活质量及其影响因素。方法采用一般情况调查表、健康状况问卷（SF-36）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、简易智力状态检查（MMSE）、AD病理行为评分表（BEHAVE-AD）对住院老年期痴呆患者及门诊老年期痴呆（AD和VD）患者和其监护人进行评定，并与正常老人的监护人进行比较。结果住院痴呆患者监护人SF-36总分及因子分比正常对照低，但较门诊痴呆组评分高，均有显著性差异（P〈0．01-0．05）。单因素分析发现不同性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、工作情况、性格特征、病程、与患者的关系及有无躯体疾病之间比较，其SF-36总评分均具有非常显著性差异（P〈0．01）；逐步回归分析显示影响监护人生活质量的因素依次为患者痴呆的严重程度，精神行为症状，与患者关系，性别，社会支持。结论住院痴呆患者监护人生活质量较差，影响因素是多方面的，应引起高度重视。     

住院老年痴呆患者监护人的心理状态及其影响因素

目的探讨住院老年痴呆患者监护人的心理状态及其影响因素。方法采用一般情况调查表、症状自评量表（SCL-90）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、简易智力状态检查（MMSE）及AD病理行为评分表（BEHAVE-AD）对住院老年痴呆患者及门诊老年痴呆（AD和VD）患者和其监护人进行评定，并与正常老人的监护人和老年非痴呆患者的护理人员进行比较。结果住院痴呆患者监护人SCL-90总分及因子分比正常对照组和老年非痴呆患者护理组评分高，但较门诊痴呆组评分低，均有显著差异（P〈0．01-0．05）。单因素分析发现不同性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、工作情况、性格、病程、与患者的关系及有无躯体疾病之间SCL-90总评分均具有非常显著差异（P〈0．01）：逐步回归分析显示影响监护人心理状态的因素依次为患者痴呆的严重程度、精神行为症状、与患者关系、性别及社会支持。结论住院老年痴呆患者监护人的心理状态较差，影响因素是多方面的，应引起社会高度重视。     

奥氮平治疗老年期痴呆行为和精神障碍对照研究

目的：探讨奥氮平对老年期痴呆患者的行为和精神症状的疗效及不良反应。方法：80例老年期痴呆患者随机分为奥氮平组38例和奎硫平组42例,疗程8周。采用阿尔茨海默病病理行为评定量表（BEHAV,AD）及治疗中出现的症状量表评定疗效和不良反应。结果：治疗后两组BEHAV—AD评分均显著下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;以奥氮平组BEHAV—AD总分及行为紊乱、抑郁、焦虑评分降低明显（P〈0．05）。结论：奥氮平对老年期痴呆的行为和精神障碍患者安全有效,适合临床应用。     

喹硫平与氟哌啶醇治疗老年期痴呆精神行为症状的对照研究

目的比较喹硫平与氟哌啶醇治疗老年期痴呆患者精神行为症状（BPSD）的疗效、副反应及对认知功能的影响。方法将符合条件的60例老年期痴呆患者随机分为喹硫平组和氟哌啶醇组（各30例）,治疗2个月。采用一般情况调查表（自编）、临床疗效评定量表（CGI）、阿尔茨海默病病理行为评分表（BEHAVE—AD）、简易智力状态检查（MMSE）、药物副反应量表（TESS）进行疗效、副反应和认知功能评估。结果两组有效率分别为85．67％和83．33％,无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。两组BEHAVE—AD评分治疗前后比较均有显著差异（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,治疗结束后两组间BEHAVE—AD评分无显著差异（P〉0．05）。治疗结束后MMSE评分喹硫平组较氟哌啶醇组高,有显著差异（t=2．24,P〈0．05）。两组锥体外系副反应发生率比较有显著性差异（x2=6．91,P〈0．01）。结论喹硫平与氟哌啶醇对老年期痴呆精神行为症状疗效相似,但副反应小,对认知功能的影响优于氟哌啶醇,故喹硫平更适合于伴有精神行为症状的老年期痴呆患者的治疗。     

焦虑症患者的生活质量及相关因素分析

目的 探索焦虑症患者的生活质量及相关因素。方法 对60例符合CCMD-3诊断标准的焦虑症患者进行一般情况调查、汉密顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、健康状况调查问卷（SF-36）评定。结果除生理机能一项外，焦虑症患者SF-36各维度的评分均显著低于常模（P〈0．01）。患者HAMD评分和SF-36各维度评分呈显著负相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。伴有抑郁症状的焦虑症患者，其SF-36的躯体疼痛、一般健康状况、精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康6个维度得分显著低于不伴抑郁症状的患者（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），其HAMA评分显著高于不伴抑郁症状的患者（P〈0．01）。结论 焦虑症患者的生活质量低于一般正常人群，伴有的抑郁症状的焦虑症患者其生活质量受损更加严重。     

老年期痴呆家属生活质量的探讨

目的:探讨老年期痴呆家属的生活质量。方法:应用36题健康状况调查问卷(SF-36)评定71名老年期痴呆家属的生活质量并与80名健康者(对照组)进行比较。结果:老年期痴呆家属组在SF-36某些维度均显著低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);病程>5年、伴有躯体疾病以及患者的直系亲属SF-36的某些维度评分分别显著低于病程<5年、无躯体疾病以及患者的旁系亲属。结论:老年期痴呆家属的生活质量下降且与患者病情及亲属关系有关。     

护理干预对抑郁症患者生活质量的影响

目的：观察护理干预对抑郁症患者生活质量的影响。方法：90例抑郁症患者随机分为研究组和对照组各45例。两组均给予帕罗西汀治疗,研究组同时接受8周的护理干预。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）及抑郁自评量表（SDS）评价疗效;采用MOS健康状况调查表（SF-36）评价生活质量。结果：经8周护理干预,研究组HAMD、SAS及SDS评分均较对照组显著降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。出院后6个月,以研究组SF-36各项评分（除躯体疼痛评分显著低于人院时外）均显著高于人院时（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;两组间比较,以社会功能、精神健康、躯体疼痛及总分差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论：护理干预不仅能缓解抑郁症患者的症状,而且能提高生活质量。     

老年期痴呆抑郁和焦虑障碍共病研究

目的：了解老年期痴呆患者抑郁和焦虑障碍共病率及其相关因素。方法：将100例老年期痴呆患者分为两组，阿尔茨海默病（AD）组和血管性痴呆（VD）组。用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）、Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD）、Hamilton焦虑量表（HAMA）进行评定。结果：AD组有焦虑20例，伴抑郁17例；VD组有焦虑17例，伴抑郁15例。共病28例，AD组与VD组各14例。AD组与VD组在HAMD因子分有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论：老年期痴呆患者抑郁和焦虑共病率较高，应引起高度重视。     

艾斯能和高压氧治疗老年期痴呆的临床疗效及艾斯能对患者血浆TGF-β、IGF-1及ICAM-1的影响

目的探讨艾斯能和高压氧单独或联合治疗老年期痴呆的临床疗效，及艾斯能对患者血浆转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）、胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）及细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）的影响。方法将172例Alzheimer病（AD）、202例血管性痴呆（VD）患者随机分为艾斯能组、高压氧组、联合治疗组和吡拉西坦组，比较治疗前后各组患者的简易精神状态检查量表（MMSE）评分。艾斯能组在治疗前后监测血中TGF-β、ICAM-1及IGF-1水平。结果治疗后AD和VD组中艾斯能组、高压氧组、联合治疗组MMSE评分均有极显著改善（均P〈0．01）；并极显著优于吡拉西坦组（均P〈0．01），联合治疗组优于艾斯能组和高压氧组（P〈0．05—0．01），艾斯能组优于高压氧组（均P〈0．05）；艾斯能组在治疗后血TCF．B和IGF．1水平显著上升，ICAM-1水平显著下降（均P〈0．01）。结论艾斯能治疗可明显改善AD与VD患者的MMSE评分；提高TGF-β和ICF-1水平，降低ICAM-1水平；与高压氧联合应用可提高其疗效，其中艾斯能疗效优于高压氧单用。     

阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆听觉事件相关电位P300比较研究

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病（AD）和血管性痴呆（VD）在听觉事件相关电位P300检测中的不同特点。方法 收集符合ICD-10诊断标准的30例AD和36例VD患者，并以35例健康老人作对照组（NC）。使用丹麦仪器以及“听觉靶-非靶刺激序列”为诱发事件，完成P300检测。结果 （1）3组在靶潜伏期Cz脑区N2以及在靶波幅Cz脑区P2、P3和非靶波幅Cz脑区P2上均有显著差异（P〈0．01）。（2）AD主成分N2表现为延迟，与NC组和VD组有极显著性差异（P〈0．01）。（3）AD组和VD组靶波幅P3和非靶波幅P2均见降低，与NC组比较也有显著性差异（P〈0．05-〈0．01）。结论 提示作为反映AD和VD认知功能障碍的客观生理指标，P300有可能作为AD和VD辅助诊断的一个脑电生理学标志。P300检查可作为老年神经精神科的必查项目。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.