双重抑郁

双重抑郁是指在心境恶劣障碍2年以上(儿童和青少年为1年),如果出现重症抑郁(Major Depression)发作,此时重症抑郁和心境恶劣障碍可同时诊断(double depression)。双重抑郁只出现于DSM诊断分类系统,ICD-10和CCMD-2-R系统则没有。 双重抑郁的诊断与心境恶劣障碍密不可分,心境恶劣障碍的基本特征是慢性抑郁心境持续2年以上,绝大多数日子是抑郁,很少有不抑郁的时候(诊断标准A);在抑郁情绪期间,至少要出现下列附加症状中的两种:食欲差或贪食,失眠或过度睡眠,精力减退或疲乏,自信心降低,注意力集中困难或难以作出决断;感到绝望(诊断标准B);在2年期间(儿童和青少年是1年),任何没有症状的时间间隔不会超过2个月(诊断标准C);在开始的2年内,没有重症抑郁的发作(诊断标准D);病人从未有过躁狂发作、混合性发作或轻躁狂发     

双相及相关障碍的核心特征与治疗

《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第5版)》(DSM-5)将双相及相关障碍从心境障碍中独立出来,与抑郁障碍分为两章。双相障碍是一类受遗传因素影响较大的精神障碍,其代表性疾病是双相Ⅰ型障碍、双相Ⅱ型障碍和环性心境障碍。躁狂发作是双相Ⅰ型障碍诊断的必要条件,且不再要求个体必须有重性抑郁发作史。双相Ⅱ型障碍需有轻躁狂发作和重性抑郁发作史。环性心境障碍从开始发病,至少有半数时间经历多次轻躁狂期和抑郁期,但未符合轻躁狂发作或重性抑郁发作的诊断标准。双相及相关障碍的治疗方法包括心境稳定剂治疗、心理咨询、电休克治疗等。     

喹硫平治疗心境障碍的作用机制

双相情感障碍，简称双相障碍（BPD），是针对单相情感障碍（重性抑郁）而言。DSM—Ⅳ和ICD-10将二者并列为两种主要心境障碍。顾名思义，双相兼有心境变高和变低两极性特点，是心境在正常，高涨（躁狂），低落（抑郁）之间往返摆动。DSM—Ⅳ将双相障碍又分为若干个亚型，这在诊断上是一个重要变更，突出表现在分出了双相Ⅰ型和双相Ⅱ型，基本区别是前者一般以躁狂发作严重；后者以抑郁发作严重，躁狂发作较轻，且家族史中阳性率高，发作次数多，对治疗反应差。流行病学资料显示，双相Ⅰ型发病率为0．5％～2．4％，双相Ⅱ型发病率为0．2％-5．0％。双相障碍是精神科常见病，多发病，具有较高同病率（焦虑障碍，酒依赖，药物依赖）与较高死亡率（特别是在抑郁相或者混合状态）特点。目前有关躁狂症状的治疗已有很大进展；而抑郁症状则被认为治疗困难，传统抗抑郁药物或心境稳定剂疗效均不佳。美国最近一项研究发现，喹硫平除对躁狂症状（单药或喹硫平＋锂盐／双丙戊酸钠）或精神分裂症疗效明确外，还能控制抑郁症状，从而提高患者生活质量。因此，喹硫平是目前唯一被FDA批准单药既可用于治疗双相躁狂急性发作，     

儿童和青少年躁狂的治疗

儿科双相障碍的临床样本率为6％，其发作可致严重残疾、共患物质滥用和学习成绩下降。1表现1．1混合性躁狂有两种定义。一种是躁狂与重性抑郁症有重叠时间；第二种是躁狂至少与其中一种抑郁障碍（包括重性抑郁症、轻性抑郁或心境恶劣）有重叠时间。在儿童和青少年早期双相Ⅰ型障碍组，伴重性抑郁症的混合性躁狂率为54．8％（1／2），伴重性抑郁症、轻性抑郁或心境恶劣的混合躁狂率为88．2％（9／10）。     

对"心境障碍"一章的几点意见

对于“心境障碍”的诊断标准 ,中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第 3版 (CCMD 3)修改很多 ,现提出一些看法。1　“心境障碍”中分为“躁狂发作、双相障碍、抑郁发作、持续性心境障碍及其他或待分类的心境障碍”5类 ,以“躁狂 (抑郁 )发作”代替CCMD 2 R的“躁狂 (抑郁 )症”这一诊断名称 ,我认为不太合适。躁狂 (抑郁 )发作应为一种症状表现 ,是一种疾病的表现形式 ,而不能作为一种疾病的诊断名称 ;且大类中以“躁狂 (抑郁 )发作”作为诊断而它们属下的分类仍为“躁狂 (抑郁 )症” ,有自相矛盾之嫌。我建议继续按CCMD 2 R格式先列出躁狂 …     

拉莫三嗪治疗双相Ⅰ型抑郁

现有的心境稳定药(包括锂)常只对躁狂效果较好,而对双相障碍时的抑郁疗效较差,加用抗抑郁药又有转发躁狂的可能。拉莫三嗪(lamotrigine)是80年代推出的抗癫痫新药,使用过程中发现它能改善心境与活力。已有一些有关此药治疗双相型与型情感障碍有效的非盲性临床报道。本文是有关此药治疗双相型抑郁的第一篇双盲安慰剂对照研究。方法:入组病例的条件如下:符合DSM-IV中双相型障碍的诊断标准,过去10年间至少有过2次情感障碍发作,其中至少一次为躁狂型或混合型,诊断经DSM-IV定式临床检查(SCID)所证实,当前为抑郁发作,当前发作的病期等于或长…     

有精神病性症状躁狂发作的临床特征研究

目的探讨有精神病性症状的躁狂发作的临床特征。方法使用自编的一般情况问卷及有精神病性症状的躁狂发作的精神症状调查问卷,共收集135例"有精神病性症状的躁狂发作"患者,并根据患者的精神病性症状是否与心境相协调进一步分成两组(非典型组59例和典型组76例),比较两组间临床资料的异同。结果在有精神病性症状的躁狂发作中,伴有与心境不协调的精神病性症状的非典型躁狂发作占43.7%、伴有与心境协调的精神病性症状的典型躁狂发作占56.3%,非典型躁狂发作在起病形式、病程特点、病前社会功能、病前性格、首发症状及近期疗效与典型躁狂发作相比有显著性差异(P<0.05),典型组在起病形式上以急性起病者居多,病程多表现为间歇性病程,病前社会功能良好,性格以外向者居多,多以情感症状为首发症状及近期疗效相对较好。结论伴有与心境协调的精神病性症状的典型躁狂发作和伴有与心境不协调的精神病性症状的非典型躁狂发作在临床上均极为常见,非典型躁狂发作为躁狂发作的一个特殊的亚型,我们应对其加强认识。     

氟西汀与碳酸锂预防双相II型障碍重性抑郁发作复燃和转躁对照研究

目的:观察双相II型重性抑郁发作临床症状控制后较长期的单用氟西汀与单用碳酸锂治疗的复燃或转躁情况。方法:对75例双相II型障碍重性抑郁发作临床症状控制的患者随机分成两组,分别单用氟西汀与碳酸锂进行26周的治疗并随访,并进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、杨氏躁狂量表(YMRS)评定。结果:治疗前1周、治疗2周、10周、18周、26周两组HAMD、YMRS评分两组同期比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。氟西汀组亚综合征抑郁和抑郁症复燃率低,碳酸锂组亚综合征轻躁狂和轻躁狂发作率低,两组比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:双相II型障碍重性抑郁发作后氟西汀单一治疗比锂盐单一治疗可较好预防复燃,但能增加轻躁狂心境转换的发作。     

非经典抗精神病药在双相情感障碍治疗中的研究及展望

<正>双相情感障碍(Bipolar Affective Disorder,BPD)是精神科常见疾病,一般指既有躁狂或轻躁狂发作、又有抑郁发作的一类情感障碍,其症状具有多样性,呈躁狂发作、抑郁发作、混合状态、快速循环发作、伴有或不伴有精神病性症状。自20世纪60年代以来,心境稳定剂(MS)逐步广泛用于治疗BPD,锂盐被认为是BPD急性期和维持期一线治疗的"金标准",但约有42%~64%的患者尤其是混合状态和快速循环患者对锂盐反     

重性抑郁障碍或双相障碍患者抑郁发作伴随躁狂症状的临床特征

目的:了解重性抑郁障碍(MDD)或双相障碍抑郁发作患者出现躁狂症状的频率和程度。方法:对52例经简明国际神经精神访谈(MINI)、符合《美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第4版(DSMIV)重性抑郁障碍或双相障碍抑郁发作的患者,采用情感障碍评估量表(ADE)评估患者本次抑郁发作中出现的躁狂症状。结果:52例患者中有36例重性抑郁障碍,16例为双相障碍抑郁发作。至少有1条躁狂症状的患者达86.5%(n=45),至少有3条躁狂症状的患者占32.7%(n=17),而没有任何躁狂症状的患者仅占13.5%(n=7)。结论:抑郁发作患者大多存在不同程度的躁狂症状,及时识别这些症状,对诊断与治疗有指导意义。情感障碍评估量表是一个值得应用的评估情感发作的工具。     

Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features.

BACKGROUND: The cross-sectional clinical differentiation of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder from mood-incongruent psychotic mania or mixed mania is difficult, since pathognomonic symptoms are lacking in these conditions. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To compare a series of clinical variables related to mood and cognition in patient groups with DSM-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, mood-incongruent psychotic mania and mood-incongruent psychotic mixed mania. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-one consecutive patients were evaluated in the week prior to discharge by using the structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R-patient edition (SCID-P). Severity of psychopathology was assessed by the 18-item version of the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS) and negative symptoms by the scale for assessment of negative symptoms (SANS). Level of insight was assessed with the scale to assess unawareness of mental disorders (SUMD). RESULTS: There were no differences in rates of specific types of delusions and hallucinations between subjects with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, psychotic mania and psychotic mixed mania. SANS factors scores were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia than in the bipolar groups. Patients with mixed state scored significantly higher on depression and excitement compared to schizophrenia group and, to a lesser extent, to schizoaffective group. Subjects with schizophrenia showed highest scores on the SUMD indicating that they were much more compromised on the insight dimension than subjects with psychotic mania or mixed mania. CONCLUSION: Negative rather than affective symptomatology may be a useful construct to differentiate between schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders from mood-incongruent psychotic mania or mixed mania.     

Association of symptoms and executive function in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

The extent to which cognitive impairment in psychosis is related to the particular disorder or the pattern of symptoms is unclear. We examined executive function in two groups of schizophrenia patients with predominant symptoms of disorganisation (n=15) and psychomotor poverty (n=15), respectively, two groups of bipolar I disorder patients with predominant symptoms of mania (n=15) and depression (n=15), respectively, and 30 healthy controls. We predicted that the pattern of symptoms ('excess' [disorganisation/mania] or 'deficiency' [negative symptoms/depression]) would be more related to executive ability than the underlying disorder. The patient groups showed partially overlapping executive dysfunctions relative to the control group. There were no significant differences between groups with 'excess' symptoms (schizophrenia patients with thought disorder and bipolar patients with mania), or between groups with 'deficiency' symptoms (schizophrenia patients with negative symptoms and bipolar patients with depression). In contrast, differences were noted between groups with the same diagnosis: Schizophrenia patients with disorganisation were less accurate in semantic verbal fluency than those with negative symptoms; and bipolar patients with mania tended to be faster, but less accurate, in sentence completion than those with depression. A statistical comparison of the associations of 'diagnosis' and the 'excess-deficiency' dimension with executive function revealed a trend for a greater association of the latter with two measures of performance accuracy. Executive dysfunction in patients with psychotic disorders may be more related to their symptom profile than their diagnosis.     

Syndromes and phenomenological subtypes underlying acute mania: a factor analytic study of 576 manic patients

OBJECTIVE: There are no factor analytic studies specifically including symptoms representative of depressive inhibition among manic patients, although Kraepelin described several mixed affective states with depressive inhibition. There is controversy as to whether atypical manic features such as aggression, psychosis, and depression are likely to coexist among manic patients. The authors' goal was to examine this controversy. METHOD: They used a standardized instrument to assess the presence or absence of 37 psychiatric symptoms in 576 consecutive inpatients who were diagnosed as having DSM-IV manic episode, nonmixed or mixed. RESULTS: A principal-component analysis followed by varimax rotation extracted seven independent interpretable factors (depressive mood, irritable aggression, insomnia, depressive inhibition, pure manic symptoms, emotional lability/agitation, and psychosis) that were relatively stable across several patient groups. A subsequent cluster analysis identified four phenomenological subtypes underlying acute mania: pure, aggressive, psychotic, and depressive (mixed) mania. Several variables, including gender, suicidality, and outcome of treatments, significantly differentiated the subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with mania, depressive inhibition may be a salient syndrome independent of depressive mood, lending some support to Kraepelin's classification of mixed manic states on the basis of the permutations of three elements-thought disorder, mood, and psychomotor activity. Depressive inhibition, together with depressive mood and emotional lability/agitation, appears to be an important phenomenological element of mixed states. Atypical manic features such as aggression, psychosis, and depression are not likely to coexist, but they are likely separately to characterize several different subtypes potentially underlying acute mania.     

Gender differences in subtypes of late-onset depression and mania

BACKGROUND: It is currently not known whether elderly men and women present with different subtypes of depression and mania/bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of subtypes of a single depressive episode and mania/bipolar disorder according to the ICD-10 for elderly men and women in a nationwide sample of all out- and inpatients in psychiatric settings. METHODS: All patients older than 65 years who received a diagnosis of a single depressive episode and mania/bipolar disorder in the period from 1994 to 2002 at the end of their first outpatient treatment or at their first discharge from psychiatric hospitalization in Denmark were identified in a nationwide register. RESULTS: A total of 9837 patients aged more than 65 years received a diagnosis of a single depressive episode (69.9% were women) and 443 a diagnosis of mania/bipolar disorder (61.6% were women) at the end of their first contact with psychiatric health care. Slightly more women than men received a diagnosis of mild (70.8%) or moderate depression (67.4%) compared to severe depression (65.9%). Men more often presented with a single depressive episode with comorbid substance abuse or comorbid somatic illness. No gender differences were found in the prevalence of depression with or without melancholic or psychotic symptoms. Men more often presented with mania/bipolar disorder with comorbid substance abuse. CONCLUSIONS: The distributions of the subtypes of a single depressive episode or mania/bipolar disorder are remarkably similar for male and female patients aged over 65 years with first contact with the psychiatric health-care system.     

Thought, language, and communication disorders. II. Diagnostic significance.

This investigation evaluates the frequency of various subtypes of thought, language, and communication disorders in 113 patients with diagnoses of mania, depression, and schizophrenia. It indicates that some types of thought disorder considered important occur so infrequently as to be of little diagnostic value, such as neologisms or blocking. The traditional concept of thought disorder, which emphasizes associative loosening, is also of little value, since associative loosening occurs frequently in mania as well as in schizophrenia. This investigation demonstrates that associative loosening can no longer be considered pathognomonic of schizophrenia. On the other hand, an approach that defines various subtypes of thought disorder and uses a concept of negative-vs-positive thought disorder does often permit a distinction between mania and schizophrenia. It is recommended that the practice of referring globally to "thought disorder," as if it were homogeneous, be avoided in the future and instead that the specific subtypes occurring in particular patients be noted in both clinical practice and research.     

Burden of illness in bipolar depression

Bipolar depression is the underrecognized and unappreciated phase of bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, bipolar depression is responsible for much of the morbidity and mortality associated with the disorder. Depressive symptoms are far more prevalent than hypomanic or manic symptoms in bipolar patients, and they are associated with a heavier burden of illness, including reduced functioning, increased risk of suicidal acts, and high economic costs. Because most patients with bipolar disorder present with depression, misdiagnoses of major depressive disorder are common, even typical. Comorbid psychiatric disorders are also prevalent and may obscure the diagnosis and complicate treatment strategies. Depressed patients should be carefully assessed for manic or hypomanic symptoms to help reveal possible bipolar disorder. In addition to evaluation of psychiatric symptoms, a close examination of family history, course of illness, and treatment response will aid the clinician in making an accurate diagnosis. Treatment of acute depression in bipolar patients may require therapy combining agents such as lithium, divalproex, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and atypical antipsychotics or using such agents in combination with an anti-depressant. Olanzapine/fluoxetine combination is the only medication currently approved for the treatment of bipolar depression. Antidepressant monotherapy should not be used, because there is evidence that such treatment increases the risk of switching into mania/hypomania and could induce treatment-refractory conditions such as mixed or rapid-cycling states. Maintenance therapy will be required by most patients, since discontinuation of mood stabilizers or antidepressants frequently leads to relapses in depressive symptoms. Prompt diagnosis and the use of specific therapeutic agents with evidence of efficacy may help reduce the disease burden associated with bipolar depression.     

抑郁症与精神分裂症中妄想对照研究

目的：探讨精神病性抑郁症与精神分裂症妄想症状的差异。方法：对65例精神病性抑郁症及115例精神分裂症患者妄想差异的比较。结果：精神病性抑郁症妄想的发生率及多种妄想并存率显著低于精神分裂症;缺乏夸妄想,但罪恶、疑病等妄想发生率显著高于精神分裂症;被害妄想对象不如精神分裂症泛化,2次住院的妄想再现率明显低于精神分裂症。结论：精神病性抑郁症的妄想继发于情感症状,处于从属地位,没有与情感背景完全对立的妄想,与精神分裂症的妄想有诸多差异。     

The bipolar spectrum and the antidepressant view of the world

Whereas much progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia and depression in recent years, bipolar disorder continues to be frequently misunderstood, leading to its inconsistent diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we seek to identify the causes of this problem and suggest possible solutions, based on a critical review of studies concerning the nosology of bipolar disorder and the effects of antidepressant agents. Bipolar disorder appears to be underdiagnosed as well as frequently misdiagnosed as unipolar major depressive disorder. Underdiagnosis can stem from patients' impaired insight into mania and failure to involve family members in the diagnostic process and also from clinicians' inadequate understanding of manic symptoms. Underdiagnosis may also reflect disagreement about the breadth of the bipolar spectrum. We therefore propose a heuristic definition of "bipolar spectrum disorder," a diagnosis that gives greater weight to family history and antidepressant-induced manic symptoms. This diagnosis would include all forms of bipolar illness that are not type I or II . The evidence also suggests that antidepressants are probably overused and mood stabilizers underused. We consequently recommend aggressive use of mood stabilizers and less emphasis on antidepressants. In summary, the state of diagnosis and treatment in bipolar disorder is suboptimal. More diagnostic attention to the criteria for mania is necessary. In addition, the current pattern of antidepressant use in bipolar disorder does not appear to be evidence-based.     

Use of olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar I disorder

Olanzapine (Zyprexa, Eli Lilly & Co.) is an atypical antipsychotic medication with once-daily dosing that was originally developed for the treatment of schizophrenia. It has shown broad efficacy in the treatment of bipolar mixed and manic episodes, but is less effective in the treatment of bipolar depression. Double-blind studies have demonstrated a rapid onset of action in acute bipolar mania, significantly greater rates of response compared with placebo, and a remission rate of 88.3% in a 49-week open-label study. Diverse presentations of the illness responded well to olanzapine including patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder, mixed episodes, as well as psychotic and nonpsychotic manias. Olanzapine monotherapy improved symptoms of depression related to its sedating and appetite-enhancing profile, but core symptoms such as depressed mood did not improve significantly. However, in combination with fluoxetine, bipolar depressed patients responded without an increased risk of mania. Weight gain and sedation are prominent adverse effects, and it has been associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance.     

Therapeutic dilemmas in the pharmacotherapy of bipolar depression in the young

Pediatric bipolar disorder is commonly mixed with co-occurring symptoms of major depression and mania. Knowledge has begun to accumulate on the treatment of the mania component, but limited information is available to guide the therapeutic approach to bipolar depression. To this end, we reviewed the medical charts of 59 patients with diagnosis of DSM-III-R bipolar disorder from an outpatient pediatric psychopharmacology clinic. Multivariate methods were used to model the probability of improvement and relapse at each visit of clinical follow-up. Serotonin-specific antidepressants were significantly associated with both an increased rate of improvement of bipolar depression-relative risk = 6.7 (1.9-23.6); p = 0.003-and a significantly greater probability of relapse of manic symptomatology-relative risk = 3.0 (1.2-7.8); p = 0.02. Although mood stabilizers improved manic symptomatology, they had no demonstrable effect on the symptoms of bipolar depression. Despite the increased risk of mood destabilization, serotonin-specific antidepressants did not interfere with the antimanic effects of mood stabilizers. Because bipolar youth commonly come to clinical practice with depression, these results underscore the importance of assessing a lifetime history of bipolar disorder in making treatment decisions in depressed youth.