生存资料回归模型分析——生存资料及其统计分析方法概述

本文目的是全面介绍生存资料的特点及其常用统计分析方法。生存资料具有以下四个特点:①同时具有生存结局和生存时间;②生存时间可能含有删失数据或截尾数据;③生存时间的分布通常不服从正态分布,常呈指数分布、Weibull分布、对数正态分布;④影响生存时间的因素较复杂且不易控制。生存资料统计分析方法涉及统计描述、差异性分析和回归分析三大类,其中,统计描述主要有Kaplan-Meier(卡普兰-迈耶)估计法和Life table(寿命表)估计法;差异性分析主要有对数秩检验(log-rank test)和威尔考克森检验(Wilcoxon test);而回归分析主要有Cox比例和非比例风险回归模型、参数回归模型。在对生存资料进行统计分析时,需要合理选择统计分析方法,方可全面而又深入地揭示生存资料的内在变化规律。     

时延估计在超声血流速度测量中的应用

在研究基本互相关时延估计算法的基础上，分析时延估计在血流速度估算中的原理，提出了一种非多普勒原理的间接测量血流速度的方法，通过估计时延来估计血流速度，并用实测的超声成像数据分别对10个超声回波脉冲信号和20个超声回波脉冲信号进行实验仿真，验证了通过时延估计估算血流速度的有效性，不仅能够得到较准确的血流速度值，而且方法简单，易于实现，计算量较小，具有实际的应用价值。     

复杂抽样调查设计多值有序资料一水平多重Logistic回归分析

本文目的是比较不同分析策略对复杂抽样调查设计多值有序资料一水平多重logistic回归分析结果的异同。通过实例分析,利用四种不同的分析策略(将复杂抽样视为单纯随机抽样,考虑抽样设计不考虑抽样权重,考虑抽样权重不考虑抽样设计,同时考虑抽样设计和抽样权重)对复杂抽样设计多值有序资料进行建模。在四种不同分析策略的累积logistic回归模型拟合的结果中,自变量的偏回归系数、标准误差及P值均有所不同。在对复杂抽样调查设计的多值有序资料回归建模时,将抽样设计和抽样权重纳入统计分析,会得到更准确、更稳健的分析结果。     

纵向数据的现代分析方法及其功能、说明和注意事项

概述：纵向研究可用于精神卫生及其服务领域的科研中。纵向数据分析的主要方法是广义线性混合效应模型（GLMM）和加权广义估计方程（WGEE）。虽然这两个模型已被广泛应用,也有大量文献发表,但是人们并没有清晰地描述这些方法间的差别以及方法本身的局限性,缺少相关的文献记录。遗憾的是,有些差别和局限性会明显影响对研究结果的报告、比较和解释。
　　本文回顾了纵向数据分析的两种主要方法,强调两者的相似之处和主要差别。我们使用真实数据和模拟数据着重比较这两类模型的假设、对参数的解释、适用性和局限性,并讨论了将这两种不同的方法用于真实数据研究时的注意事项,提出了相关的警示。     

纵向数据的现代分析方法及其功能、说明和注意事项（英文）

纵向研究可用于精神卫生及其服务领域的科研中。纵向数据分析的主要方法是广义线性混合效应模型(GLMM)和加权广义估计方程(WGEE)。虽然这两个模型已被广泛应用,也有大量文献发表,但是人们并没有清晰地描述这些方法间的差别以及方法本身的局限性,缺少相关的文献记录。遗憾的是,有些差别和局限性会明显影响对研究结果的报告、比较和解释。本文回顾了纵向数据分析的两种主要方法,强调两者的相似之处和主要差别。我们使用真实数据和模拟数据着重比较这两类模型的假设、对参数的解释、适用性和局限性,并讨论了将这两种不同的方法用于真实数据研究时的注意事项,提出了相关的警示。     

临床研究中统计学方法的规范应用与典型案例解析

临床研究中,统计学方法的准确应用关系到研究结果的可靠性和科学性.本文以典型案例解析方式,对临床研究中统计描述、统计推断、数据处理、结果解释的规范应用要点、常见误用进行总结分析,重点介绍了t检验与方差分析的误用、χ2检验与配对χ2检验的误用、回归分析中哑变量的设置、重复测量数据的分析方法与注意事项、随机缺失数据的填补方法...     

基于SAS软件实现随机抽样及应用

本文的目的是帮助读者方便快捷地运用SAS软件中的SURVEYSELECT过程实现随机抽样。首先,对SURVEYSELECT过程及SAS数据集Customers进行了简单介绍。接着,结合简单随机抽样、分层随机抽样和控制排序分层随机抽样,介绍了随机抽样的SAS实现方法。读者只需要修改本文中所呈现的SAS程序中的少量参数,就可很方便地使用SAS软件实现随机抽样任务。事实说明,尽管SAS软件非常难学难用,但借助现成的SAS程序,可以轻松自如地解决很多具体问题。     

合理进行多重线性回归分析——结合倾向性评分分析

本文目的是介绍如何结合倾向性评分分析,合理地进行多重线性回归分析的方法。第一,介绍了与倾向性评分分析有关的3个基本概念。第二,介绍了倾向性评分分析的核心内容,即3种匹配方法。第三,通过一个流行病学的调查实例,介绍了如何用SAS软件进行分析的全过程,内容如下：①针对原始数据集,检验协变量在处理组与对照组之间的差异是否具有统计学意义;②针对原始数据集,直接进行多重线性回归分析;③采用倾向性评分分析产生匹配后的数据集;④针对匹配后的数据集,检验协变量在处理组与对照组之间的差异是否具有统计学意义;⑤针对匹配后的数据集,合理进行多重线性回归分析。     

独立学院学生总体幸福感调查

目的描述独立学院学生总体幸福感的特点。方法采用总体幸福感问卷对中国矿业大学徐海学院学生和中国矿业大学学生总体幸福感进行调查和分析。结果独立学院学生的总体幸福感显著高于全国常模;独立学院男生在健康担心因子上得分低于女生;独立学院城市学生的焦虑因子和总体幸福感总分得分都显著高于农村学生,忧郁愉快因子则低于农村学生;独立学院学生的焦虑因子得分显著高于中国矿业大学学生。结论独立学院学生的总体幸福感与性别、生源地、专业相关。     

定性资料的数据结构与分析方法概述

本文的目的是全面介绍定性资料的数据结构与统计分析方法。从4种不同视角来划分定性资料的数据结构:研究类型与设计类型、定性结果变量的表现、表达资料的形式以及观测点个数。共呈现了7类最常用的处理定性资料的统计分析方法,即广义差异性分析、相关分析、关联分析、聚类分析、判别分析、对数线性模型分析和回归分析。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.