住院分裂症患者687例一日处方分析

目的　分析天津市安定医院精神分裂症患者药物使用情况。方法　对总院及分院共687例分裂症患者日医嘱微机查询。结果　(1)在687 例分裂症患者中药物使用频率依次为奋乃静、舒必利、氯氮平、氯丙嗪、维思通、奎地平,换算为氯丙嗪等效剂量后,治疗剂量为13.5~4 012 mg/d,平均(367±250)mg/d。(2)687例患者中516(75.11%)例患者使用经典抗精神病药,185 例(26.92%)使用非典型抗精神病药物,432例(62.88%)为单一用药者,255 例(37.11%)患者配合使用2 种抗精神病药物,而3种或3种以上抗精神病药物配用为0 例,总计53 例(0.08%)患者合并使用抗抑郁剂,106 例(15.43%)合并心境稳定剂。(3)合并心境稳定剂频率依次为锂盐46 例,丙戊酸钠30 例,卡马西平30例。结论　目前天津市安定医院处方方式仍以典型抗精神病药物为主,考虑与患者病程较长,大部分患者仍沿用原老医嘱,且长期住院患者受医保及经济负担影响有关。     

首发精神分裂症早期干预病房中首选药物的状况分析

目的了解首发精神分裂症住院患者在我院早期药物干预情况。方法采用早期干预病房与门诊用药作对比,调查全年患者首次使用抗精神病药(APD)情况,并作1年后应用追踪分析。结果病房组前三位使用的APD分别是维思通、氯氮平、氟哌啶醇,首选全部单种APD治疗,日平均最高剂量为(418.3±107.4)mg,明显高于门诊组(269.6±94.4)mg;病房组安坦预防性用药极少(3.7%),APD合并其他精神药物比例(30.5%)明显低于门诊组(71.8%);总显效率比较病房组60.7%优于门诊组26.9%,两组副反应无显著性差异;1年后追踪首选APD使用率,住院组74.5%明显高于门诊组47.9%,换选药物主要以维思通、氯氮平为主。结论早期干预病房用药合理,疗效较好。作者提倡非典型抗精神病药可作为精神分裂症治疗的首选药物。     

苏州市精神分裂症患者抗精神病药物使用现况调查

目的:调查苏州市精神分裂症患者抗精神病药物使用现况。方法:采用患者药物使用调查表,对苏州市3家精神疾病专科医院的544例住院和门诊精神分裂症患者进行抗精神病药物使用情况调查。结果:使用居前6位的抗精神病药物分别是氯氮平(25.6%)、利培酮(16.5%)、奥氮平(13.9%)、奎硫平(11.4%)、阿立哌唑(9.1%)、氯丙嗪(6.8%)。门诊和住院患者抗精神病药物使用频率存在差异(χ2=37.361,P=0.003)。门诊患者氯氮平、利培酮、奥氮平、奎硫平、阿立哌唑、氯丙嗪、奋乃静、帕利哌酮的使用剂量低于住院患者;舒必利、齐拉西酮、氟哌啶醇使用剂量高于住院患者(P均0.01)。单一抗精神病药治疗的比率(54.4%,293例)高于联合药物治疗(45.6%,246例);单一药物治疗者中84.2%(247例)使用第2代抗精神病药(SGAs);联合用药者中97.8%(241例)主要抗精神病药物及65.0%(160例次)次要药物为SGAs;最常合并使用的药物是镇静催眠药(20.2%)、心境稳定剂(12.2%)、抗胆碱能药(12.1%)、抗抑郁药(7.8%)和β-受体阻断剂(4.3%)。结论:单一用药和选择SGAs是苏州市精神分裂症患者药物治疗的主要方式。     

氯氮平所致迟发性运动障碍的调查

对长期应用氯氮平治疗的患者进行迟发性运动障碍(TD)调查 ,并以使用典型抗精神病药患者作对照。1　对象和方法系本院住院患者 ,诊断均符合 CCMD- 2 - R标准。研究组至少 1年持续单用氯氮平治疗 ,除外以往使用其它抗精神病药者。对照组以至少 1年以上持续服用典型抗精神病药 ,除外合并使用氯氮平或舒必利者。研究组 5 2例 ,男性 ,平均年龄 (4 3.6± 8.2 )岁 ,总病程 (13.3± 7.34 )年 ,持续服药时间 (4 .2± 2 .3)年 ,药物剂量折合氯丙嗪效价 (35 2± 12 5 ) mg/d。对照组 46例 ,男性 ,平均年龄 (4 5 .3± 7.8)岁 ,总病程(15 .2± 8.4)年 …     

2006年我国十省市抗精神病药处方方式的现况调查

目的 调查2006年我国10省市抗精神病药处方方式;分析4年间我国抗精神病药处方方式的变化趋势.方法 按照作者2002年的调查方法,选择10省市41所精神疾病专科医院或综合医院精神科的5898例精神分裂症门诊和住院患者,于2006年5月22-28日使用自制修订的调查问卷进行精神分裂症处方方式的现况调查.结果 (1)5898例患者中,门诊患者为2716例(46.0%);住院患者为3182例(54.0%);男3041例(51.6%),女2803例(47.5%),缺失54例数据.(2)99.1%的患者接受了抗精神病药治疗,使用频率在前7位的药物依次为:氯氮平(31.7%),利培酮(30.5%),舒必利(14.5%),氯丙嗪(10.8%),奋乃静(9.2%)、喹硫平(7.2%),氟哌啶醇(5.8%).换算为氯丙嗪等效剂量后,住院患者平均药物剂量显著高于门诊患者.(3)72.7%的患者使用第2代抗精神病药治疗;第1代抗精神病药的使用频率为38.3%;6.19%的患者接受了长效药物治疗.(4)75.6%的患者接受了单一非长效抗精神病药治疗;24.4%的患者联合使用2种或2种以上抗精神病药.(5)54.1%的患者联合了抗胆碱能药、苯二氮革类、β-受体阻断剂、抗抑郁药和心境稳定剂,主要用于控制不良反应或增效治疗.结论 第2代抗精神病药已经成为我国治疗精神分裂症的主流药物,反映出精神分裂症治疗理念和治疗技术的进展.     

96例精神药物过量患者资料分析

目的　分析服用过量精神病药物患者的临床相关资料及血药浓度。方法　回顾 1992～2 0 0 0年在上海市精神卫生中心就诊的精神药物过量的精神病患者的临床资料 ,分析疾病诊断、中毒药物的种类及血药浓度等。结果　共分析了 96例精神药物过量患者 ,诊断主要为精神分裂症 (6 5例 )及抑郁症 (2 3例 )。过量精神药物主要为氯丙嗪 (38例 )、氯氮平 (33例 )及苯二氮 卓艹 类 (2 1例 )。氯丙嗪血药浓度为 (1380 4± 1731 5 )ng/ml,氯氮平血药浓度为 (16 80 3± 2 337 4 )ng/ml。 结论　精神病患者中精神药物中毒以精神分裂症患者为主 ,其次为抑郁症患者。过量药物为常用的抗精神病药物氯丙嗪、氯氮平及苯二氮 卓艹 类。过量服药的患者的血药浓度较高 ,平均血药浓度明显高于治疗浓度。对服用这些药物的精神病患者更需要看护并加强对精神药物的管理     

精神药物副反应及其处理

编辑 :本期综合精神药物的副反应及其处理共1 9篇稿件 ,由 1 5个单位 2 8位作者所撰写。 1　抗精神病药致意识障碍涂登峰 :报告 3 2例住院患者 ,使用抗精神病药后引起意识障碍 ,均符合 CCMD- 2 - R意识障碍的诊断标准。其中男 1 9例 ,女 1 3例 ,年龄 2 1～ 6 5岁 ,平均 (3 6± 1 1 )岁 ;使用氯氮平 2 4例 ,氯丙嗪 1 4例 ,舒必利 2例 (部分系合用病例 )。折合氯丙嗪剂量为3 0 0～ 75 0 mg/d,平均 (5 6 0± 6 2 ) mg/d。初次用药量过大 (折合氯丙嗪剂量 >6 0 0 mg/d) 1 7例 ,快速换药1 2例 ,合用抗胆碱能药或三环抗抑郁药 1 2例 ,年老体弱或…     

精神科老年住院患者药物治疗时点调查

目的 了解精神科老年住院患者精神药物及内科药物应用情况.方法 采用一日法对上海市精神卫生中心闵行院区老年住院患者的精神药物及内科药物应用状况进行调查.结果 (1)精神科老年住院患者抗精神病药物使用频度依次为奥氮平(37.1%),氯氮平(26.8%),利培酮(24.7%),以单一药物使用为主(80.4%),部分患者二药联合(19.6%),未发现三类抗精神病药物合用;(2)合并躯体疾病的患者较多,均予相应的降压、降糖、降脂治疗.结论 精神科老年住院患者以非典型抗精神病药物治疗为主,并重视了躯体疾病的诊疗.     

住院精神障碍患者抗精神病药物一日处方调查

目的 了解我院住院精神障碍患者抗精神病药物的使用情况及其用药规律.方法 采用一日法对本院住院精神疾病患者的抗精神药物应用状况进行调查.结果 (1)住院精神疾病种类构成发生了一些变化;(2)两药联用与单药治疗并重;(3)药物以利培酮处方量第一;(4)St精神病药物的使用剂量基本都在推荐的安全剂量之内.结论 目前本院药物使用以非典型抗精神药物为主,抗精神病药物使用合理.     

1986年至2006年间4个年份唐山市精神分裂症住院患者抗精神病药物使用变化趋势

目的 分析近20年精神分裂症住院患者抗精神病药物治疗种类和剂量变化趋势.方法 调查1986年、1996年、2001年和2006年4个年份在唐山市6所精神病院出院的2 718例精神分裂症患者的3 195份住院病历,用专门设计的调查表记录患者的社会人口学资料、疾病特征以及患者出院时药物治疗信息.结果 ①治疗药物的变化:1986年、1996年、2001年和2006年最常使用的抗精神病药物分别是第一代抗精神病药物、氯氮平、氯氮平、除氯氮平外的第二代抗精神病药物,使用率分别为93.8%(396/422)、45%(285/634)、59.9%(557/930)、51.6%(623/1206).2006年氯氮平使用率达35.7%(431/1206).4个年份间患者出院时合并使用2种以上抗精神病药物治疗的比例旱升高趋势(趋势X~2=99.10,P＜0.001),从1986年的10.43%(44/422)渐升至2006年的26.29%(317/1209).②药物剂量变化:4个年份出院时患者服用抗精神病药物的氯丙嗪等效日剂量组间比较差异有统计学意义(Kruskal-Wallis X~2=43.32,P＜0.001),4个年份的出院患者日服药剂量随年份增长而呈下降趋势(Spearman R=-0.13,P＜0.001);抗精神病药的单一治疗日剂量低于合并治疗,差异有统计学意义(Kruskal-Wallis X~2=14.23,P＜0.001).③多元回归分析表明,患者出院时服用抗精神病药物的氯丙嗪等效剂量与抗精神病药物联合治疗(b=163.86,P＜0.001)、住院大数(b:25.76,P＜0.001)呈正相关;与使用第二代抗精神病药物(b=-114.92,P＜0.001)、发病年龄(b=-3.87,P＜0.001)呈负相关.结论 近20年第二代抗精神病药物已逐渐成为抗精神病治疗的主要用药,抗精神病药合并治疗的比例增加.临床实践中应考虑到氯氮平一直保持较高使用率的利弊和合并用药可能带来的药物不良反应.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.     

Une phénoménologie de la dépendance à l'alcool. Une expérience primordiale de la « nostrité »

The phenomenological approach to alcoholism interestingly focuses on specific dynamics of interpersonal relationships displaying the founding of the Self from a primary “us” and its original basis in the human feast. Priorities for treatment intervention recommend to involve social setting and relationships of the patients, reaching their active participation to a motivational and long term group treatment, underlying the specific therapeutic effect of world exchanges. Biopsychosocial determination of alcoholism could be primarily based on components of interpersonal relationships. Regarding social background, drinking is one of the most famous supports for the achievement of the feast, a founding marker of present time. Taking an existential point of view, the feast appears as the heart of mankind because it presents a primary “us”, a plural state which indicates the beginning and founding of the Self from the others. During the feast, we regularly have to reach our Self from the “us” while avoiding two main dangers, drunkenness, an increase in the dizziness of upright verticality, and addiction, an opposite vertical surrender to alcohol and falling into in the alcoholic relapse, both situations imply a spatial domination and the disappearance of others. Treatment programs of alcohol addicts need to integrate the necessity of reaching the existential basic trust from the support of a group to the appropriation of the community which can be defined as an original “usness”.