唤醒麻醉和术中功能定位切除临近语言区致痫灶(附3例报告)

目的 探讨切除功能区致痫灶的手术策略及术后疗效.方法 在唤醒麻醉下应用术中皮层电刺激确定语言功能区,根据功能区边界选择处理致痫灶.评价患者的功能结果及癫痫控制程度.结果 3例患者术后随访,均未出现语言障碍,癫痫发作完全控制,符合Engel分级Ⅰ级.致痫灶全切2例,近全切+致痫皮层热灼1例.结论 借助唤醒麻醉进行术中皮质电刺激确定语言功能区准确、安全、可靠.唤醒麻醉下进行术中皮质电刺激结合影像学资料、借助颅内皮层电极的皮质电刺激进行功能区定位,能够最大可能地切除致痫灶而最小化功能区的损害.     

唤醒麻醉和术中功能定位切除语言区胶质瘤

目的探讨语言功能区胶质瘤的手术策略。方法回顾性分析手术治疗30例语言功能区胶质瘤。在唤醒麻醉下应用术中直接皮质电刺激确定语言区,根据功能边界切除肿瘤。评价患者的功能结果及切除程度。结果术中语言功能区监测成功20例;未监测到4例;因麻醉或术中高颅压不能进行监测6例。随访3个月,3例患者存在中度语言功能障碍。全切14例,近全切12例,大部切除4例。结论术中皮质电刺激确定语言功能区准确、安全、可靠。唤醒麻醉下进行术中皮质电刺激结合术前神经功能影像技术,确定切除肿瘤的功能边界,能够最大程度切除肿瘤,同时保护正常的语言功能,使术后语言障碍的风险降到最低。     

外伤后癫痫的外科治疗(附14例报告)

目的 探讨外伤后癫痫的手术治疗方法和效果. 方法 回顾性分析北京军区总医院附属八一脑科医院自2010年11月至2013年7月接受外科手术治疗的14例难治性外伤后癫痫患者临床资料.所有患者均经严格的术前评估,其中5例病灶毗邻重要功能区者分别采用颅内电极植入(4例)和术中神经功能导航(5例);随后分别行皮层电刺激和功能磁共振导航完成脑功能区精确定位及致痫灶与运动区的位置关系确定.手术切除所有患者癫痫病灶,术后定期进行随访并采用Engle分级进行疗效评定. 结果 所有患者均成功实施了癫痫病灶切除术.颅内电极植入的患者经功能磁共振导航和皮层电刺激双重定位,毗邻功能区的癫痫病灶达到精准切除,同时患者运动功能得到良好保护.术后随访12～30个月,Engle Ⅰ级7例、Ⅱ级5例、Ⅲ级2例,未出现永久性神经功能障碍. 结论 对于药物难治性外伤后癫痫,精确定位癫痫病灶和脑功能区后可以经外科切除术获得良好疗效.     

唤醒麻醉下直接电刺激语言区定位在切除语言区胶质瘤中的作用

目的探讨皮质直接电刺激（DES）在语言区胶质瘤切除术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析91例大脑语言区胶质瘤病例的临床资料,均在唤醒麻醉下以皮质DES测定脑功能区,并最大程度切除肿瘤。结果直接电刺激结果：88例（125个阳性刺激点）病人出现运动发作（面部或手）,91例（112个阳性点）出现语言障碍（包括数数中断、命名错误或不能命名）。肿瘤全切除53例（58.2%）,次全切除31例（34.1%）,部分切除7例（7.7%）。术后无神经功能障碍42例（46.2%）,短暂神经功能障碍并恢复48例（52.7%）,出现永久性神经功能障碍1例（1.1%）。结论皮质DES是一种可靠、精确、安全的脑功能区定位方法,可在保留术后语言功能的前提下,最大程度切除语言区胶质瘤。     

核磁共振脑功能成像指导切除脑功能区肿瘤(附6例报告)

目的应用核磁共振脑功能成像(fMRI)定位脑功能区,指导手术切除脑功能区肿瘤。方法对6例右额顶叶区胶质瘤病人术前行复杂手指运动fMRI,激活脑皮质功能区,明确兴奋灶与肿瘤的位置关系,进而确定手术方案。结果额叶切除1例,显微镜下全切2例,次全切2例,右顶叶前半部分切除1例;仅后者出现左侧肢体肌力减弱,且逐渐恢复。余无并发症。结论fMRI可以明确右额顶叶皮质功能区,提示功能区与胶质瘤的位置关系,指导肿瘤的切除范围和程度。     

多发性硬化伴脊髓后角损害的临床表现与磁共振成像(附1例报告)

多发性硬化(multiple Sclerosis,MS)是一种中枢神经系统(CNS)脱髓鞘疾病。在欧美国家相当多见,而我国较为少见。经典的MS为CNS白质区病变,但陆续有累及CNS灰质、周围神经的报道。本文报告1例伴有脊髓后角受累的多发性硬化。复习相关文献,对其临床及MRI进行探讨。以提高对MS的诊断水平。     

功能区胶质瘤术中应用DTI-FT导航定位和保护锥体束(附13例报告)

目的研究功能区胶质瘤术中完善而有效的锥体束空间定位和功能保护方法。方法对13例功能区胶质瘤应用1.5T磁共振系统采集弥散张量成像(DTI)数据,在功能神经导航中进行纤维束示踪(FT),在导航中确定肿瘤与锥体束界面的标记点,应用自制导航穿刺针、着色明胶海绵对白质内锥体束走行进行空间定位。在空间定位锥体束基础上,应用皮质、皮质下直接电刺激或唤醒麻醉技术在肿瘤切除中对锥体束功能进行评估监测,保证其正常功能。结果本组锥体束与肿瘤交界区在神经导航中均得到确定,术中在DTI-FT导航下空间定位满意;锥体束功能判定明确者10例。均全切肿瘤,运动功能保持术前正常水平或得到改善。结论联合应用DTI-FT导航、神经电生理或唤醒麻醉技术可确保锥体束功能不出现手术损伤,同时为明确胶质瘤在脑白质内功能性边界提供有效方法。     

功能磁共振与皮层电刺激定位感觉运动区的比较

目的 通过功能磁共振(fMRI)与皮层电刺激做点对点的比较,以判断fMRI对感觉运动区定位的精确性,从而评价其在功能定位中的意义及其临床应用价值.方法 对14例EEG示异常放电部位位于感觉运动区的难治性癫痫患者,术前采用双手握拳-伸缩运动任务进行血氧依赖水平(BOLD)扫描,运用BOLD技术的fMRI定位皮质感觉运动区.皮层电极植入术后给予头颅连续无间断CT扫描获取电极与颅骨的对应关系,通过神经导航仪将CT、fMRI影像与导航序列MRI图像融合后,得出含有皮层激活区和电极的融合图像建立三维立体图像,与皮层电刺激.结果进行比较,以评价fMRI定位皮质感觉运动区的准确性.结果 14例fMRI可见激活部位主要分布于对侧中央区、辅助运动区和小脑.其中11例成功完成皮层电刺激,结果显示fMRI与电刺激的吻合率为91.7%.结论 BOLD技术具有较高的敏感性和精确率,对感觉运动区定位有重要的临床应用价值.     

静息态脑功能成像与皮层电刺激定位皮质运动区的对照研究

目的 以术中皮层电刺激为对照,评价运动区附近脑肿瘤患者术前运用基于血氧水平依赖(BOLD)的静息态功能磁共振成像(rs-fMRI)方法定位皮质运动区的准确性.方法 选取18例运动区脑肿瘤患者,手术前采用rs-fMRI定位皮质运动区,以术中皮层电刺激作为皮质运动区定位的标准技术,比较两种技术的符合度,以评价rs-fMRI定位皮质运动区的准确性.结果 rs-fMRI与术中皮层电刺激的吻合率为92.9％,肿瘤全切率为77.8％,11例术后肌力不变,4例术后肌力好转,3例术后肌力下降.结论 rs-fMRI具有较高的敏感性和精确度,可作为术前皮质运动区定位的新方法,为手术方案的制定及预后评估提供有价值的信息.     

正常成人吞咽时的脑激活区域：功能磁共振初步研究

BACKGROUND： While brain-imaging studies in healthy adults have indicated that multiple cortical regions are involved in swallowing, these functional imaging techniques have not been extensively applied to the complete understand neurophysiology of swallowing in China. A full understanding of normal swallowing neurophysiology is important for improving functional outcomes for dysphagia due to neurologic disorders or damage with increasing age. Thus the interpretations of the functional contributions of various brain areas in swallowing should be scientifically researched. OBJECTIVE： To identify the activation and characteristic of swallowing center in healthy adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： An uncontrolled neuroimaging study was performed at the Outpatient Clinic, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University between March and November 2008. PARTICIPANTS： Ten healthy right-handed volunteers, aged over 20 years with a mean age of （34.2 ＋ 8.1） years, a range of 25-45 years and including five males and five females participated. A medical history was obtained from all potential subjects and all subjects were free of systemic diseases and neurological disorders. METHODS： The healthy volunteers were examined with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of blood oxygenation level-dependent while laryngeal swallow-related movements were recorded. Subjects were scanned during voluntary saliva swallowing and water bolus swallowing activation tasks. Data was processed using the General Linear Model. A voxel by voxel group comparison was performed using random effect analysis. Any cluster with a corrected P 〈 0.05 for spatial extent was considered significant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The cerebral cortical activation maps of voluntary swallowing of saliva and swallowing of water bolus in healthy adults were observed. RESULTS： A multifocal cortical representation of swallowing was in the precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, insula, anterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebellum, in a bilateral and asymmetrical manner, predominantly on the left hemisphere in the volunteers （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Activation of the cortex during normal swallowing tasks may be functionally linked to basal nuclei, thalamus, and cerebellum, greatly appearing in the left hemisphere.     

功能磁共振成像在植物状态研究中的应用

一、植物状态及其研究历程随着现代医疗技术的进步,危重患者的死亡率明显降低,临床上可以见到越来越多的意识障碍患者.1972年由Jennett和Plum在Lancet上首次提出持续性植物状态(vegetative state,VS)的概念,用以取代当时混杂应用的各类名词,如极深度昏迷,运动不能性缄默,永久性、不可逆性或稽延性昏迷、去大脑或去皮层状态等,这一见解以后逐渐为各国学者所采纳.1994年美国PVS多学科专责小组对VS下的定义为:“患者完全失去对自身及周围环境的认知,有睡眠一觉醒周期,下丘脑及脑干的自主功能完全或部分保存”.此类患者死亡率高,致残严重且缺乏有效治疗,给社会及家庭造成沉重的负担,引起了医学界和全社会的广泛关注.     

首发精神分裂症患者的功能磁共振初步研究

目的 利用血氧水平依赖性(blood oxygenation level-dependent,BOLD)功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)技术探讨首发精神分裂症患者治疗前后认知功能激发图像的特点。方法 13例首发精神分裂症患者入组,用利培酮或氯丙嗪治疗后9例患者复查fMRI。以词语流畅性作业(verbal fluency task,VF)作为任务,采用Block设计,用梯度回波-平面回波成像(GRE-EPI)序列采集数据,经工作站处理后获功能图像。结果 (1)VF激活受试者的额叶(前额叶)、顶叶及颞叶皮层;(2)复查的9例受试者中,7例激活增强,2例激活减弱;(3)治疗后激活增强的7例受试者的双侧额上、中、下回激活有增加趋势,而双侧颞上、中、下回激活有减少趋势(P>0.05);但左额叶背外侧面治疗后的激活明显强于治疗前(P=0.032)。结论 BOLD-fMRI可用于研究人脑的高级认知功能。首发精神分裂症患者治疗前后脑功能图像有明显变化,提示认知缺陷症状是可以治疗的。     

Mapping the central effects of chronic ketamine administration in an adolescent primate model by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is capable of triggering excessive glutamate release and subsequent cortical excitation which may induce psychosis-like behavior and cognitive anomalies. Growing evidence suggests that acute ketamine administration can provoke dose-dependent positive and negative schizophrenia-like symptoms. While the acute effects of ketamine are primarily linked to aberrant activation of the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures with elevated glutamate and dopamine levels, the long-term effects of ketamine on brain functions and neurochemical homeostasis remain incompletely understood. In recent years, reports of ketamine abuse, especially among young individuals, have surged rapidly, with profound socioeconomic and health impacts. We herein investigated the chronic effects of ketamine on brain function integrity in an animal model of adolescent cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Immunohistochemical study was also conducted to examine neurochemical changes in the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems in the prefrontal cortex following chronic ketamine administration. Our results suggest that repeated exposure to ketamine markedly reduced neural activities in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra in midbrain, posterior cingulate cortex, and visual cortex in ketamine-challenged monkeys. In contrast, hyperfunction was observed in the striatum and entorhinal cortex. In terms of neurochemical and locomotive changes, chronically ketamine-challenged animals were found to have reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) but not choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) levels in the prefrontal cortex, which was accompanied by diminished total movement compared with the controls. Importantly, the mesolimbic, mesocortical and entorhinal-striatal systems were found to be functionally vulnerable to ketamine's chronic effects. Dysfunctions of these neural circuits have been implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia and attention deficit disorder (ADD). Collectively, our results support the proposition that repeated ketamine exposure can be exploited as a pharmacological paradigm for studying the central effects of ketamine relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders.     

Simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging in the rat spinal cord and brain

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) method was developed to investigate the pattern and temporal relationship in neuronal pathways of brain and spinal cord. Signal intensity changes correlating with stimulation patterns were observed simultaneously in the rat spinal cord and brain using fMRI at 9.4 T. Electrical stimulation of the forepaw was used to elicit activity. A quadrature volume RF coil covering both brain and the cervical spinal cord was used. Sets of fast spin echo (FSE) images were acquire simultaneously for both brain and spinal cord fMRI. Experiments were repeated in single animal and across animals. Activities within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and within the somatosensory cortex were observed consistently within each animal as well as across animals.     

In vivo measurement of blood oxygen saturation using magnetic resonance imaging: A direct validation of the blood oxygen level-dependent concept in functional brain imaging

A novel noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method was developed to determine in vivo blood oxygen saturation and its changes during motor cortex activation in small cerebral veins. Specifically, based on susceptibility measurements in the resting states, pial veins were found to have a mean oxygen saturation of Y_rest = 0.544 ± 0.029 averaged over 14 vessels in 5 volunteers. During activation, susceptibility measurements revealed an oxygen saturation change of ΔY_susc = 0.14 ± 0.02. Independent evaluation from blood flow velocity measurements yielded a value of ΔY_flow = 0.14 ± 0.04 for this change. These results validate the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) model in functional MRI (fMRI). Hum. Brain Mapping 5:341–346, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

丙泊酚wada试验与功能磁共振在癫痫语言优势侧评估中的应用

目的探讨丙泊酚wada试验与fMRI在术前语言优势侧评估中的一致性与预测术后言语及整体智力变化的敏感性。方法对8名左颞叶癫痫患者术前丙泊酚Wada试验和fMRI语言优势侧结果进行比较,独立样本t检验比较两种方法判定的左侧优势组与非左侧优势组手术前后平均VIQ、FIQ变化的差异。结果两者语言优势侧判定一致率为71%,fMRI语言优势为左侧的患者术后平均FIQ、VIQ下降较非左侧组患者显著(P≤0.05),丙泊酚wada试验分组则无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论丙泊酚wada试验与fMRI在癫痫术前语言功能评估中有较高的一致性,从微创、经济和偏侧化预测的一致性及敏感性角度综合考虑,fMRI比Wada试验的优势更明显。     

工作记忆与脑的功能磁共振成像

工作记忆是临时信息编码、保持和提取的过程 ,是学习记忆研究的热点之一。功能磁共振作为一种新型无损伤技术 ,为研究工作记忆提供了一个新的途径。本文对功能磁共振的原理、实验设计和目前工作记忆功能磁共振检查的研究进展进行综述。     

颞叶癫痫患者警觉功能的脑功能磁共振研究

目的利用注意网络测试(ANT)软件和功能核磁共振(fMRI)成像技术探讨颞叶癫痫(TLE)患者的警觉网络功能特点、激活模式及其脑功能状态。方法对12例TLE患者及匹配的8名健康志愿者进行研究。使用ANT软件进行警觉功能行为学测试,记录反应时间(RT);并采用ANT改良的警觉网络功能组块模式fMRI扫描,fMRI数据采用统计参数图(SPM2)软件分析。结果 TLE患者组与健康对照组ANT警觉网络功能的反应时间无差异。健康对照组警觉网络fMRI显示右枕叶、小脑明显激活;右边缘叶、右额叶及左侧颞叶、脑干部分激活。TLE患者组存在相同警觉网络相关脑区,但激活明显减弱且颞叶和脑干无激活。结论健康对照警觉网络功能与右侧枕叶、小脑、右额叶、脑干及颞叶等脑区相关。TLE患者存在警觉网络相关脑区功能明显低下,可能是TLE患者出现警觉功能损害的脑功能基础。     

老年期抑郁障碍患者功能磁共振成像特征及对治疗转归预测的进展

老年期抑郁障碍是常见的老年期精神障碍,功能磁共振成像脑网络连接分析可以帮助阐明与老年期抑郁障碍相关的大脑区域和功能。多项研究表明,老年期抑郁障碍存在3个突出的脑功能网络:执行控制网络、默认模式网络和突显网络。现综述老年期抑郁障碍患者上述3个突出的脑功能网络成像特点及对抑郁治疗效果的预测进展,以期对目前已有研究进行总结,为今后研究方向提供参考。