脊髓后根入髓区射频毁损术治疗臂丛神经撕脱伤后顽固性疼痛1例并文献复习

目的探讨脊髓背根入髓区(dorsal root entry zone DREZ)切开术在臂丛神经撕脱伤后慢性疼痛中的临床应用。方法1例臂丛神经撕脱伤后顽固性疼痛患者,用DREZ射频毁损术(C3～8)治疗。结果随访10月,止痛效果显著,疼痛减轻85%以上。结论DREZ区切开术对臂丛神经撕脱伤后顽固性疼痛疗效满意,可显著提高患者的生活质量。     

中枢性疼痛的神经外科治疗

目的 研究中枢性疼痛的神经外科治疗策略.方法 根据疼痛性质和部位的不同,行立体定向中脑毁损术1例、双侧扣带回前部毁损术2例、中脑加双侧扣带回联合毁损术9例、运动皮层电刺激术(MCS) 11例、脊髓电刺激术(SCS)3例和脊髓后根入髓区(DREZ)切开术79例次.结果 术后患者疼痛均不同程度减轻,1个月以内镇痛疗效满意,VAS评分较术前均显著降低(P＜0.01).随访12 -36个月,观察术后6个月以上的长期疗效,发现中脑加双侧扣带回联合毁损术好于单纯中脑或扣带回前部毁损术的效果;MCS和SCS治疗的多数患者疗效有波动;DREZ切开术的长期疗效满意,82.1％的臂丛神经撕脱后疼痛患者能够保持50％以上疼痛缓解率,88.9％的脊髓损伤后疼痛患者止痛疗效长期稳定.结论 神经外科止痛手术能够确实有效地治疗中枢性疼痛,脊髓损伤、脊神经根撕脱等脊髓水平的中枢性疼痛应该首选DREZ切开术治疗,对于脑梗死、脑出血等原因造成的中枢性疼痛,MCS是一种可供选择的治疗手段.     

脊髓背根入髓区毁损术治疗癌性痛的疗效分析

目的探讨脊髓背根入髓区毁损术治疗癌性痛的疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年11月至2016年1月首都医科大学宣武医院功能神经外科收治的7例癌性痛患者临床资料。7例患者均行脊髓背根入髓区毁损术,采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和疼痛伤残量表(PDI)评估疗效,随访时间大于10个月。结果 7例患者VAS平均评分由术前的10下降至2.1±1.3,PDI平均评分由60.7±5.3下降至35.9±11.7,疗效优秀率为71.4%。术后围手术期间1例患者出现阿片类药物撤药反应,未出现长期并发症。结论脊髓背根入髓区毁损术能够安全、长期有效地控制癌性痛,提升生存质量。     

脊髓背根入髓区切开术治疗慢性神经源性疼痛

在20世纪60年代,人们发现脊髓背根入髓区(Dorsal root entry zone,DREZ)与痛觉传导有关,并开始探讨将其作为疼痛手术治疗的靶点.1979年,Nashold和Ostdahl[1]首先报道了用DREZ切开术治疗臂丛神经撕脱伤后疼痛,取得了良好的疗效.此后,又有数例慢性神经源性疼痛患者接受了该手术,包括幻肢痛和脊髓损伤后疼痛.     

脊髓和马尾神经损伤后慢性神经源性疼痛外科治疗策略

目的 探讨脊髓和马尾神经损伤后慢性神经源性疼痛的神经外科治疗策略.方法 脊髓和马尾神经损伤后慢性神经源性疼痛20例,年龄28～81岁,病程8个月～50年.共行镇痛手术23次,其中,脊髓背根入髓区显微外科切开术19次,脊髓电刺激术3次,鞘内靶控输注系统植入术1次.采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）来评估手术疗效,以术后疼痛缓解大于75%为疗效优秀,疼痛缓解50%～75%为良好,疼痛缓解小于50%为差.结果 随访6个月～4年,10例疼痛消失,停用镇痛剂,生活质量改善;7例疼痛明显减轻,VAS 2～4分,其中,5例停用镇痛剂,2例镇痛剂使用量明显下降,生活质量改善;3例疼痛无明显改善.结论 脊髓背根入髓区显微外科切开术和脊髓电刺激术对脊髓和马尾神经损伤后慢性神经源性疼痛患者疗效满意,但其适应证有差别,应根据患者的损伤节段、损伤程度和疼痛部位等具体情况选择手术方式.     

应用脊神经后根入髓区毁损术治疗截瘫后顽固性疼痛

目的 探讨脊神经后根入髓区(DREZ)毁损术治疗截瘫后顽固性疼痛的手术方法和疗效.方法 对截瘫后伴有残肢痛和幻肢痛的8例患者实施相应节段DREZ毁损术,并进行术后3个月、6个月、12个月的随访,平均6.6个月.结果 8例患者疼痛都有不同程度的缓解,其中完全缓解6例.结论 脊神经后根DREZ毁损术治疗伴有脊髓损伤和脊神经根撕脱伤的截瘫患者疼痛疗效确切,掌握好手术适应证十分重要.     

脊髓背根入髓区毁损术治疗脊髓和马尾神经损伤后疼痛的长期疗效分析

目的探讨脊髓背根入髓区（dorsal not entry zone,DREZ）显微外科毁损术对脊髓和马尾神经损伤后神经病理性疼痛的长期疗效和安全性。方法脊髓和马尾神经损伤后神经病理性疼痛35例,均行DREZ显微外科毁损术。对所有病人进行术前和术后视觉模拟疼痛评分（VAS）,以术后疼痛缓解〉75％为疗效优秀,疼痛缓解50％～75％为良好,疼痛缓解〈50％为差。结果术后2周疗效优秀33例（94．3％）,疗效差2例（5．7％）。长期随访中,疗效优秀24例（68．6％）,疗效良好6例（17．1％）,疗效差5例（14．3％）。结论DREZ显微外科毁损术对脊髓和马尾神经损伤后神经病理性疼痛长期疗效满意,并发症少,可明显提高病人的生活质量。     

脊髓背根入髓区毁损术治疗脊髓和马尾神经损伤后疼痛

目的 探讨脊髓和马尾神经损伤后疼痛的神经外科治疗方法、效果和安全性.方法 脊髓和马尾神经损伤后疼痛患者14例,年龄28～72岁,病程8个月-28年;疼痛位于下肢感觉减退和缺失区,为烧灼、压榨或痉挛样疼痛,视觉模拟疼痛评分(Visual analogy scale,VAS)8～10分;均伴有不同程度的下肢肌力下降.14例患者共行脊髓背根入髓区(dorsal root entry zone,DREZ)毁损术15次.结果 随访3个月-3年.6例疼痛消失,5例疼痛明显减轻,停用或少量使用镇痛剂,VAS 2～4分;3例疼痛无明显改善.所有病例无严重手术并发症.结论 DREZ毁损术对脊髓和马尾神经损伤后慢性神经病理性疼痛安全有效.     

脊髓背根入髓区毁损术治疗脊髓和马尾神经损伤后疼痛

目的 探讨脊髓和马尾神经损伤后疼痛的神经外科治疗方法、效果和安全性.方法 脊髓和马尾神经损伤后疼痛患者14例,年龄28～72岁,病程8个月-28年;疼痛位于下肢感觉减退和缺失区,为烧灼、压榨或痉挛样疼痛,视觉模拟疼痛评分(Visual analogy scale,VAS)8～10分;均伴有不同程度的下肢肌力下降.14例患者共行脊髓背根入髓区(dorsal root entry zone,DREZ)毁损术15次.结果 随访3个月-3年.6例疼痛消失,5例疼痛明显减轻,停用或少量使用镇痛剂,VAS 2～4分;3例疼痛无明显改善.所有病例无严重手术并发症.结论 DREZ毁损术对脊髓和马尾神经损伤后慢性神经病理性疼痛安全有效.     

脊髓背根入髓区毁损术治疗脊髓和马尾神经损伤后疼痛

目的 探讨脊髓和马尾神经损伤后疼痛的神经外科治疗方法、效果和安全性.方法 脊髓和马尾神经损伤后疼痛患者14例,年龄28～72岁,病程8个月-28年;疼痛位于下肢感觉减退和缺失区,为烧灼、压榨或痉挛样疼痛,视觉模拟疼痛评分(Visual analogy scale,VAS)8～10分;均伴有不同程度的下肢肌力下降.14例患者共行脊髓背根入髓区(dorsal root entry zone,DREZ)毁损术15次.结果 随访3个月-3年.6例疼痛消失,5例疼痛明显减轻,停用或少量使用镇痛剂,VAS 2～4分;3例疼痛无明显改善.所有病例无严重手术并发症.结论 DREZ毁损术对脊髓和马尾神经损伤后慢性神经病理性疼痛安全有效.     

Lesion of the Lissauer tract and of the posterior horn of the gray substance of the spinal cord and the electrical stimulation of the central nervous system for the treatment of brachial plexus avulsion pain]

We analyze the effectiveness of the treatment of 10 patients of brachial plexus avulsion pain. Seven underwent dorsal root entry zone lesions (DREZ), 3, dorsal column stimulation (DCS) and, 2 thalamic stimulation (TS). DCS resulted in immediate improvement of pain in 50% of the patients. After a long term follow up period, just 25% of the patients were still better. TS resulted the in temporary improvement of 2 patients. Both had full recurrence few months after the operation. Immediate improvement of the symptoms occurred in all patients treated by DREZ. After a long term follow up period, excellent results were observed in 71.4% of the patients and good results in the remainder. The complication rate was higher among DREZ patients. It is concluded that DREZ is a better procedure for treatment of brachial plexus avulsion pain than DCS and TS (p = 0.0046); however, DCS and TS are safer.     

Long-term follow up of dorsal root entry zone lesions in brachial plexus avulsion.

The long-term results of 44 patients who underwent dorsal route entry zone (DREZ) lesioning for pain secondary to brachial plexus avulsion are reported with a mean clinical follow up period of 63 months. The postoperative analgesic effect was judged by the patients as being good (greater than 75% pain reduction), fair (25-75% pain reduction), or poor (0-25% pain reduction). With these criteria 35 patients (77%) had continuing good (30 cases, 68%) or fair (five cases, 11%) pain relief at the time of final follow up. Eight cases (18%) had persisting neurological deficits, although these were generally mild. DREZ thermocoagulation is an effective procedure for relieving deafferentation pain. The analgesic effect which is produced in the early postoperative period seems to be maintained in the long-term.     

Dorsal root entry zone lesions (Nashold''s procedure) for pain relief following brachial plexus avulsion.

Brachial plexus avulsion is an important cause of severe intractable pain, particularly in young motor cyclists. The pain usually develops soon after the injury. In a minority of cases severe pain persists and is refractory to management. Nineteen patients are reviewed in whom dorsal root entry zone lesions have been produced for pain relief. The operative technique is described. Early post-operative motor or sensory disturbance in the ipsilateral leg have been temporary side effects, with mild persisting deficits in a minority. Sixteen cases have had significant persisting pain relief. The maximum follow-up period is 2 1/2 years.     

脊髓背根入髓区毁损术治疗臂丛神经损伤后神经病理性疼痛的疗效及其影响因素分析(附105例报告)

目的探讨脊髓背根入髓区(DREZ)毁损术治疗臂丛神经损伤后神经病理性疼痛的疗效及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析2005年8月至2018年1月首都医科大学宣武医院功能神经外科收治的105例臂丛神经损伤后神经病理性疼痛患者的临床资料。根据患者疼痛及感觉缺失区对应的皮节,采用颈髓DREZ毁损术治疗。术后对所有患者行电话或门诊随访,随访内容为疼痛数字评分(NRS),以疼痛改善率[(术前NRS-术后NRS)/术前NRS×100%]评估患者疗效;其中改善率>75%为优秀,50%~75%为良好,≤50%为差。进一步采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析法判断影响患者疗效的临床因素。结果105例患者的手术均成功。术后并发生症包括:手术同侧下肢麻木33例(31.4%)、下肢深感觉障碍20例(19.0%)、下肢无力9例(8.6%),手术对侧肢体麻木5例(4.8%),硬脊膜漏1例(1.0%);无一例出现切口愈合不良和感染。105例患者的随访时间为(47.3±25.5)个月(10~144个月)。至末次随访,105例患者疼痛的中位改善率(上、下四分位数)为100%(60%,100%);其中,74例(70.5%)为优秀,9例(8.6%)为良好,22例(20.9%)为差。单因素分析结果显示,性别、年龄、损伤原因、疼痛出现的时间、疼痛形式、性质及术后并发症对患者的疗效均无影响(均P>0.05),而病程和脊髓萎缩程度对疗效有影响(均P<0.05)。进一步多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,轻度脊髓萎缩是影响患者疗效的独立保护因素(OR=95.952,95%CI:4.171~2207.414,P=0.004)。结论DREZ毁损术治疗臂丛神经损伤后神经病理性疼痛疗效较好且多较持久;同时有轻度脊髓萎缩的患者手术疗效较好。     

重复经颅磁刺激治疗慢性神经病理性疼痛

目的探讨重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对慢性神经病理性疼痛的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析4例慢性神经病理性疼痛病人的资料,其中丘脑痛3例,臂丛神经撕脱伤后疼痛1例,均经正规药物治疗效果欠佳,给予运动皮质10Hz的rTMS（1000次刺激）治疗,每个疗程5d,共3个疗程。分别于治疗前、每个疗程后以及全部疗程结束后1个月、6个月和1年采用视觉模拟疼痛评分（VAS）、汉密尔顿抑郁评分（HAMD）和汉密尔顿焦虑评分（HAMA）来评估疗效。结果全部疗程结束后,疗效满意3例,疗效差l例。疗效满意病人中,随访1年后复发2例。副作用为治疗期间头面部轻度疼痛1例。结论rTMS对部分慢性神经病理性疼痛安全有效．尤其是面部和肢体疼痛的病人。但其疗效不持久,可作为运动皮质电刺激的测试方法。     

Novel surgical strategies to correct neural deficits following experimental spinal nerve root lesions

In attempts to correct neural deficits following avulsion trauma, novel experimental strategies were developed. In rats, spinal roots were replanted superficially in the dorsal horn following dorsal root avulsion and concomitant denervation by ganglionectomy. Outgrowth from cord neurons in the dorsal horn into the implanted dorsal root was demonstrated by means of retrograde HRP labeling. Double labeling experiments showed that some of these neurons had retained their central projections while extending new processes into the implanted root. After dorsal root avulsion, sensory pathways might be reconstructed by substituting the lost input from damaged primary sensory neurons with induced peripheral outgrowths from secondary sensory neurons. In primates, intraspinal replantation of avulsed ventral nerve roots was investigated as a surgical treatment for motor deficits that develop after severe brachial plexus injury. Two to 3 months after surgery there were EMG signs of reinnervation in previously denervated muscles, which were shortly followed by evidence of clinical recovery. A gradual improvement in the function of the affected arm occurred and motor behavior became normalized, although the EMG activity in the reinnervated muscles at maximal contraction was still reduced. The outcome of these experimental studies indicates that reconstructive surgery applied to the brachial plexus might be of value to restore functional deficits induced by traumatic spinal nerve root avulsions also in man.     

伽玛刀双靶点与单靶点治疗原发性三叉神经痛的对比分析

目的对比分析伽玛刀双靶点与单靶点治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效。方法回顾性分析236例单靶点与12例双靶点治疗的经验。均使用Leksell—B型伽玛刀，准直器4mm。双靶点者靶点分别置于三叉神经根脑桥进入区和近三叉神经半月节处，单靶点者仅置于三叉神经根脑桥进入区。两组均为中心剂量70—90Gy，50％等剂量线限定靶点；将20％等剂量线限定在脑桥表面，使脑干表面剂量小于16Gy。结果随访12～114个月，平均66.4月。单靶点组有效223例（94．5％），无效13例（5．5％），复发14例（5．9％），发生并发症9例（3．8％）。双靶点组有效12例（100％），发生并发症4例（33.3％）。经统计学分析，两组治疗有效率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）．并发症发生率以双靶点者为高（P〈0.05）。结论双靶点治疗不能明显提高有效率，反而可使并发症发生率明显增加。当三叉神经根紧贴脑桥或受压变形时，为弥补单靶点可能引起的三叉神经受照不足，可使用双靶点治疗。