107例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后的多因素分析

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)患者的临床特点及其与预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析大连医科大学附属第二医院神经外科2012年1月至2015年10月收治的107例SAH患者,根据GOS评分将病例分为预后良好组及不良组,采用单因素分析及对多因素Logistic回归分析,探讨上述各因素对预后的影响。结果全部107例患者经单因素分析显示,诱因、动脉瘤大小、Hunt-Hess评分、脑血管痉挛与患者预后明显相关(均P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,诱因(P=0.026)、动脉瘤大小(P=0.002)、Hunt-Hess评分(P=0.016)及脑血管痉挛(P=0.003)为影响a SAH患者预后的独立危险因素。结论 a SAH患者的发病诱因、动脉瘤大小、Hunt-Hess分级和脑血管痉挛是影响患者预后的危险因素。     

蛛网膜下腔出血继发症状性癫痫的发生率、危险因素及院内结局：来自中国卒中联盟登记数据库的分析

目的调查蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)患者继发症状性癫痫的发生率、相关危险因素及其与院内结局的关系。方法本研究数据来源于中国卒中联盟(China Stoke Center Alliance,CSCA)登记数据库2015年8月1日-2019年7月31日入组的SAH患者。症状性癫痫限定为住院期间发作。依据是否出现继发症状性癫痫,将研究对象分为SAH继发癫痫组和无继发癫痫组,比较组间的人口学特征、入院GCS评分、血管危险因素、手术以及医院级别和地区的差异。采用多因素Logistic回归,分析SAH继发癫痫的危险因素,以及SAH继发癫痫与院内死亡、缺血性卒中、脑出血及肺炎的相关性。结果本研究纳入11 210例SAH患者,女性6623例(59.1%),平均年龄60.0±12.9岁,入院GCS评分的中位数为15分。总计228例(2.0%)继发症状性癫痫。年龄(OR 0.92,95%CI 0.87～0.97)、既往卒中/TIA(OR 1.61,95%CI 1.20～2.17)、颈动脉狭窄(OR 3.17,95%CI 1.27～10.85)、心房颤动(OR 2.64,95%CI 1.12～6.24)、脂代谢紊乱(OR 1.79,95%CI 1.03～3.13)和脑室外分流术(OR 2.30,95%CI 1.31～4.02)是SAH继发症状性癫痫的独立影响因素。SAH继发症状性癫痫可能与更高的院内死亡(OR 1.71,95%CI 0.96～3.05)、缺血性卒中(OR 4.21,95%CI 2.70～6.56)、脑出血(OR 3.87,95%CI 2.81～5.33)及肺炎(OR 2.96,95%CI 2.26～3.86)事件风险相关。结论症状性癫痫是SAH患者较为常见的神经系统并发症,低龄、既往卒中/TIA、颈动脉狭窄、心房颤动、脂代谢紊乱以及脑室外分流术是SAH继发症状性癫痫的独立危险因素。SAH继发症状性癫痫增加院内死亡、缺血性卒中、脑出血以及肺炎的风险。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血导致症状性脑血管痉挛的危险因素分析

目的探讨导致动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后患者症状性脑血管痉挛的主要危险因素。方法选取华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院2011~2013年收治的421例经头颅CT检查和/或腰穿确诊的自发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者,观察并记录患者每天的病情变化、年龄、性别、出血次数、血压、动脉瘤部位、动脉瘤大小、Hunt-Hess分级和Fisher分级及患者症状性血管痉挛的发生情况。对所有患者症状性血管痉挛的发生情况按年龄、性别、出血次数、血压、动脉瘤部位、动脉瘤大小,Hunt-Hess分级和Fisher分级等进行Logistic多因素逐步回归分析。结果单因素分析表明FisherⅢ级者与Ⅰ~Ⅱ级者相比症状性血管痉挛发生率明显较高(P0.05)、入院时临床状态不良组症状性血管痉挛发生率与良好组相比明显较高(P0.05),反复SAH发作组症状性血管痉挛发生率与单次SAH发作者相比明显较高(P0.05);不同性别、不同年龄组患者、不同动脉瘤治疗方式组(手术夹闭或栓塞)患者症状性血管痉挛发生率的差异均不明显(P均0.05)。结论可根据蛛网膜下腔积血量、入院时临床状态和SAH发生次数预测症状性血管痉挛的发生。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血术后脑梗死的临床特点及其发生的危险因素分析

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(a SAH)术后脑梗死的临床特点及其发生的危险因素。方法 2010年1月至2015年6月收治a SAH 225例,采用开颅夹闭术治疗106例,栓塞治疗119例;采用Logistic回归分析检验术后脑梗死发生的危险因素。结果共47例术后出现脑梗死,发生率为20.9%;术后1 d出现19例,4~16 d出现28例;单侧脑梗死29例;单发脑梗死25例;皮层脑梗死28例,皮层下脑梗死9例,混合型脑梗死10例。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,入院Hunt-Hess分级高、改良Fisher分级高、合并症状性脑血管痉挛及未使用尼莫地平是aSAH术后发生脑梗死的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论 aSAH术后脑梗死的发生率较高,尤其是入院Hunt-Hess分级高、改良Fisher分级高、合并症状性脑血管痉挛的患者。     

蛛网膜下腔出血患者脑血管痉挛相关危险因素回顾性研究

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)患者发生脑血管痉挛(cerebral vasospasm,CVS)的相关危险因素。方法通过对174例SAH患者人口学因素、健康习惯、既往病史、急性期应激因素、急性期并发症、急性期评价指标、治疗时间和出血累及脑区等因素的多变量Logistic分析和Cox分析,确定CVS相关危险因素。结果糖尿病史(OR=1.454,95%CI1.051～2.012;P=0.024)是住院前CVS独立危险因素,白细胞计数增高(OR=1.148,95%CI1.056～1.247;P=0.001)是CVS预测因素;吸烟(HR=1.042,95%CI1.024～1.061;P0.001)、糖尿病(HR=1.162,95%CI1.025～1.317;P=0.019)和高血压病史(HR=1.042,95%CI1.001～1.083;P=0.042)、Hunt-HessⅣ～Ⅴ级(P0.11)和CVS发生次数(HR=5.594,95%CI3.769～8.303;P0.001)是住院期间CVS独立危险因素;应用尼莫地平(HR=0.983,95%CI0.973～0.993;P=0.001)可以显著降低CVS风险;血管内栓塞和手术夹闭组患者CVS风险差异无统计学意义(HR=1.126,95%CI0.474～2.675;P=0.787)。结论具有长期吸烟、糖尿病和高血压病史、入院时Hunt-HessⅣ～Ⅴ级及白细胞计数增高的SAH患者,CVS风险显著增加;应用尼莫地平可以显著降低CVS风险。     

未破裂颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后慢性硬膜下血肿相关危险因素研究

目的探讨未破裂颅内动脉瘤(UIAs)患者动脉瘤夹闭术后慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)的发生率及相关危险因素。方法采用回顾性队列研究设计,连续收集2007年1月至2016年12月笔者单位神经外科收治的615例行动脉瘤手术夹闭的UIAs患者作为研究对象,收集患者临床资料、影像学检查及术后随访结果,计算术后CSDH的发生率,采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析UIAs患者术后发生CSDH的相关危险因素。结果 615例UIAs患者行动脉瘤夹闭术后,有71例患者发生了CSDH,术后CSDH的发生率为11. 5%。发生CSDH组患者的平均年龄明显高于未发生CSDH患者(62. 2±9. 7)岁vs(58. 9±9. 2)岁,差异有统计学意义(t=2. 825,P=0. 005)。年龄≥60岁、最大动脉瘤直径≥25 mm、脑萎缩分级3~4级、CT值≥40、硬膜下积液分级为IB与UIAs患者动脉瘤夹闭手术后发生CSDH相关;多因素Logistic回归分析发现,脑萎缩分级3~4级(OR=1. 979,95%CI:1. 940~2. 031)、CT值≥40(OR=3. 401,95%CI:2. 922~3. 868)、硬膜下积液分级IB(OR=2. 866,95%CI:2. 644~3. 012)是UIAs患者动脉夹闭术后发生CSDH的独立危险因素。结论脑萎缩分级3~4级、CT值≥40、硬膜下积液分级IB是UIAs患者动脉夹闭术后发生CSDH的独立危险因素。     

脑梗死发生时间对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者临床结局的影响

目的探究脑梗死发生时间对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者(aSAH)临床结局的影响。方法纳入2010年3月至2016年6月来我院进行就诊的aSAH患者395例,其中发生早期脑梗死患者74例,迟发性脑梗死患者77例,两者并发患者29例。分析aSAH术后脑梗死患者临床特征;采用多因素Logistic回归分析术后脑梗死发生的独立危险因素和长期预后的独立危险因素。结果多因素Logistic回归分析显示Hunt～Hess≥Ⅲ级和手术夹闭术是早期脑梗死发生的独立危险因素(P0.05);Hunt～Hess≥Ⅲ级和血管痉挛是迟发性脑梗死发生的独立危险因素(P0.05);早期脑梗死是术后a SHA患者长期不良预后的独立危险因素(OR,2.43;95%CI,1.16～4.72;P0.001)。结论 Hunt～Hess≥Ⅲ级和手术夹闭术是aSAH患者术后并发早期脑梗死的独立危险因素,而Hunt～Hess≥Ⅲ级和血管痉挛则是迟发性脑梗死的独立危险因素。早期脑梗死比迟发性脑梗死更能预测aSAH患者术后的不良预后。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后症状性脑血管痉挛的危险因素分析

目的 症状性脑血管痉孪(symptomatic cerebral vasospasm,SCVS)是影响蛛网膜下腔出血预后的主要因素之一.寻找与SCVS相关的危险因素,将具有重要临床意义.方法 总结大连医科大学附属第二医院211例SAH患者临床资料,分别对年龄、性别、高血压等17项危险因素进行统计分析.结果 211例SAH患者中,共出现SCVS患者81例;单因素分析,年龄、高血压史、Hunt-Hess分级、改良Fisher分级、动脉瘤位置、发热情况和脑室内积血7项指标2组间有差异.多因素Logistic回归分析,年龄(OR=1.027,95%CI 1.002～1.053,P＜0.05)和改良Fisher分级(OR=2.985,95%CI 2.048～4.352,P＜0.05)进入方程.结论 SCVS占蛛网膜下腔出血患者的38.4%.蛛网膜下腔出血后SCVS是多因素共同作用的结果.年龄和改良Fisher分级是SCVS的独立危险因素.     

缺血性脑卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作患者脑动脉病变分布相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨缺血性脑卒中(ischemic stroke,IS)/短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)脑动脉病变分布的相关危险因素.方法 对169例IS/TIA患者行颈部及颅内脑血管检查,记录血管病变危险因素如年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、长期吸烟、长期饮酒等病史,同时记录实验室、心电图、超声心动图、腹部B超、胸X片等检查结果.确定单变量与不同狭窄模式的相关性采用单变量Logistic回归分析,确定不同颅内外大动脉狭窄模式的独立危险因素采用多元逐步和多变量多项分类Logistic回归分析.结果 高龄、长期吸烟及高低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)是颅内外大动脉狭窄的独立危险因素,发生颅内外大动脉狭窄的风险分别增加了1.83、6.918、1.656倍;脑卒中史(OR=4.816)、长期吸烟(OR=121.608)、高LDL-C(OR=3.067)是单纯颅内大动脉狭窄的独立危险因素;高龄(OR =2.486)、长期吸烟(OR=25.072)、高LDL-C(OR=5.160)是颅内外大动脉狭窄并存的独立危险因素;而高纤维蛋白原(OR =4.790)是单纯颅外大动脉狭窄的独立危险因素.结论 不同类型颅内外大动脉狭窄病变的独立危险因素不同.     

腔隙性梗死患者轻度血管性认知损害危险因素分析

目的探讨腔隙性梗死后血管性认知损害的相关危险因素。方法共138例腔隙性梗死患者根据蒙特利尔认知评价量表分为认知功能正常55例、轻度认知功能障碍73例和重度认知功能障碍10例,采用单因素和多因素后退法Logistic回归分析筛查腔隙性梗死后血管性认知损害相关危险因素。结果关键部位梗死灶(OR=1.179,95%CI:0.870~2.472;P=0.012)和脑白质高信号3~4级(OR=2.005,95%CI:0.910~4.502;P=0.024)是腔隙性梗死患者出现血管性认知损害的独立危险因素。结论腔隙性梗死后血管性认知损害是多因素共同作用的结果,其中关键部位梗死灶和脑白质高信号3~4级是独立危险因素。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

The origins of innervation of the esophagus of the dog

This study defined the origins of extrinsic efferent and afferent innervation of the normal canine esophagus. When all the layers of the wall of the 3 esophageal regions (cervical, thoracic and abdominal) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), labeled nerve cells were found in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and parasympathetic nucleus of X (PX) of the brainstem. Most labeled cells in the NA were located in the compact column (retrofacial nucleus) while labeled cells in the PX were located in separate rostral and caudal areas. There was no somatotopic organization in either the NA or PX. Labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons were found in the cranial cervical, middle cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic sympathetic trunk and celiacomesenteric ganglia. The HRP injection of the esophageal wall labeled sensory cell bodies in the glossopharyngeal, proximal and distal vagal, and C2-T6 spinal ganglia. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of labeled cells in the autonomic or sensory ganglia. When the HRP injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa layers of the thoracic esophagus, a small number of labeled cells were identified in the NA; however, no labeled cells were found in the NA when injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa of either the cervical or abdominal esophageal regions. With these confined injections, the labeled nerve cells appeared in the rostral part of the PX. Thus, it appeared that the internal tunics of the esophagus (i.e., the mucosa and submucosa) were innervated by neurons in the rostral PX while the muscular tunic was innervated by neurons in the caudal PX and the rostral NA. After mucosa-submucosa injections, labeled sympathetic neurons appeared in the same ganglia that were identified after whole wall injections and these had a similar random distribution. These injections also labeled neurons in the glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, and distal vagal ganglia, but unlike the whole wall injections there was no labeling in the spinal ganglia. This suggested that the labeled cells of the spinal ganglia seen after whole wall injections conveyed impulses from the tunica muscularis and serosa.     

Onset of action of antipsychotics in the treatment of mania

Introduction: An important consideration in treating acute mania is the promptness with which a chosen therapy can bring symptom amelioration. This article reviews the available published data from controlled, blinded studies regarding the latency of responses to antipsychotics in patients with acute mania.

Methods: Articles for this review were obtained from a search of the Medline database (1966–1999), using the following keywords and phrases: antipsychotic, atypical, bipolar disorder, mania, neuroleptic, typical. The bibliographic sections of articles gleaned from this search were used to direct further inquiries.

Results: Although information regarding the onset of action of antipsychotics is limited, we discovered data for four typical and three atypical antipsychotics. Drugs with the fastest onsets include haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine, with onsets appearing in 2–6 days. Chlorpromazine and thiothixene were at the slowest end of the continuum, with onsets of 2 weeks or longer. Data regarding pimozide are mixed, with some studies showing an onset equivalent to that of the 'fast' compounds and others showing one similar to that of the 'slow' compounds.

Conclusions: Choice of therapy should consider not only efficacy and safety, but also onset speed. Atypical antipsychotics appear to offer safer, faster, and more effective therapies.