尿道伤害性刺激诱导的FOS阳性神经元在大鼠腰骶髓内的分布

观察了给予尿道伤害性刺激后ＦＯＳ阳性神经元在大鼠腰骶髓内分布情况。在向大尿道内导入１００μｌ２％福尔马林后,大量ＦＯＳ阳性神经元出现在脊髓要６和骶１节段的后角内侧部和后连合核内。双侧切断阴部神经几乎可完全阻断ＦＯＳ在腰骶髓的表达,但ＦＯＳ表达不受切断双侧盆神经的影响。行为学观察发现神经完整的大鼠和切断盆神经的大鼠大福尔马林刺激后表现为频繁舔舐尿道外口,而切断阴部神经的大鼠则未见此明显的行为学反应。     

学习和记忆对大鼠背海马结构内C—FOS表达的影响

采用避暗回避反应实验和免疫组织化学相结合的方法，选用五个时间点对Ｃ－ＦＯＳ在大鼠背海马结构的表达进行了观察。结果表明，训练后１５ｍｉｎ，大鼠背海马各区ＦＯＳ样免疫阳性神经元数量开始增加，训练后１小时峰值，记忆唤醒也可诱导大鼠背海马各区Ｃ－ＦＯＳ的表达，提示学习和记忆过程与背海马内Ｃ－ＦＯＳ的表达密切相关。     

神经生长因子对严重烫伤大鼠纹状体及海马NOS阳性神经元的影响

应用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ 酶组织化学方法，观察了大鼠烫伤后脑内ＮＯＳ阳性神经元数目和阳性反应面积的变化及ＮＧＦ对其影响。结果显示：大鼠体表烫伤后３ 天，纹状体ＮＯＳ阳性神经元数目明显增加，染色呈强阳性，阳性反应面积增加。海马的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元数变化不明显，仅见阳性反应面积增加，ＮＧＦ可降低纹状体的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元数目、阳性反应面积，ＮＯＳ阳性神经元着色较淡；海马的ＮＯＳ阳性反应面积减少，ＮＧＦ的作用与Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ抑制ＮＯＳ的作用相似。这些结果提示，ＮＧＦ可能通过降低ＮＯＳ活性，从而减轻烫伤引起的神经元损伤。     

神经生长因子对严重烫伤大鼠纹状体及海马NOS阳性神经元？…

应用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ酶组织化学方法，观察了大鼠烫伤后脑内ＮＯＳ阳性神经元素数目和阳性反应面积的变化及ＮＧＦ对其影响。结果显示：大鼠体表烫伤后３天，纹状体ＮＯＳ阳性神经元数目明显增加，染色呈强阳性，阳性反应面积增加。海马的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元数变化不明显，仅见阳性反应面积增加，ＮＧＦ可降低纹状体的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元数目、阳性反应面积，ＮＯＳ阳性神经元着色较淡；海马的ＮＯＳ阳性瓜面积减少，ＮＧＦ的作用与－Ｎ     

胃肠道伤害性刺激引起大鼠孤束核与中脑导水管周围灰质神经 …

为研究中脑导水管周围灰质（ＰＡＧ）与孤束核（ＮＴＳ）内脏伤害性信息传递和调控之间的相互关系，采用免疫荧光组织化学方法结合荧光金（ＦＧ）逆行追踪技术，观察了大鼠ＮＴＳ和ＰＡＧ之间相互投射神经元在阳胃肠道伤害性刺激后的ＦＯＳ表达情况，给胃肠道以１％多聚甲醛的伤害性刺激后。ＦＯＳ阳性细胞主要出现中尾段ＮＴＳ的内侧亚核；在ＰＡＧ内，则主要出现于尾段ＰＡＧ的腹外侧区，将ＦＧ微量注射于ＰＡＧ后，再给予动物刺激     

雌激素对癫癎大鼠大脑皮层、海马FOS蛋白表达的影响

目的;了解雌激素对马桑内酯（ＣＬ）致■大鼠中枢神经系统ＦＯＳ蛋白（ＦＯＳ）表达的影响。方法：应用流式细胞免疫荧光技术对ＣＬ致■及给予雌激素后再致■大鼠大脑皮层、海马细胞ＦＯＳ表达进行定量检测。结果：ＣＬ致■组大鼠大脑皮层、海马ＦＯＳ表达的荧光指数（ＦＩ）和阳性细胞数较正常对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）;给予雌二醇（Ｅ２）后再致■组皮层、海马ＦＯＳ表达较单纯ＣＬ致■组增加（Ｐ＜００５,Ｐ＜０．０１）。结抡：由于ＦＯＳ可作为神经元兴奋的标志,雌激素可以提高皮层、海马神经细胞的兴奋性,提示雌激素有致■性。     

实验性脑血管痉挛时一氧化氮与超氧化物歧化酶对脑血流的作用研究

目的 探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）分别及联合使用对大鼠实验性蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）后脑血管痉挛（ＣＶＳ）时脑血流（ＣＢＦ）的作用。方法 将３０只大鼠随机分成５组（每组６只）。Ａ组：假手术＋盐水,Ｂ组：ＳＡＨ＋盐水;Ｃ组：ＳＡＨ＋ＳＯＤ;Ｄ组：ＳＡＨ＋ＮＯＣ１２;Ｅ组：ＳＡＨ＋ＳＯＤ、ＮＯＣ１２。模拟制成４８ｈ后,通过Ｌａｓｅ－Ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ血液仪观察各种药物持续静脉注射１ｈ内Ｃ     

神经生长因子对严重烫伤大鼠海马神经元的保护作用

观察大鼠严重烫伤时海马神经元的病理变化,探讨ＮＧＦ对烫伤大鼠海马神经元的保护作用及其可能机制。ＳＤ大鼠侧脑室埋管,分成假烫组、烫伤组、烫伤＋ ＮＧＦ小剂量组、烫伤＋ ＮＧＦ大剂量组;大鼠在麻醉下造成３０％ ＴＢＳＡⅢ度烫伤,伤后３ ｄ,测定脑组织含水量,海马乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）和一氧化氮（ＮＯ）的含量;部分脑组织做病理切片,尼氏染色。烫伤后７２ ｈ,脑组织含水量增加,海马出现明显的病理变化,尼氏小体减少或消失,胞体肿胀;ＬＤＨ和ＮＯ的含量明显增加;给予ＮＧＦ后,能明显改善上述病理变化,并能降低脑组织含水量、海马ＬＤＨ 和ＮＯ的含量。烫伤可引起海马神经元损伤、海马组织ＮＯ含量升高;ＮＧＦ对烫伤后海马神经元的损伤有保护作用,并能降低ＮＯ含量。     

脑源性神经营养因子抗体对海马一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的影响

一氧化氮 (ＮＯ)是一种神经递质 ,与学习和记忆有着密切联系。正常浓度的ＮＯ起着生理性的信息传递作用 ,而高浓度的ＮＯ主要表现为细胞毒性作用 ,导致神经细胞坏死。由于ＮＯ在体内存在时间极短 ,因此人们对其合成酶一氧化氮合酶 (ＮＯＳ)进行了更多的研究。本文通过脑室内注射脑源性神经营养因子 (ＢＤＮＦ)抗体阻断内源性ＢＤＮＦ的营养作用 ,探讨ＢＤＮＦ抗体对大鼠海马ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的影响。材料和方法 :健康雄性ＳＤ大鼠正常对照组 6只 ,通过微量注射泵侧脑室注射正常羊血清ＩｇＧ ;实验组 7只 ,侧脑室注射羊抗ＢＤＮＦ抗体。侧脑…     

孕激素对癫痫大鼠大脑皮层,海马FOS蛋白表达的影响

本实验采用流式细胞免疫荧光技术对马桑内酯（ＣＬ）致痫及给予孕激素后再致痫大鼠大脑皮层、海马细胞ＦＯＳ表达进行定量检测。结果显示：ＣＬ致痫组大鼠皮层、海马ＦＯＳ表达的荧光指数（ＦＩ）和阳性细胞数较正常对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；给予孕酮（Ｐ）后再致痫组皮层、海马ＦＯＳ表达较单纯ＣＬ致痫组减少（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

Afferent connections of the medial frontal cortex of the rat. A study using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes. I. Thalamic afferents

The present study of the medial frontal cortex of the rat was undertaken with two objectives. First, to compare the pattern of afferent thalamic neurons for each of the three subdivisions of the medial frontal cortex: the medial precentral (PrCm), dorsal anterior cingulate (ACd) and prelimbic (PL) areas. Second, to provide a firmer basis for anatomical comparisons of cortical regions between rat and monkey. Focal injections of retrogradely transported fluorescent tracers, true blue and diamidino yellow, were placed in different regions of the medial frontal cortex, to reveal the organization of afferent thalamic neurons. The PL area can be readily distinguished from PrCm and ACd areas because it receives afferents from a large number of neurons from both the medial and the lateral parts of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) whereas only a few neurons, from the lateral MD exclusively, project to PrCm and ACd areas. Moreover, the paratenial and the paraventricular thalamic nuclei project only to the PL area, and the central medial nucleus projects mostly to the PL area. The ventrolateral nucleus projects only to the dorsal part of the medial frontal cortex. The rhomboid, reuniens, ventromedial, intralaminar, posterior and laterodorsal nuclei project to the whole medial frontal cortex. On the basis of these findings, the pattern of thalamic afferents to the PL area was compared to the pattern of thalamic afferents to cingulate and retrosplenial cortices in rat. The conclusion is that the PL area has a pattern of thalamic afferents which is different not only from those of PrCm and ACd areas but also from those of cingulate and retrosplenial cortices. On the basis of its rich innervation from the mediodorsal nucleus, the prelimbic area could very likely be a part of the prefrontal cortex of rat.     

Persistent activation of select forebrain regions in aggressive, adolescent cocaine-treated hamsters

Hamsters repeatedly exposed to cocaine throughout adolescence display highly escalated offensive aggression compared to saline-treated littermates. The current study investigated whether adolescent cocaine exposure activated neurons in areas of hamster forebrain implicated in aggressive behavior by examining the expression of FOS, i.e., the protein product of the immediate early gene c-fos shown to be a reliably sensitive marker of neuronal activation. Adolescent cocaine-treated hamsters and saline-treated littermates were scored for offensive aggression and then sacrificed 1 day later and examined for the number of FOS immunoreactive (FOS-ir) cells in regions of the hamster forebrain important for aggression control. When compared with non-aggressive, saline-treated controls, aggressive cocaine-treated hamsters showed persistent increases in the number of FOS-ir cells in several aggression regions, including the anterior hypothalamus, nucleus circularis, lateral hypothalamus (i.e., the hypothalamic attack area), lateral septum, and medial and corticomedial amygdaloid nuclei. Conversely, aggressive cocaine-treated hamsters showed a significant decrease in FOS-ir cells in the medial supraoptic nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and central amygdala when compared with controls. However, no differences in FOS-ir cells were found in other areas implicated in aggression such as the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, or in a number of non-aggression areas. These results suggest that adolescent cocaine exposure may constitutively activate neurons in select forebrain areas critical for the regulation of aggression in hamsters. A model for how persistent activation of neurons in one of these brain regions (i.e., the hypothalamus) may facilitate the development of the aggressive phenotype in adolescent cocaine-exposed animals is presented.     

Organization of subcortical pathways for sensory projections to the limbic cortex. I. Subcortical projections to the medial limbic cortex in the rat

Subcortical afferent projections to the medial limbic cortex were examined in the rat by the use of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Small iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase were placed at various locations within the dorsal and ventral cingulate areas, the dorsal agranular and ventral granular divisions of the retrosplenial cortex and the presubiculum. Somata of afferent neurons in the thalamus and basal forebrain were identified by retrograde labeling. Each of the anterior thalamic nuclei was found to project to several limbic cortical areas, although not with equal density. The anterior dorsal nucleus projects primarily to the presubiculum and ventral retrosplenial cortex; the anterior ventral nucleus projects to the retrosplenial cortex and the presubiculum with apparently similar densities; and the anterior medial nucleus projects primarily to the cingulate areas. The projections from the lateral dorsal nucleus to these limbic cortical areas are organized in a loose topographic fashion. The projection to the presubiculum originates in the most dorsal portion of the lateral dorsal nucleus. The projection to the ventral retrosplenial cortex originates in rostral and medial portions of the nucleus, whereas afferents to the dorsal retrosplenial cortex originate in caudal portions of the lateral dorsal nucleus. The projection to the cingulate originates in the ventral portion of the lateral dorsal nucleus. Other projections from the thalamus originate in the intralaminar and midline nuclei, including the central lateral, central dorsal, central medial, paracentral, reuniens, and paraventricular nuclei, and the ventral medial and ventral anterior nuclei. In addition, projections to the medial limbic cortex from the basal forebrain originate in cells of the nucleus of the diagonal band. Projections to the presubiculum also originate in the medial septum. These results are discussed in regard to convergence of sensory and nonsensory information projecting to the limbic cortex and the types of visual and other sensory information that may be relayed to the limbic cortex by these projections.     

Efferent projections of the infralimbic cortex of the rat.

On the basis of stimulation studies, it has been proposed that the infralimbic cortex (ILC), Brodmann area 25, may serve as an autonomic motor cortex. To explore this hypothesis, we have combined anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and retrograde tracing with wheat germ aggutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) to determine the efferent projections from the ILC. Axons exit the ILC in one of three efferent pathways. The dorsal pathway ascends through layers III and V to innervate the prelimbic and anterior cingulate cortices. The lateral pathway courses through the nucleus accumbens to innervate the insular cortex, the perirhinal cortex, and parts of the piriform cortex. In addition, some fibers from the lateral pathway enter the corticospinal tract. The ventral pathway is by far the largest and innervates the thalamus (including the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, the border zone between the paraventricular and medial dorsal nuclei, and the paratenial, reuniens, ventromedial, parafasicular, and subparafasicular nuclei), the hypothalamus (including the lateral hypothalamic and medial preoptic areas, and the suprachiasmatic, dorsomedial, and supramammillary nuclei), the amygdala (including the central, medial, and basomedial nuclei, and the periamygdaloid cortex) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The ventral efferent pathway also provides descending projections to autonomic cell groups of the brainstem and spinal cord including the periaqueductal gray matter, the parabrachial nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the dorsal motor vagal nucleus, the nucleus ambiguus, and the ventrolateral medulla, as well as lamina I and the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord. The ILC has extensive projections to central autonomic nuclei that may subserve a role in modulating visceral responses to emotional stimuli, such as stress.     

Efferent projections of the infralimbic (area 25) region of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: an anterograde tracer PHA-L study

The efferent projections of the infralimbic region (IL) of the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat were examined by using the anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Major targets of the IL were found to include the agranular insular cortex, olfactory tubercle, perirhinal cortex, the whole amygdaloid complex, caudate putamen, accumbens nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, midline thalamic nuclei, the lateral preoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, supramammillary nucleus, medial mammillary nucleus, dorsal and posterior areas of the hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, central gray, interpeduncular nucleus, dorsal raphe, lateral parabrachial nucleus and locus coeruleus. Previously unreported projections of the IL to the anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, anterior hypothalamic area and lateroanterior hypothalamic nucleus were observed. The density of labeled terminals was especially high in the agranular insular cortex, olfactory tubercle, medial division of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, dorsal hypothalamic area and the lateral division of the central amygdaloid nucleus. Several physiological and pharmacological studies have suggested that the IL functions as the 'visceral motor' cortex, involved in autonomic integration with behavioral and emotional events. The present investigation is the first comprehensive study of the IL efferent projections to support this concept.     

Projections from the rhomboid nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis: implications for cerebral hemisphere regulation of ingestive behaviors

The basic organization of an exceptionally complex pattern of axonal projections from one distinct cell group of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, the rhomboid nucleus (BSTrh), was analyzed with the PHAL anterograde tract-tracing method in rats. Brain areas that receive a strong to moderate input from the BSTrh fall into nine general categories: central autonomic control network (central amygdalar nucleus, descending hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, parasubthalamic nucleus and dorsal lateral hypothalamic area, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, lateral parabrachial nucleus and caudal nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, and salivatory nuclei), gustatory system (rostral nucleus of the solitary tract and medial parabrachial nucleus), neuroendocrine system (periventricular and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, hypothalamic visceromotor pattern generator network), orofaciopharyngeal motor control (rostral tip of the dorsal nucleus ambiguus, parvicellular reticular nucleus, retrorubral area, and lateral mesencephalic reticular nucleus), respiratory control (lateral nucleus of the solitary tract), locomotor or exploratory behavior control and reward prediction (nucleus accumbens, substantia innominata, and ventral tegmental area), ingestive behavior control (descending paraventricular nucleus and dorsal lateral hypothalamic area), thalamocortical feedback loops (medial-midline-intralaminar thalamus), and behavioral state control (dorsal raphé and locus coeruleus). Its pattern of axonal projections and its position in the basal telencephalon suggest that the BSTrh is part of a striatopallidal differentiation involved in modulating the expression of ingestive behaviors, although it may have other functions as well.     

Intracerebroventricular injection of senktide-induced Fos expression in vasopressin-containing hypothalamic neurons in the rat

Intracerebroventricular injection of senktide, a selective agonist for neurokinin B receptor (NK3), induced Fos expression in many neurons of the rat hypothalamus. Fos-positive neurons were predominantly present in the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and some of them were seen in the lateral preoptic area, lateral hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus, perifornical region, posterior hypothalamic area, circular nucleus, and along relatively large blood vessels (lateral hypothalamic perivascular nucleus) in the anterior hypothalamus. A double labeling study was performed to examine if vasopressin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus could be activated by the treatment. Neurons with both Fos-like immunoreactivity (-LI) and vasopressin-LI were found in the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, circular nucleus and lateral hypothalamic perivascular nucleus. In the supraoptic nucleus, about 87% of vasopressin-containing neurons exhibited Fos-LI, which corresponded to about 64% of Fos-positive neurons in the nucleus. In the paraventricular nucleus, about 80% of vasopressin-like immunoreactive neurons exhibited Fos-LI, which constituted about 51% of the total population of Fos-positive neurons in the region. The results suggest that NK3 receptor may be involved in the modulation of release of vasopressin from the hypothalamus in the rat.     

Distribution of neuropeptide S receptor mRNA and neurochemical characteristics of neuropeptide S-expressing neurons in the rat brain

Neuropeptide S (NPS) and its receptor (NPSR) constitute a novel neuropeptide system that is involved in regulating arousal and anxiety. The NPS precursor mRNA is highly expressed in a previously undescribed group of neurons located between the locus coeruleus (LC) and Barrington's nucleus. We report here that the majority of NPS-expressing neurons in the LC area and the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus are glutamatergic neurons, whereas many NPS-positive neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus coexpress corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). In addition, we describe a comprehensive map of NPSR mRNA expression in the rat brain. High levels of expression are found in areas involved in olfactory processing, including the anterior olfactory nucleus, the endopiriform nucleus, and the piriform cortex. NPSR mRNA is expressed in several regions mediating anxiety responses, including the amygdaloid complex and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. NPSR mRNA is also found in multiple key regions of sleep neurocircuitries, such as the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the preoptic region. In addition, NPSR mRNA is strongly expressed in major output and input regions of hippocampus, including the parahippocampal regions, the lateral entorhinal cortex, and the retrosplenial agranular cortex. Multiple hypothalamic nuclei, including the dorsomedial and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the posterior arcuate nucleus, express high levels of NPSR mRNA, indicating that NPS may regulate energy homeostasis. These data suggest that the NPS system may play a key role in modulating a variety of physiological functions, especially arousal, anxiety, learning and memory, and energy balance.     

CNS connections with the median raphe nucleus: retrograde tracing with WGA-apoHRP-Gold complex in the rat

In this work we examined the neuronal input to one of the serotoninergic centers in the brain, median raphe nucleus (MR). Special consideration is given to projections of the hypothalamus. To describe the afferents to MR, a retrograde transport technique was used after microinjection of WGA-apoHRP-Gold complex under pressure and subsequent gold-silver intensification on formaldehyde-fixed rat brain sections. Optimal conditions were obtained when the coordinates of the injection site were A +/- 1.5, L +/- 0.15, and H +/- 2.7 according to Paxinos and Watson (The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. New York: Academic Press, '82). Results obtained under these conditions show a heterogeneous distribution of labeled neurons throughout the brain, including a large proportion (+/- 65%) of hypothalamic neurons. Extra-hypothalamic neurons projecting to MR were from the prefrontal cortex, lateral and medial habenular nuclei, the pontine area of the central grey, interpeduncular nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, oculomotor and trochlear nuclei, dorsal and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, parabrachial nuclei, and lateral and interpositus cerebellar nuclei. Hypothalamic neurons connected to MR were found to be from medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral hypothalamus, dorsomedian nucleus, the perifornical area, and the complex of mammillary bodies. Many other discrete regions contained different densities of labeled perikarya: the medial preoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, retrochiasmatic area, arcuate nucleus, lateral magnocellular nucleus, and the posterior area. The MR appears as an integrative center receiving many neuroanatomically and functionally heterogeneous inputs from the whole brain.     

Pain-related aversion and Fos expression in the central nervous system in rats

Patients with chronic pain suffer from much more affective emotional disturbance than pain sensation. The present study examined Fos expression associated with pain-related aversion in rats, using formalin-induced conditioned place avoidance (F-CPA) test, which could distinguish pain emotion from pain sensation. When pain experience was retrieved, the rats with F-CPA produced rigorous emotion-like behaviors. As a result, more Fos-LI neurons were observed in anterior cingulate cortex, retrosplenial cortex, insular cortex, parietal cortex area 2, frontal cortex area 1-3, claustrum, lateral septal area, amygdala, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, central medial nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus and periaqueductal gray. The results for the first time mapped the brain regions associated with processing of pain affect and emotion in rats.