脂质沉积性肌病合并周围神经病的临床和神经电？…

研究脂质沉积性肌病合并周围神经损害和不伴周围神经损害的临床及神经电生理特点。方法 对１９例病理证实的脂质沉积性肌病中７例合并周围神经损害和１２例不伴周围神经损害的患者进行了常规肌电图，正中神经和胫后神经感觉传导速度及运动末端潜伏期测定。结果 发现临床上两组不同点是前者产后者长；肌电图提示运动单位动作电位时限第一组较第二宽，去除多相波后更明显，部分合并神经源性损害；     

伴神经源性损害的非炎性肌病临床与电生理特点

目的探究伴神经源性损害的非炎性肌病患者临床及电生理特点。方法回顾性收集自2015至2017年我院明确诊断为肌肉疾病且在我院肌电图室完成常规肌电图检查的所有患者,分析伴神经源性损害且诊断为非炎性肌病患者的临床及电生理特点。结果共收集经基因检测或肌肉活检明确诊断为肌肉疾病患者110例,肌电图出现神经源性损害者为10例,其中出现神经源性损害且为非炎性肌病者4例。上述4例患者分别为1例脂质沉积性肌病、1例中央轴空病、1例包涵体肌病及1例Welander型远端型肌病;肌电图均合并神经源性损害,同时伴或不伴周围神经损害。结论少数非炎性肌病患者肌电图可出现神经源性损害,肌电图不能作为诊断肌肉疾病的单独标准。     

炎性肌病 脂质沉积性肌病肌电图结果对比分析

目的分析炎性肌病与脂质沉积性肌病(LSM)的肌电图(EMG)特点。方法选取2003-08—2012-08我院确诊的25例炎性肌病患者和25例脂质沉积性肌病患者为研究对象,回顾性分析其临床与肌电图资料。结果炎性肌病患者出现自发电位的几率为51.02%,脂质沉积性肌病患者出现自发电位的几率为22%。炎性肌病和脂质沉积性肌病均可合并神经源性损害,炎性肌病运动单位动作电位(MUAP)神经源性损害出现几率4%;脂质沉积性肌病合并神经源性损害时,MUAP神经源性损害占24%。结论炎性肌病和脂质沉积性肌病肌电图表现有差异,有助于两者的诊断与鉴别诊断。     

脂质沉积性肌病临床与神经电生理分析

目的 分析脂质沉积性肌病(LSM)的临床及神经电生理特点,旨为早期诊断提供帮助.方法 回顾性分析18例经肌肉活检病理确诊的LSM患者的临床和神经电生理资料,神经电生理资料包括双侧股四头肌、三角肌的同心圆针电极检查资料以及-侧上肢正中神经及尺神经感觉、运动神经传导速度和-侧正中神经F波检测.结果 肌电图表现正常占38.9％;神经源性损害占38.9％;肌源性损害占16.7％;既有神经源性又有为肌源性损害占5.6％;检测72条神经纤维表现为波幅下降占37.5％,表现为传导速度和或潜伏期延长占12.5％,F波异常27.8％.结论 LSM肌电图表现并非如肌炎及其他类型肌病以肌源性损害多见,而多表现为正常或神经源性损害.     

呈急性轴索性运动感觉神经病样表现的线粒体肌病二例:临床病理和基因突变分析

研究背景线粒体肌病主要表现为慢性四肢近端肌无力伴肌肉酸痛,可合并亚临床周围神经损害,而急性轴索性运动感觉神经病样表现伴乳酸酸中毒极为罕见。本研究对2例急性轴索性运动感觉神经病样表现伴乳酸中毒患者的临床特点进行分析,探索其病理和基因突变特点。方法通过周围神经和肌肉肌电图检查,分析神经损害特点;改良Gomori三色、琥珀酸脱氢酶等肌肉组织酶学染色明确肌肉病变性质;电子显微镜观察肌肉组织超微结构改变;24对重叠引物测序法行线粒体基因全序列测定。结果肌电图提示神经源性和肌源性损害并存,运动神经波幅显著降低、传导速度正常,感觉神经波幅轻至中度降低、传导速度正常。病理检查呈慢性肌肉病改变,改良Gomori三色染色可见较多破碎红纤维;电子显微镜观察线粒体数目和形态显著异常,并可见典型的"结晶"样包涵体。线粒体基因全序列测定明确为3243AG(例1)和8344AG(例2)位点突变,均为已知致病突变。结论线粒体肌病可以表现为急性轴索性运动感觉神经病样表现和代谢危象,为急症型,值得重视。     

脂质沉积性肌病的临床、神经电生理和病理学特征

目的研究脂质沉积性肌病(LSM)的临床、神经电生理及病理学特点。方法回顾性分析5例LSM患者的临床、神经电生理及病理学资料。结果本组发病年龄平均为25.6岁;均为亚急性或慢性起病,病情缓慢进展或出现缓解复发;2例有家族史;主要表现为运动耐受差和不同程度的肌无力(5/5)、腱反射减弱或消失(5/5)、肌痛或肌压痛(4/5)、肌萎缩(3/5)、末梢型感觉障碍(2/5);肌酶轻至中度升高(4/5),肌电图表现周围神经源性损害合并肌源性损害(2/5),或者单纯肌源性损害(1/5);肌肉病理学显示纤维间、肌膜下、胞核周围大量排列成串的或成团的脂滴,无炎性细胞浸润。高肉碱、低脂肪饮食、以及糖皮质激素治疗有效。结论LSM临床以肌无力和运动不耐受为主要症状,神经电生理表现为肌源性损害和/或周围神经损害,肌肉活检为诊断脂质沉积性肌病所必需。     

慢性酒精中毒患者周围神经损害的临床与神经电生理研究

目的：探讨总结慢性酒精中毒患者周围神经损害的临床与神经电生理改变特点。方法对55例慢性酒精中毒患者的神经电生理（肌电图、运动传导速度、感觉传导速度）检测结果进行分析,并同期选择55例健康受试者作为对照,对比观察2组检测指标的差异。结果55例酒精中毒患者主要表现为对称性肢带肌萎缩、肌力减退和肢体麻木等,与健康受试者相比,慢性酒精中毒患者肌电图在静息状态、轻收缩相、重收缩相各相异常发生率较高,2组肌电图异常发生率比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;神经传导速度比较,慢性酒精中毒患者组无论是MCV还是SCV传导速度减慢率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。结论慢性酒精重度患者常出现周围神经损害,以神经末端损害为主,表现为对称性肢带肌萎缩、肌力减退和感觉障碍等,神经电生理改变以肌电图异常、感觉神经、运动神经的传导速度降低最为典型,可作为早期诊断的重要手段。     

慢性酒精中毒性肌病的临床与神经电生理学研究

目的　探讨慢性酒精中毒性肌病的临床和电生理改变特点。方法　对 2 6例慢性酒精中毒性肌病、13例慢性酒精中毒性周围神经病、2 1例慢性酒精中毒性神经和肌肉混合损害患者 ,以及 2 0例正常受试者进行详细询问病史、查体 ,并记录酒精摄入量和测定相关神经电生理指标 ,包括肌电图、单纤维肌电图、肌纤维传导速度、周围神经传导速度和诱发电位。结果　 (1)酒精中毒性肌病的主要临床表现为肢带肌的无力、肌肉疼痛和萎缩 ,肌病的症状和体征往往先于周围神经的损害。 (2 )与正常对照受试者比较 ,各组患者神经肌肉颤抖值均增大 (t检验 ,P<0 .0 5 ) ,纤维密度增加 (t检验 ,P<0 .0 5 ) ,周围神经病组患者的神经肌肉颤抖值和纤维密度改变尤为显著 (t检验 ,P<0 .0 1)。 (3)肌病组患者肌纤维传导速度明显减慢 (t检验 ,P<0 .0 5 ) ,其余两组患者无显著变化 (t检验 ,P>0 .0 5 )。结论　 (1)酒精中毒性肌病临床主要表现为对称性肢带肌萎缩、肌力减退和肌肉疼痛。 (2 )肌电图提示肌源性改变 ,特别是肌纤维传导速度减慢 ,是诊断酒精中毒性肌肉病变的客观指征。     

平山病的神经电生理学研究

目的 探讨平山病的神经电生理学特点及其与肌萎缩侧索硬化、多灶性运动神经病的鉴别诊断.方法 分别对平山病(26例)、肌萎缩侧索硬化(30例)和多灶性运动神经病(16例)患者进行运动和感觉传导速度、肌电图及交感皮肤反应等神经电生理学检查.运动传导速度采用由远端至近端分段刺激,记录复合肌肉动作电位的波幅、时限、面积及波形的变化,并判断是否存在神经传导阻滞;肌电图检查记录脑区肌肉(双侧胸锁乳突肌),颈区肌肉(拇短展肌、小指展肌、第一骨问肌、肱二头肌),胸区肌肉(T10椎旁肌、腹直肌)和腰骶区肌肉(胫骨前肌)的肌电活动.比较3组患者神经电生理学特点的差异性.结果 平山病组患者均无神经传导阻滞,肌电图检查显示颈区肌肉呈神经源性损害;肌萎缩侧索硬化组患者亦无神经传导阻滞,肌电图检查显示脑区、颈区、胸区和腰骶区肌肉均呈神经源性损害;多灶性运动神经病组患者均存在神经传导阻滞,肌电图检查颈区和腰骶区肌肉呈神经源性损害.平山病组患者神经传导阻滞的发生率与多灶性运动神经病组比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=42.000,P=0.000);平山病组患者神经源性损害的发生率与肌萎缩侧索硬化组比较,差异亦有统计学意义(x2=56.000,P=0.000).结论 平山病组患者运动和感觉传导速度均无异常,无神经传导阻滞,但肌电图检查显示颈区肌肉呈神经源性损害.     

化疗药物对末梢神经的影响(附17例临床报告)

目的：观察了17例患者化疗前及化疗后肌电图的变化。结果：其中有9／17患者正中神经及胫神经运动神经远瑞潜伏期（ML）延长26～62％,4／17胫神经运动神经传导速度（MW）下降13～20％,12／17正中神经感觉神经传导速度（SCV）下降19～35％,11／17腓肠神经SCV下降18～48％,波幅均正常。3例化疗前、1例化疗停后一年肌电图ML、MCV、SCV均恢复正常。提示化疗药物可引起周围神经的亚临床改变,而肌电脉现为典型的神经源性损害。停药后复查肌电图可恢复正常时限,认为化疗药物对周围神经的毒性为可逆性。而Ara-c累积剂量大于48g／m2,神经源性损害不可逆。结论：在血液病患者的治疗过程中应适当应用神经营养药物,以减轻神经源性损害。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.