双相障碍患者及其一级亲属认知功能损害的研究

目的:探讨双相障碍(BD)患者及其健康一级亲属认知功能损害的特点。方法:采用持续操作测验(CPT)和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)对51例BD-I型患者(BD-I组)、51例BD-II型患者(BD-II组)、50名健康一级亲属(亲属组)及51名正常对照者(对照组)进行认知功能评估。结果:BD-I组、BD-II组及亲属组CPT中正确数评分明显低于对照组,且BD-I组明显低于BD-II组及亲属组(P均0.05)。BD-I组、BD-II组及亲属组WCST中的错误应答数、正确率和非持续性错误数与对照组比较差异有统计学意义,且BD-I组及亲属组与BD-II组间差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。BD-I组及亲属组WCST完成分类数、完成第一个分类所需应答数、不能维持完整分类数评分与对照组及BD-II组比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论:BD患者及其健康一级亲属存在多维度认知功能损害,BDI患者任务管理能力损害较明显,BD-II患者注意力损害较明显。     

双相障碍患者一级亲属的认知功能研究

目的探讨双相障碍患者一级亲属的认知功能特点。方法选用10项神经心理测验对53例双相障碍患者未患病的一级亲属、97例正常对照个体进行认知功能的评定。结果亲属组的即刻逻辑记忆分为(9.11±2.95)分,明显差于对照组(12.06±3.21)分,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),亲属组的延迟逻辑记忆分为(6.89±3.41)分,明显差于对照组(10.06±3.30)分,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);亲属组的威斯康星卡片分类(WCST)测验分类数为(4.57±1.75)个,明显少于对照组(5.15±1.27)个,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双相障碍患者一级亲属可能具有言语记忆和执行功能障碍,其受损的认知功能可能是双相障碍的遗传"内表型"指标。     

双相障碍Ⅰ型患者健康一级亲属的认知功能

目的探讨双相障碍Ⅰ型患者健康一级亲属的认知功能。方法纳入双相Ⅰ型患者的健康一级亲属120例和年龄、性别、受教育年限匹配的正常对照100名。采用数字符号、连线测验A(Trail Making Test A,TMT-A)检测注意功能,数字广度、视觉再生检测注意和记忆功能,数字广度倒背和连线测验B(Trail Making Test B,TMT-B)检测执行功能,比较两组间认知功能的差异。结果一级亲属组数字符号、数字广度(顺、倒、顺+倒)、视觉再生、TMT-A、TMT-B成绩均较正常对照组差,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.44、-4.23、-4.32、-4.98、-2.59、4.32、3.78,P值均小于等于0.01)。将年龄和受教育年限作为协变量进行两组间协方差分析,结果仍同前,两组间上述所有认知功能指标的差异仍均有统计学意义(P0.05)。按性别分组后比较,男性亲属组所有认知指标的成绩均较男性对照组差(P0.05),但女性亲属组只有数字广度倒背和总分、TMT-A、TMT-B的成绩较女性对照组差(P0.05)。结论双相Ⅰ型患者的健康一级亲属存在注意、记忆和执行功能损害,他们可能是双相Ⅰ型的易感素质指标。     

精神分裂症一级亲属认知功能研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症一级亲属的认知功能。方法:100例精神分裂症患者的一级亲属(亲属组)与90名对照者(对照组)均采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)与持续操作测验(CPT)评估其认知功能。结果:亲属组WCST中总测验次数、持续错误数、随机错误数等均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);但CPT评分与对照组差异无显著性(P>0.05);亲属组WCST中有认知功能障碍的例数显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而在CPT中两组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。WCST中的持续错误数和CPT评分与患者的文化程度、性别、年龄之间无显著相关性(P>0.05)。结论:部分精神分裂症患者的一级亲属存在认知功能障碍,对严重者有必要进行干预。     

精神分裂症患者未患病一级亲属的认知功能研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症未患病的一级亲属认知功能的特点。方法 对110例精神分裂症患者未患病一级亲属（亲属组）及50例正常对照（对照组）进行认知功能测验,包括持续注意力测试（CPT）、威斯康星卡片分类测试（WCST）、修订版韦氏记忆量表（WMS-RC）的逻辑记忆和词语流畅性测试。结果 精神分裂症患者一级亲属在WMS-RC逻辑记忆中的即刻逻辑记忆、延迟逻辑记忆,词语流畅性测试中的词语总数、词语正确数,CPT中的视觉漏报、视觉平均反映时间1和2、听觉漏报数、听觉平均反应时间1和2的成绩均差于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论 精神分裂症未患病的一级亲属存在一定程度的认知功能损害,提示认知损害可能是精神分裂症的内表型指标之一。     

儿童少年期精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属认知功能的对照研究

目的:探讨儿童少年期精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属的认知功能状况. 方法:对40例儿童少年期精神分裂症患者(患者组)、80名父母(患者父母组)及22名同胞(患者同胞组)采用注意力测验、WMS-R-逻辑记忆、数字广度、连线测验A和B、词汇流畅性测验、Stroop色词测验及威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评定其认知功能,并与59名健康儿童(健康儿童对照组)及其父母(健康儿童父母组)80名进行比较. 结果:患者组除词汇流畅性测验以外,其他测验成绩差于健康儿童对照组;患者同胞组除数字顺背、词汇流畅性测验、连线测验-A、WCST正确应答数、WCST完成第1个分类应答数以外,其他测验成绩差于健康儿童对照组(P均＜0.001);患者父母组除数字顺背、词汇流畅性测验、连线测验-A以外,其他测验成绩差于健康儿童父母组(P＜0.01或P＜0.001).儿童精神分裂症患者与其父母在注意力测验、WMS-R-逻辑记忆、数字倒背、彩色文字阅读和彩色文字颜色阅读、WCST完成分数上呈正相关(r =0.350～0.615,P＜0.05或P＜0.001). 结论:儿童少年期精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属均存在广泛的认知功能缺陷,但患者的认知功能障碍更为严重.     

缓解期精神分裂症患者及其一级非患病亲属神经系统软体征比较研究

目的探讨缓解期的精神分裂症患者及其非患病一级亲属神经系统软体征(neurological soft signs,NSS)的差异。方法使用中文版剑桥神经科检查(the Cambridge neurological inventory,CNI)软体征测试分量表对86例缓解期精神分裂症患者(患者组)、86名患者的非患病一级亲属(亲属组)和86名健康对照(对照组)进行NSS的评估。结果与亲属组比较,患者组NSS总分、运动协调因子及感觉整合因子得分更高(P0.01)。患者组与对照组比较,患者组的NSS总分、运动协调因子得分和感觉整合因子的得分更高(P0.01)。亲属组与对照组比较,亲属组的NSS总分和运动协调因子得分更高(P0.01)。结论缓解期的精神分裂症患者及其非患病一级亲属较正常对照有更多神经系统软体征,而患者的神经系统软体征多于其非患病一级亲属。神经系统软体征中的运动协调因子可能为精神分裂症潜在的内表型。     

精神分裂症患者健康一级亲属的认知功能研究

目的：探讨精神分裂症患者健康一级亲属的认知功能特点。方法：对72例精神分裂症患者健康一级亲属（研究组）以及与其人口学资料相匹配的31名健康对照（对照组）进行2-back测验、Go／No．go测验、Stroop测验、修订版韦氏成人智力量表的数字符号、连线测验分量表等认知功能的评定。结果：研究组在2-back测验反应时（t=7．749）和错误数（t=2．432）、Go／No·go测验反应时（t=4．147）以及数字符号测试（t=-2．248）成绩上均差于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．001）。多发病家系组在2-back测验反应时（t=3．233）、Go／No-go测验反应时（t=2．981）以及数字符号测试（t=2．041）成绩上均差于单发病家系组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：精神分裂症患者健康一级亲属存在不同程度的认知功能损害;认知功能损害可能是精神分裂症的遗传易感性指标。     

注意缺陷多动障碍患者一级亲属的认知功能研究

本研究以注意缺陷多动障碍（ ADHD）患者未病一级亲属为对象,探查ADHD患者一级亲属在认知功能方面是否存在异常。     

Impaired cognitive flexibility and motor inhibition in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

OBJECTIVE: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is highly heritable. Attempts to delineate precise genetic contributions have met with limited success. There is an ongoing search for intermediate cognitive brain markers (endophenotypes) that may help clarify genetic contributions. The aim was to assess inhibitory control processes in unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients for the first time with objective tests. METHOD: The Intradimensional/Extradimensional Shift, Stop-Signal, and Cambridge Gamble tasks were administered to 20 unaffected first-degree relatives, 20 OCD patient probands with washing/checking symptoms, and 20 healthy matched comparison subjects without a family history of OCD. RESULTS: Unaffected first-degree relatives and OCD patient probands showed cognitive inflexibility (extradimensional set shifting) and motor impulsivity (stop-signal reaction times). Decision making (Cambridge Gamble task) was intact. CONCLUSIONS: Deficits in cognitive flexibility and motor inhibition may represent cognitive endophenotypes for OCD. Such measures will play a key role in understanding genotype/phenotype associations for OCD and related spectrum conditions.     

Health-related quality of life among first-degree relatives of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder in Italy

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was, first, to examine health-related quality of life among relatives of Italian patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and, second, to search for potential predictors of quality of life among these relatives. METHODS: Health-related quality of life was assessed among 64 non-psychiatrically ill family members of 48 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder by using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders were used to assess obsessive-compulsive disorder among the patients. Mean SF-36 scores of participants were compared with expected scores for 2,031 persons from the Italian general population (Italian norms) by using the one-sample t test. Correlates of health-related quality of life were examined by means of independent-sample t tests and Pearson correlations; variables significantly associated with SF-36 subscales were entered into a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis with the physical and mental components as dependent variables. RESULTS: Relatives of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder showed a greater impairment in health-related quality of life in the SF-36 subscales of role limitations due to physical health, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health. When a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed with the physical component and the mental component of the SF-36 as dependent variables, female gender, older age, and the total score on the Family Accommodation Scale predicted a poorer score on the physical component, whereas the only predictor of a poorer score on the mental component was the patient's Y-BOCS total score. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides evidence that obsessive-compulsive disorder impairs health-related quality of life among family members of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, even among healthy family members. Involving family members in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder could improve their perceived quality of life.     

首诊强迫症患者的认知功能特点研究

目的探讨首诊强迫症患者的认知功能特点。方法选取我院符合ICD-10的首诊强迫症住院患者24人为病例组;从医护人员中选取年龄、性别及受教育程度类似的被试24人作为对照组。分别对两组人员进行划销测验和《临床记忆量表》检查,应用SPSS13.0进行统计分析。结果在划销测验中,强迫症组与对照组相比反应时延长,正确数减少,漏划数增加,且差异显著（P〈0．05）;在《临床记忆量表》测验中两组的记忆商、联想学习、图像自由回忆、人像特点回忆得分均有显著差异（P〈0．05）,强迫症组较差,指向学习、无意义图形再认得分两组差异不显著（P〈0．05）。结论强迫症患者存在明显的认知功能障碍,认知功能损害是使其症状不易缓解的原因之一。     

强迫症、抑郁症及焦虑症患者血小板5-羟色胺浓度的对照研究

目的　研究 5 羟色胺 ( 5 HT)在强迫症发病中的作用及强迫思维与强迫动作亚组、抑郁症及焦虑症患者间血小板 5 HT含量的差异。方法　采用高效液相色谱法 ,分别测定 2 9例强迫症患者 [(强迫症组 ,根据Y BOCS强迫量表因子得分将其分为强迫思维 ( 16例 )、强迫动作 ( 7例 )和混合性( 6例 ) 3组 ]、2 0例抑郁障碍患者 (抑郁症组 )、17例焦虑障碍患者 (焦虑症组 )和 2 8名正常人 (正常人组 )的血小板 5 HT含量。结果　强迫症组血小板 5 HT水平 [( 139± 172 ) μg/L]低于正常人组 [( 2 4 8±2 15 ) μg/L]及焦虑症组 [( 397± 4 0 1) μg/L],差异具有显著性 (P =0 0 39;P =0 0 2 0 ) ;与抑郁症组 [( 2 0 2± 16 2 ) μg/L]的差异无显著性 ( P >0 0 5 ) ;强迫思维 [( 85± 6 6 ) μg/L]与强迫动作组 [( 16 9± 10 0 ) μg/L]间血小板 5 HT含量的差异有显著性 (P =0 0 2 5 )。结论　强迫症患者 5 HT浓度变化与抑郁障碍患者趋同 ,与焦虑障碍患者的差异有显著性 ;单纯强迫思维者的 5 HT浓度与单纯强迫动作患者的差异有显著性     

首次发病的强迫症患者认知功能的研究

目的:探讨首次发病的强迫症(OCD)患者认知功能的特点及相关影响因素。方法:采用逻辑记忆、视觉再生记忆、连线测验、数字广度、Stroop测验及威斯康星卡片分类测验分别对35例首次发病的OCD患者(OCD组)及30名健康对照者(HC组)进行神经心理学测评;应用Yale-Brown强迫量表(Y-BOCS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)评定患者的病情及抑郁、焦虑程度。结果:OCD组的逻辑延迟记忆、视觉再生记忆、连线测验A、B时间、数字广度倒背、Stroop测验字色阅读时间、威斯康星卡片分类测验成绩较明显差于健康对照组(P均<0.05)。OCD患者的病程与其视觉延迟记忆、数字广度倒背分呈负相关(r=-0.39,P=0.024;r=-0.38,P=0.027),SDS分与Stroop测验字色阅读时间正相关(r=0.37,P<0.05),Y-BOCS分、SAI分及TAI分与各神经心理学指标的相关性无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论:首次发病的OCD患者存在记忆、注意和执行功能损害。     

首次发病的强迫症患者的认知功能

目的探讨首次发病的强迫症患者的认知功能特点。方法采用韦氏智力测验(Wechsler adult intelligence scale,WAIS)、韦氏记忆测验(Wechsler memorys cale,WMS-R)、Stroop测验、连线测验(trail-making test,TMT)A和B、威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin card sorting test,WCST)对首次发病的强迫症患者30例和正常对照32名进行认知功能评估。结果患者组WMS-R中图片回忆、再认、联想学习等3项成绩均较正常对照组差(P0.05),而Stroop测验中的读字色测验的错误数和用时、TMT-B时间、TMTB-A时间等4项成绩也差于正常对照组(P0.05)。此外,患者组WCST中的完成分类数、正确应答数、错误应答数、持续错误数等4项成绩均较正常对照组差(P0.01)。结论首次发病的强迫症患者存在记忆、注意和执行功能损害。     

Neurocognitive function in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder: a preliminary report

OBJECTIVE: Patients with remitted bipolar disorder (BD) have persistent impairments in neuropsychological function, particularly in the domains of executive control and declarative memory [Br J Psychiatry 180 (2002) 293]. If these were the phenotypic expression of genetic vulnerability to BD, then healthy subjects with a genetic predisposition to BD would be expected to display the same deficits. This study, therefore, examined neuropsychological function in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with BD. METHOD: A cross-sectional design was employed to compare the performance of 17 unaffected first-degree relatives of BD patients and 17 demographically matched controls on a range of neuropsychological tests. RESULTS: Relatives were significantly impaired on Backward Digit Span, Spatial Span and on tasks of visuospatial declarative memory in comparison with controls. Psychomotor performance and verbal declarative memory were intact, as were non-working memory aspects of executive performance. CONCLUSION: The selective deficits in executive control and declarative memory exhibited by relatives in this study have previously been reported in euthymic BD patients suggesting they may be useful endophenotypic markers of genetic vulnerability to BD.