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1.
Objective: The objective of this study was to examine whether loneliness was associated with the risk of developing dementia in Chinese older adults and whether the association was moderated by gender.

Method: A 3-year cohort study was conducted using data from the 2008/2009 and 2011/2012 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between loneliness and dementia. The interaction between loneliness and gender was also evaluated.

Results: At 3-year follow-up, 393 of the 7867 participants had dementia. Loneliness was associated with dementia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11–1.56) after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and baseline health status. A significant interaction between loneliness and gender was also found (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.65–0.99).

Conclusion: Loneliness increased the risk of developing dementia among people aged 65 years and older in China. Moreover, the effect of loneliness on dementia risk varied by gender. Specifically, men who felt lonely were more likely to suffer from dementia than women.  相似文献   


2.
Objectives: This study sought to examine the pathways through which interpersonal relationship strain and loneliness (stressors) influence elder mistreatment. In addition, the study tested the buffer effects of social support within the stressor-mistreatment relationship.

Method: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 897 randomly selected older adults in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Mediation and moderation models were tested using the process module.

Results: Results showed that, in addition to the direct effects, interpersonal problems also influenced mistreatment via loneliness (partially mediating model). In the moderation model, social support buffered the influence of interpersonal strain on mistreatment (unconditional direct effect) and also buffered the influence of interpersonal strain on mistreatment through loneliness (conditional indirect effects).

Discussion: Intervention on mistreatment should involve elimination of risk factors and strengthening of social resources.  相似文献   


3.
Objectives: The goal of this study was to assess the extent to which caregiving burden and satisfaction of primary family caregivers in Israel predict loneliness among their older care recipients.

Method: The study included a convenience sample of 325 dyads of respondents. The short version of Zarit Caregiving Burden Interview and Lawton Caregiving Appraisal measures were used to assess caregiving burden and satisfaction; the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale was used to assess care recipient's loneliness.

Results: The results showed that greater caregiving burden was significantly correlated with increased loneliness, whereas greater caregiving satisfaction was significantly correlated with lower levels of loneliness.

Conclusion: The literature has broadly addressed the association between caregiving burden and satisfaction and the caregivers’ well-being, whereas this association with regard to care recipients’ well-being has been barely examined. The multivariate analyses showed that caregiving burden was insignificant in explaining loneliness, whereas greater caregiving satisfaction was found significant in explaining lower levels of loneliness. The results and implications for further research and practice are discussed.  相似文献   


4.
Objectives: The purpose of the study was to explore whether and how loneliness in adults was influenced by life events and experiences in early and later stages in life. Applying a life-course and gender perspective, the current study investigates statuses and transitions that influence self-reported loneliness among men and women in middle age (age 40–59) and when older (age 60–80).

Method: The panel data are from two waves of the Norwegian study of the life course, ageing and generations. Our sample consists of 3750 people aged 40–80 at baseline who were surveyed in 2002–2003 (T1) and 2007–2008 (T2). Multivariate analyses were used to investigate personal characteristics and life events associated with loneliness at baseline and life events predicting the incidence of loneliness during the five-year period.

Results: Adverse childhood events were associated with loneliness by both men and women. In the older group, men's loneliness was related to having been bullied, and conflicts between parents. Women's loneliness was related to economic problems in their childhood family. Regarding the incidence of loneliness – becoming lonely between T1 and T2 – among those aged 40–59, divorce predicted women becoming lonely, but not men. Among those aged 60–80, the partner's death was a stronger predictor of the incidence of loneliness among men than among women.

Conclusion: The results demonstrate that loneliness is influenced by events and experiences from early childhood to later life, and that some events and experiences influence loneliness in men and women differently.  相似文献   


5.
Goals: The UCLA LS-R is the most extensively used scale to assess loneliness. However, few studies examine the scale's use on older individuals. The goal of the study is to analyse the suitability of the scale´s structure for assessing older individuals.

Method: The UCLA LS-R scale was administered to a random sample of 409 community-dwelling residents of Madrid (53% women) aged 65–84 years (obtained from the MentDis_ICF65+ study). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the factor structure of the UCLA LS-R.

Results: The internal consistency of the scale obtained a Cronbach's alpha of .85. All the analysed models of factor structure of the UCLA LS-R achieved a fairly good fit and RMSEA values over .80. The models that best fit the empirical data are those of Hojat (1982) and Borges et al. (2008).

Conclusion: The data suggest an equivalent effectiveness of UCLA LS-R in adults under 65 and over 65, which may indicate a similar structure of the loneliness construct in both populations. This outcome is consistent with the idea that loneliness has two dimensions: emotional loneliness and social loneliness. The use of short measures that are easy to apply and interpret should help primary care professionals identify loneliness problems in older individuals sooner and more accurately.  相似文献   


6.
Objectives: The transition to retirement implies significant changes in daily routine and in the social environment. More specifically, it requires more self-directed efforts in order to stay socially engaged. Hence, for those who suffer from loneliness, the transition to retirement could result in increased depressive symptoms due to the lack of structured daily routine.

Methods: We used two waves of the Health and Retirement Study, and tested whether the transition to retirement between the two waves moderates the effects of loneliness on depressive symptoms.

Results: The transition to retirement moderated the effect of loneliness in wave 1 on depressive symptoms in wave 2, such that for those who retired, the effect was stronger in comparison to those who stayed employed.

Conclusions: Although many manage to easily transition into retirement, lonely older workers are at increased risk for maladjustment and the experience of depressive symptoms following retirement. This group could perhaps benefit from interventions aimed at increasing daily social interactions and establishing a socially satisfying routine.  相似文献   


7.
Objective: To determine the effect of activity-based mirror therapy (MT) on motor recovery and gait in chronic poststroke hemiparetic subjects.

Design: A randomised, controlled, assessor-blinded trial.

Setting: Rehabilitation institute.

Participants: Thirty-six chronic poststroke (15.89?±?9.01 months) hemiparetic subjects (age: 46.44?±?7.89 years, 30 men and functional ambulation classification of median level 3).

Interventions: Activity-based MT comprised movements such as ball-rolling, rocker-board, and pedalling. The activities were provided on the less-affected side in front of the mirror while hiding the affected limb. The movement of the less-affected lower limb was projected as over the affected limb. Conventional motor therapy based on neurophysiological approaches was also provided to the experimental group. The control group received only conventional management.

Main outcome measures: Brunnstrom recovery stages (BRS), Fugl-Meyer assessment lower extremity (FMA-LE), Rivermead visual gait assessment (RVGA), and 10-metre walk test (10-MWT).

Results: Postintervention, the experimental group exhibited significant and favourable changes for FMA-LE (mean difference?=?3.29, 95% CI?=?1.23–5.35, p?=?.003) and RVGA (mean difference?=?5.41, 95% CI?=?1.12–9.71, p?=?.015) in comparison to the control group. No considerable changes were observed on 10-MWT.

Conclusions: Activity-based MT facilitates motor recovery of the lower limb as well as reduces gait deviations among chronic poststroke hemiparetic subjects.  相似文献   


8.
Objectives: Depression and loneliness are highly prevalent in old age. Moreover these mental health symptoms adversely affect the verbal fluency of the elderly. We examined the relationship between depression and loneliness with verbal fluency in people aged 50 years or older.

Method: Research data were collected during the pilot study of the Longitudinal Aging Study in Spain (ELES) in which a representative sample of non-institutionalized Spanish older people was assessed. Here, the cross-sectional data for 962 participants were analysed using hierarchical regressions, controlling for age, education level, overall cognitive functioning, social networks and satisfaction with family.

Results: Higher levels of cognitive functioning were associated with higher verbal fluency. Females showed higher levels of phonological fluency. Neither depression nor loneliness were significant predictors of phonological fluency but loneliness was a significant predictor of semantic fluency. For mild levels of loneliness, the rate of decline in semantic fluency slows in the oldest ages. In contrast, for severe loneliness the rate of decline in semantic fluency increases in the oldest ages.

Conclusions: Depressive symptoms, loneliness and cognitive impairment are all prominent in ageing and therefore their impact on ageing needs to be better understood. Early detection of loneliness, along with the implementation of intervention for individuals diagnosed with loneliness is advisable in order to avoid negative repercussions for the verbal fluency of these individuals.  相似文献   


9.
Objective: Analysis of three case reports of nerve root anomalies detected intra-operatively and its implications.

Design: Data collected during one year prospective non-randomised study using hospital records.

Setting: Single tertiary care centre.

Subjects: 3 patients in one year period.  相似文献   


10.
Objectives: Living alone in later life is an important risk factor of loneliness for elderly people unless they have resources to compensate for that. The aim of this investigation was to identify these resources.

Method: Data were drawn from the population-based KORA-Age-study (KOoperativen Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg) conducted in the Region of Augsburg, Germany in 2008/2009 with 1079 elderly men and women (64–94 years). Loneliness was measured by the short version of the UCLA-Loneliness-Scale in a face-to-face interview. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify associations between loneliness and potential protecting resources.

Results: A total of 346 (32%) subjects reported to be living alone, among them 70% (n = 241) expressed no feelings of loneliness. Participants with a stable social network had a fourfold higher chance (OR 4.08, 95% CI 1.20–13.88, p = 0.025) and with the absence of depression a threefold higher chance (OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.59–5.78, p-value < 0.001) of not feeling lonely. Physical or mental resources were not correlated with lower levels of loneliness.

Conclusion: Absence of depression and a functioning social network are the most important protecting resources against loneliness for elderly people living alone, while income, level of education and age-related limitations have no impact. These findings should be considered when supporting the elderly in successful aging.  相似文献   


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