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1.
目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤后脑积水的早期诊断及治疗的临床效果。方法 对21例重型颅脑损伤后脑积水的临床表现、影像学资料及治疗方法进行回顾性分析。结果 治疗后按GOS标准,恢复良好19例,中残1例,重残1例。结论 重型颅脑损伤后脑积水的早期诊断,及时实施脑室-腹腔分流术,术后积极进行综合治疗是改善患者预后的重要因素。  相似文献   

2.
目的 探讨颅脑损伤病人去骨瓣减压术后发生脑积水的危险因素及分流术时机。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月~2019年12月去骨瓣减压术治疗的128例颅脑损伤的临床资料。多因素logistic回归分析检验脑积水危险因素。结果 128例中,术后发生脑积水28例,发生率为21.9%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,蛛网膜下腔出血、脑室出血、骨窗面积≥7 cm2是颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后继发脑积水的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。28例脑积水中,22例行脑室-腹腔分流术,按照分流中位时间的3.5 d分为早期分流组和晚期分流组,各11例;早期分流组术后颅内压改善效果更好(P<0.05),颅内压恢复时间明显缩短(P<0.05);但是两组脑脊液指标和并发症发生率均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 脑积水是颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后常见并发症,手术治疗前应充分评估脑积水发生的因素,一旦发生脑积水应查明原因并早期进行分流手术治疗  相似文献   

3.
目的探讨颅脑损伤后脑积水的发病机制、临床特点、诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2013年11月行脑室-腹腔分流术治疗的57例外伤性脑积水的临床资料。结果术后随访3~12个月,根据GOS评估预后:恢复良好35例,中残12例,重残5例,死亡5例。结论脑室-腹腔分流术是治疗外伤性脑积水的有效方法,大多预后良好,早期诊断对脑积水治疗及预后具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

4.
重型颅脑损伤后脑积水,在临床上并非少见,作者回顾了近年来我科收治的重型颅脑损伤后脑积水的病例,对其发病机理、临床特点进行了简述,同时对治疗结果进行了分析,认为早期发现,早期治疗,可使更多的外伤性脑积水的病人得以挽救。  相似文献   

5.
重症颅脑外伤患者早期机械通气的临床观察   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
目的观察早期机械通气对重症颅脑外伤患者的预后的影响。方法重症颅脑损伤65例,其中34例人院后予早期机械通气治疗(早期通气组),31例手术时行机械通气治疗(后期通气组)。所有患者在明确诊断后1h内行开颅探查颅内血肿清除+去骨瓣减压术。结果早期机械通气患者治疗后恢复程度好,良好、轻残率高于后期通气组;重残、死亡率低于后期通气组。结论早期机械通气能暂时降低颅内压,增加全身氧供,缓解重症颅脑损伤的继发性脑损害,为及时手术治疗争取了时间,并能改善患者预后。  相似文献   

6.
重型颅脑损伤术后脑积水颅骨缺损同期治疗研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目的评价早期同期行脑室.腹腔分流加颅骨修补术治疗重型颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水的疗效。方法将手术治疗的重型颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水的患者53例,随机分为两组;A组36例,早期同期行脑室一腹腔分流加颅骨修补术;B组17例,分次手术。结果术后有效率、分流感染率差异均有统计学意义,分流不足、皮下积液差异均无统计学意义。结论早期同期行脑室一腹腔分流加颅骨修补术较分次手术的疗效显著,并可降低分流感染的发生率,是重型颅脑损伤术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者有效的、经济实用的治疗手段。  相似文献   

7.
重型颅脑损伤的脑积水,在临床并非少见,作者回顾了近年来我科收治的重型颅损伤后脑积水的病例,对其发病机理,临床特点进行了简述,同时对治疗结果进行了分析,认为早期发现,早期治疗,可使更多的个伤性脑积水的病人得以挽救。  相似文献   

8.
颅脑损伤后并发脑积水是常见并发症之一,如诊断治疗不及时,可危及病人生命或影响病人的康复.于1990年5月~1997年12月,我院收治外伤性脑积水31例,占同期颅脑损伤总数的0 .95%.  相似文献   

9.
颅脑损伤后顽固性脑膨出的原因及处理   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
目的:探讨颅脑损伤后顽固性脑膨出的原因及处理方法。方法:对25例颅脑损伤后顽固性脑膨出患的诊治经过作回顾性分析。结果:25例患,19例治愈,6例死亡。结论:颅脑损伤后顽固性脑膨出的原因是在水颅骨缺损的基础上同时合并有颅内感染或严重脑水肿,脑积水等引起的颅内压增高,有效运用药物和采取措施减轻脑水肿,解除脑积水,预防和控制感染以降低颅内压是解决颅脑损伤后顽固性脑膨出的有效方法。  相似文献   

10.
目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后发生脑积水的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年6月至2019年6月去骨瓣减压术治疗的142例重型颅脑损伤的临床资料。结果 142例中,术后35例发生脑积水;107例未发生脑积水。术后脑积水发生率为24.6%(35/107)。多因素logistic回归分析发现,年龄较大、蛛网膜下腔出血、颅内感染为重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后发生脑积水的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 脑积水是重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后常见并发症。年龄越大,伴蛛网膜下腔出血及颅内感染的病人,发生脑积水的风险增加。  相似文献   

11.
Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.  相似文献   

12.
Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Robert J. Gumnit 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S3):S9-S13
Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.  相似文献   

13.
Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy   总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2  
Eileen P.G. Vining 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S2):S18-S22
Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.  相似文献   

14.
B. J. Wilder 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S2):S1-S7
Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.  相似文献   

15.
Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.  相似文献   

16.
Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.  相似文献   

17.
Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
G. Trube  R. Netzer 《Epilepsia》1994,35(S5):S62-S67
Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.  相似文献   

18.
Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs   总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1  
Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.  相似文献   

19.
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.  相似文献   

20.
Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.  相似文献   

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