经后颞下入路暴露岩斜区及小脑桥脑角的神经内镜解剖学研究

目的研究经后颞下入路-经天幕暴露岩斜区及小脑桥脑角的神经内镜下血管神经解剖结构,探索岩斜区及小脑桥脑角可利用的间隙。方法成年新鲜尸头9例(18侧),交替使用0°、30°角神经内镜经后颞下入路-经小脑幕探查岩斜区及小脑桥脑角,并用摄像系统对相关的解剖结构及解剖标志纪录。结果小脑桥脑角在神经内镜下分为结构清晰的上、中、下三个间隙,三个间隙均有充分的操作空间,分别经三个间隙推进神经内镜后岩斜区得以暴露。结论神经内镜下经后颞下入路-经天幕能充分的暴露岩斜区、小脑桥脑角及周边解剖结构。     

颞下锁孔入路的实验研究

目的 探讨颞下锁孔入路的手术方法及该入路可暴露的解剖范围。方法 5具经福尔马林固定、颅内动脉灌注的新鲜尸体头颅标本,行右侧颞下入路,头位左旋70°,向后背伸15°,颅顶降低15°,于耳屏前做切口,显微镜下进行实验操作。结果 右侧颞下入路可暴露岩-斜部及岩-斜韧带、天幕裂孔和滑车神经。切开天幕游离缘可见后交通动脉、动眼神经、基底动脉顶部、大脑后动脉P1段及P1与P2的交界段和对侧的P1段。向后可暴露三叉神经,向前内方可见视神经后部的视神经-颈动脉间隙及颈动脉后间隙,颈内动脉床突上段、鞍上池、垂体柄和鞍背。向内侧可见中脑和上桥脑的前外侧部。结论 颞下锁孔入路与传统颞下入路同样可很好地暴露后循环及其周围解剖结构,适于进行手术操作。     

桥脑小脑角区神经内镜应用解剖学的初步研究

目的 研究桥脑小脑角区神经内镜“锁孔”入路的神经和血管等解剖结构,探索神经内镜到达该区的可行性及相应的解剖定位标志。方法 成人尸头8例,新鲜少年尸头2例,经双侧颈总动脉、椎动脉灌注10％乳胶 红色染料 硫酸钡粉剂。用0°、30°硬镜交替配合使用,对桥脑小脑角区的解剖结构进行观察。结果 当枕下“锁孔”入路骨窗直径为15mm时,神经内镜在桥脑小脑角区操作自如,能暴露全部的桥小脑角区,包括桥脑的腹侧区、斜坡以及对侧的解剖结构。结论 ①硬膜下腔中,内镜准确到位的要点是内镜按照定位标志或沿途定位路标前进。②桥脑小脑角区的神经从头侧至尾侧和从内侧到外侧把桥脑小脑角区分成三个腔隙:头侧腔隙、中间腔隙和尾侧腔隙,每个腔隙均有主要血管和一组颅神经通过。     

内镜下颞下锁孔入路至上岩斜区和鞍上区的解剖学研究

目的 观察经内镜下颞下锁孔入路至上岩斜区和鞍上区的解剖学特征,为临床运用提供解剖学资料. 方法 对10个经福尔马林固定的国人尸头,模拟颞下锁孔入路,分别在显微镜下和内镜下观察鞍上区和上岩斜区的显露结构和范围. 结果 (1)在不磨除颧弓上缘的情况下,内镜的引入使得颞下锁孔入路对该区域的暴露更为完全,可同时显露对侧的解剖结构,清晰显示深部穿支动脉.(2)动眼神经和后交通动脉间隙、脉络膜前动脉和后交通动脉间隙是非常重要的解剖间隙.(3)后床突和岩尖的磨除有利于术野的暴露.(4)内镜下定位应采用多种定位标识联合使用.包括骨性结构,例如内耳道口等. 结论 内镜下颞下锁孔入路至上岩斜区和鞍上区的视野暴露更完全,创伤更小,实用价值明显.     

颞下入路的显微解剖学研究

目的研究颞下入路中小脑幕中切迹间隙的解剖结构，指导临床手术入路的选择。方法在手术显微镜下模拟颞下入路对10例经甲醛溶液固定的国人成人尸头标本进行逐层解剖，并观察、测量重要神经解剖结构之间的关系，描述颞下手术入路所暴露的视野范围，然后切开小脑幕，观察增加的暴露范围。结果颧弓至脑干和小脑幕游离缘的最短距离分别为（46.83±3.52）mm和（39.00±2.65）mm；天幕游离缘与滑车神经、小脑上动脉、大脑后动脉和三叉神经后根的距离分别为（1.90±0.55）mm、（5.12±2.20）mm、（3.28±1.67）mm、（0.80±0.20）mm。结论颞下入路手术治疗小脑幕中切迹间隙病变具有手术操作距离短、垂直视角大、对中切迹间隙的暴露范围广泛等优点。     

松果体区神经内镜解剖学研究

目的 观察松果体区及其毗邻结构的神经内镜下解剖特点,探讨内镜下各经典入路的解剖通路及操作技巧,为临床神经内镜下松果体区手术的操作提供解剖基础. 方法 选取100g/L甲醛固定的国人成年尸体头颅标本15例,神经内镜下分别模拟枕叶下经天幕入路和幕下小脑上入路,观察2种手术入路下松果体区解剖结构的暴露范围与内镜可调整程度,测量手术入路相关解剖结构数据. 结果 模拟枕叶下经天幕入路中,内镜视野及角度调整宽松灵活,显露松果体区各解剖结构满意,模拟幕下小脑上入路中,内镜视野呆板固定,可调整性差;经测量大脑大静脉长度为(10.2±4.1) mm,大脑内静脉长度为(35.0±2.8) mm,基底静脉长度为(35.4±6.4)mm,直窦长度为(51.1±5.2) mm,大脑大静脉与直窦的平均角度为(75.20±10.4)°,其中锐角14例,钝角1例,直窦的延长线位于胼胝体压部下方3例,与胼胝体压部上边相切11例;位于胼胝体压部上方1例. 结论 枕叶下经天幕入路较幕下小脑上入路对松果体区内镜解剖结构显露更为满意,天幕切开可改善枕叶下经天幕入路部分对侧解剖结构显露不足及内镜调整困难的缺点.     

经枕下-乙状窦后入路显微切除听神经瘤的显微解剖学研究

目的 通过研究经枕下-乙状窦后入路的桥小脑角区的结构,为临床经枕下-乙状窦后入路切除听神经瘤提供解剖学资料.方法 在10%甲醛固定并灌有乳胶的成人头颅湿标本20例,模拟枕下-乙状窦后手术入路,逐层解剖、观察桥小脑区的三个解剖间隙的主要血管神经解剖变异和走行,并测量面神经与前庭蜗神经进入脑干处的距离.结果 桥脑小脑角区的重要血管和神经之间关系存在一定变异,观察了小脑上动脉、小脑下前动脉、小脑下后动脉、岩上静脉、面听神经、三叉神经以及后组颅神经的行程、分支和变异等情况,但这些结构在桥小脑区的三个解剖间隙内层次分明,分布较恒定.面神经与前庭蜗神经进入脑干处的距离为(2.3±1.1)mm.结论 通过经枕下-乙状窦后入路来解剖桥小脑角区的神经血管,具有重要意义,充分认识了各重要神经和血管结构关系,对临床手术有极其重要的指导作用.     

天幕上下间隙的显微外科解剖和手术入路

松果体区和三脑室后部位置深,血管复杂密集,向来被认为是对神经外科医生极具挑战性的区域。此区病变的手术入路经典的有Poppen和Krause入路,近年来经天幕上下间隙又有旁正中幕下小脑上入路、经小脑上经天幕入路、联合天幕上下经横窦入路、经枕经双侧天幕入路等几种手术入路,利用天幕上下间隙从不同方向、范围显露松果体区病变。充分利用天幕上下自然间隙是减少手术并发症,提高切除率的关键。熟悉间隙内桥静脉、硬脑膜窦和四叠体池内神经血管结构是更好进行此区手术的基础。     

颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路解剖与临床应用

目的通过神经导航下颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路的解剖和手术方案研究,探讨该入路临床应用效果。方法应用成人头颅标本12例(24侧),模拟颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路,观察暴露的岩斜区解剖结构;利用神经导航技术定位标本岩骨内部结构,最大限度磨除岩尖,观察斜坡鞍后区,上、中斜坡区等结构;利用该入路切除11例临床颅底肿瘤,探讨该入路的安全性和实用性。结果颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路可完全暴露鞍旁区,通过海绵窦外侧壁的手术三角可对累及海绵窦内外病变进行直视手术;神经导航辅助下耳蜗、内听道等结构定位准确,头颅标本岩尖磨除后耳蜗内侧缘岩尖剩余最大骨质平均厚度(0.8±0.19)mm,内侧视角较非导航入路增加(8±2.5)°,后外侧视野增加了(25±3.2)°,获得(3.3±0.4)cm2硬膜显露,明显扩大了后颅窝的暴露范围。临床病例资料肿瘤全切除6例,次全切3例,大部分切除2例,手术时间与既往相比缩短1~1.5 h,术后新增脑神经损害症状或原有脑神经损害症状加重3例,无长期昏迷及手术相关死亡病例。结论神经导航辅助下颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路,能最大程度暴露蝶岩斜区病变,有利于提高肿瘤的全切率和术后疗效。     

颞下锁孔入路的显微解剖学研究

目的进行颞下锁孔入路解剖学结构研究,为临床颞下锁孔入路手术入路提供解剖依据。方法在显微镜下对6例经甲醛固定的国人成人尸头模拟颞下锁孔入路手术进行解剖,测量重要神经血管及其相关结构之间的距离以及观察显露范围和相关解剖关系。结果颧弓至小脑幕缘、脑干和前床突的最短距离分别为41.1±5.1mm、45.6±3.3mm和61.1±7.4mm。颞骨岩部扩大磨除前后显露的Day菱形区面积有显著差异(P0.05)。颞下锁孔入路可清楚的显露海绵窦外侧壁上的各神经血管及三角,鞍侧区可清晰的显露颈内动脉、后交通动脉及其穿支、脉络膜前动脉和垂体柄,磨除颞骨岩尖部可显著增加岩斜区脑干显露。结论颞下锁孔入路对于海绵窦外侧壁,岩斜区及鞍侧区显露效果好,入路简单直接,组织损伤小。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.     

Une phénoménologie de la dépendance à l'alcool. Une expérience primordiale de la « nostrité »

The phenomenological approach to alcoholism interestingly focuses on specific dynamics of interpersonal relationships displaying the founding of the Self from a primary “us” and its original basis in the human feast. Priorities for treatment intervention recommend to involve social setting and relationships of the patients, reaching their active participation to a motivational and long term group treatment, underlying the specific therapeutic effect of world exchanges. Biopsychosocial determination of alcoholism could be primarily based on components of interpersonal relationships. Regarding social background, drinking is one of the most famous supports for the achievement of the feast, a founding marker of present time. Taking an existential point of view, the feast appears as the heart of mankind because it presents a primary “us”, a plural state which indicates the beginning and founding of the Self from the others. During the feast, we regularly have to reach our Self from the “us” while avoiding two main dangers, drunkenness, an increase in the dizziness of upright verticality, and addiction, an opposite vertical surrender to alcohol and falling into in the alcoholic relapse, both situations imply a spatial domination and the disappearance of others. Treatment programs of alcohol addicts need to integrate the necessity of reaching the existential basic trust from the support of a group to the appropriation of the community which can be defined as an original “usness”.