脑卒中后肺炎危险因素分析

目的：探讨脑卒中后发生肺炎的危险因素。方法收集2013‐01—2014‐04我院收治的脑卒中患者170例,回顾分析其临床资料,总结脑卒中后肺炎危险因素。结果本组170例患者中,31例发生肺炎,发生率18.2％。经多变量Lo‐gistic回归分析显示,患者的年龄、性别、机械通气、NIHSS评分以及吞咽困难均是脑卒中后肺炎的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论老年、男性、长期机械通气、吞咽困难以及NIHSS评分均与脑卒中后肺炎的发生密切相关,早期评估脑卒中后肺炎发生风险并针对危险因素进行干预,有利于改善临床预后。     

急性脑卒中患者并发肾功能损害的危险因素

目的 探讨急性脑卒中患者并发肾功能损害的危险因素，为早期发现和治疗提供依据。方法 比较分析72例急性脑卒中并发肾功能损害患者（肾功能损害组）和80例肾功能正常的脑卒中患者（对照组）的各项临床资料，对可能影响急性脑卒中患者肾功能的危险因素进行Logistic逐步回归分析。结果 Logistic逐步回归分析显示，GCS评分、大剂量甘露醇、高渗透压血症和SIRS与急性脑卒中患者肾功能损害有关（P〈O．05）。结论 急性脑卒中患者并发肾功能损害的主要危险因素是GCS评分低、大剂量甘露醇、高渗透压血症和SIRS。     

脑卒中预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨影响脑卒中患者3个月预后的相关危险因素。方法以首发脑卒中住院的急性患者为研究对象，记录其人口特征，脑卒中危险因素，最初脑卒中严重性如眼球运动障碍、失语、吞咽困难、尿失禁(UI)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS），神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)，日常生活能力评分(BI）及脑卒中类型；3月后随访其功能康复情况：牛津残障评分(OHS）．并分析影响脑卒中预后的相关危险因素。结果Logistic回归分析发现：GCS，UI和NIHSS独立地与脑卒中后3个月预后不良显著相关。结论脑卒中急性期尿失禁、GCS评分高及神经功能缺损严重是脑卒中后3个月死亡或严重残疾的独立预测指标。     

老年脑卒中后肺炎的多因素Logistic回归分析

目的对导致老年脑卒中患者并发肺炎的危险因素进行分析,以利于临床治疗。方法选取105例脑卒中患者为观察对象,住院期间未发生肺炎的41例患者为对照组,发生肺炎的64例为观察组,回顾性分析2组入院资料,并总结导致患者住院期间发生肺炎的危险因素。结果 2组入院时性别及卒中类型比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但年龄、意识障碍(NIHSS)评分、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖、白蛋白、卧床时间及机械通气时间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。通过单因素及Logistic回归分析:年龄65岁、NIHSS评分10分、高血压、糖尿病、低白蛋白血症、卧床时间7d及机械通气时间5d均为导致老年卒中患者发生肺炎的危险因素(P0.05)。结论在老年脑卒中患者的治疗中,应注意对导致肺炎发生的危险因素的控制,以避免卒中后肺炎的发生。     

老年患者脑卒中后吞咽障碍危险因素及临床特点分析

目的探讨老年脑卒中患者吞咽障碍的发生率及危险因素。方法回顾性分析2011-05—2011-12入住我院神经内科、年龄≥65岁急性脑卒中患者127例,分为吞咽障碍组70例,无吞咽障碍组57例,分析吞咽障碍的发生率及危险因素。结果老年患者卒中后吞咽障碍发生率为55.11%。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥80岁,美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分≥12分、格拉斯哥昏迷评分≤10分、脑干梗死是吞咽障碍的危险因素。吞咽障碍组住院期间发生肺炎21例(30.00%),无吞咽障碍组发生肺炎5例(8.77%)。吞咽障碍组肺炎发生率明显高于无吞咽障碍组(P<0.01)。结论老年卒中患者容易发生吞咽障碍,肺炎发生率也相应增加,临床医师应高度重视老年脑卒中患者吞咽障碍的预防和治疗。     

蛛网膜下腔出血相关性肺炎发生的危险因素分析及对住院结局的影响

目的 分析蛛网膜下腔出血（subarachnoid hemorrhage，SAH）相关性肺炎发生的危险因素及其对住院 结局的影响。 方法 回顾性纳入2015年5月-2018年11月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院收治的SAH患者，根据住 院期间是否发生肺炎分为肺炎组、非肺炎组，比较两组患者临床资料的差异。采用多因素Logistic回归 模型，分析发生肺炎的危险因素，以及发生肺炎对SAH患者院内死亡、住院天数、住院总费用的影响。 结果 共纳入457例SAH患者，平均年龄54.3±11.2岁，男性219例（47.9%），发生肺炎76例（16.6%）。 男性（OR 2.31,95%CI 1.17～4.58，P =0.016）、吞咽障碍（OR 6.06,95%CI 1.09～33.70，P =0.039）及 Barthel指数0～20分（OR 15.58,95%CI 4.17～58.23，P＜0.001）是SAH患者发生肺炎的独立危险因素； 发生肺炎与院内死亡风险、住院天数和住院总费用增加无关。 结论 男性、吞咽障碍、Barthel指数0～20分是SAH患者发生肺炎的独立危险因素。发生肺炎与院内 死亡风险、住院天数和住院总费用增加无关。     

重症脑卒中相关性肺炎对神经功能的影响及干预对策

目的：探讨重症脑卒中相关性肺炎对患者神经功能的影响及干预对策，以减少临床脑卒中肺部感染及对患者神经功能的严重损伤。方法选择2011-02-2013-02我院收治的126例重症脑卒中患者，将发生脑卒中相关性肺炎的患者分为SAP组，未发生脑卒中相关性肺炎的患者分为非SAP组，比较2组一般资料、神经功能、影像学及治疗相关措施。结果本组发生卒中相关性肺炎73例，发生率57.94％；SAP 组NIHSS 评分、意识障碍发生率及吞咽障碍发生率均显著高于非 SAP 组；2组年龄、营养状况、糖尿病、脱水剂、预防性使用抗生素、侵入操作、死亡方面均有显著性差异（ P ＜0.05）。结论重症脑卒中相关性肺炎对患者的神经功能损伤较未发生肺炎患者更严重，需采取干预措施预防脑卒中相关性肺炎发生。     

重症脑卒中患者并发高渗血症的危险因素

目的探讨重症脑卒中患者并发高渗血症的危险因素，为制定干预措施提供依据。方法重症脑卒中患者80例，根据评价生存与死亡的血浆渗透压界值分为高渗组（〉310mmol／L，34例）和非高渗组（≤310mmol／L，46例）。监测可能影响血浆渗透压的危险因素。结果大剂量甘露醇（〉100g／d）、高钠血症和高血糖症是导致高渗血症的3个主要危险因素。高渗组4周生存率（47．1％）明显低于非高渗组（78．3％），两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论引起高渗血症的主要危险因素是大剂量甘露醇、高钠血症和高血糖症，高渗血症患者预后差，生存率低。     

急性重症脑卒中患者发生院前失禁相关性皮炎的危险因素

目的探讨急性重症脑卒中患者发生院前失禁相关性皮炎(IAD)的危险因素。方法收集自2011年6月-2013年6月在扬州市江都人民医院神经内科住院的急性重症脑卒中患者128例。应用失禁相关性皮炎量表和会阴评估量表评估急性重症脑卒中患者院前失禁相关性皮炎情况,分析其危险因素。结果 (1)128例急性重症脑卒中患者有36例发生院前IAD,发生率28.13%,其中轻度20例,中度9例,重度7例。(2)进一步分析显示:年龄≥65岁、糖尿病、脑卒中史、发病时间≥12 h、体温≥38.0℃、大小便失禁、NIHSS评分≥12、营养状况差、昏迷和免疫功能下降者发生院前IAD的危险性相对较高。结论急性重症脑卒中患者院前失禁相关性皮炎发生率高,有其特征性危险因素。本研究为脑卒中患者入院后行个性化护理,提供一定的指导价值。     

急性脑卒中与脑心综合征

目的探讨急性脑卒中后脑心综合征（Cerebral-cardiac syndrome，CCS）的发病率、临床特点、发病机制、防治措施、预后及其相关因素。方法对324例急性脑卒中后脑心综合征患者入院后作心电图（ECG），心肌酶谱动态观察并结合临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果急性脑卒中后脑心综合征发生率为31．5％，91％的患者于脑卒中后数小时至1周内发生，出血性脑卒中CCS发生率远高于缺血性脑卒中（P〈0．05），非大脑半球（脑干、小脑、基底节）卒中者远高于大脑半球卒中者（P〈0．01）。CCS心电图主要表现为心律失常、心肌缺血和类心肌梗死。心肌酶谱异常率为46．1，52．9％合并低钾血症和／或低钠血症。死亡率31．3％，明显高于未合并CCS的脑卒中患者（14．1％）（P〈0．05）。结论CCS发生与脑卒中类型及部位、低钾、低钠等因素有关，预后都较未合并CCS脑卒中者差。其发病机制可能为脑卒中直接或间接导致植物神经功能紊乱，神经体液功能紊乱有关。CCS患者须加强心脏功能监护，积极防治脑心综合征。     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée ? Introduction à deux articles de E. Kandel

In two articles which appeared in the American Journal of Psychiatry and that were subsequently translated for Évolution Psychiatrique, E. Kandel examines the bases for a reinterpreted psychiatry that is prepared to confront the major challenge of the 3rd millenium: that of insight into the mind and brain. This requires a major reorganization of the discipline, which involves a reinvestment of the scientific approach and a critical  assessment of the data provided by psychoanalytical psychiatry and cognitive neurosciences. Seven concepts have therefore been proposed for interactive re-examination: consciousness, the unconscious, memory, emotion, development, desire, impulse. The dynamic relations existing between genetics and the environment allow one to see how evolutions are possible from actions at different levels, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological. Imaging and other techniques provide additional objective information to the process of human interaction which remains the basis of psychiatry. A common framework for psychiatry and the neurosciences, a reconsideration and renewal of the psychoanalytical approach are both possible and necessary.     

Opioids and the developing organism: A comprehensive bibliography, 1984–1988

A comprehensive bibliography of the literature concerned with opioids and the developing organism for 1984-1988 is presented. Utilized with companion papers (Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 6:439-479; 1982; 8:387-403; 1984), these articles cover the clinical and laboratory references beginning in 1875. For the years 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, a total of 877 citations were recorded. A series of indexes accompanies the citations in order to make the literature more accessible. These indexes are divided into clinical and laboratory topics, and subdivided into such topics as the type of opioid explored and the general area of biological interest (e.g., physiology).     

La biologie et le futur de la psychanalyse : un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée

The American Journal of Psychiatry has received a number of letters in response to my earlier “Framework” article (1). Some of these are reprinted elsewhere in this issue, and I have answered them briefly there. However, one issue raised by some letters deserves a more detailed answer, and that relates to whether biology is at all relevant to psychoanalysis. To my mind, this issue is so central to the future of psychoanalysis that it cannot be addressed with a brief comment. I therefore have written this article in an attempt to outline the importance of biology for the future of psychoanalysis.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Facteurs de risque environnementaux à la schizophrénie

Schizophrenia is currently a major concern, its prevalence being estimated at around 1% and its social consequences being severe. The elucidation of the pathophysiology of the disease is difficult due to the great variability of clinical expressions, the instability of the clinical symptoms during the evolution and the absence of reliable biological markers. The existence of a familial aggregation in schizophrenia is well known, the risk of presenting the disease for first-degree relatives of patients being 5 to 10 times higher than the risk observed in the general population. The genetic component was further confirmed by twin and adoption studies. Although the concordance for the disease is higher (40 to 70%) among monozygotic twins as compared with dizygotic twins (15%) it does not reach 100%, which implies that environmental factors modulate the effects of the genotype. However, the role of these factors and especially their interaction with genetic factors remain unclear but the implications of some specific environmental factors are well documented by recent research data. The current literature on sex differences in schizophrenia is consistent. Several studies have suggested that male and female patients may differ in age at the onset and expression of clinical symptoms. Complications during pregnancy or birth-giving may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The major complications are oxygen deprivation during pregnancy, bleeding, maternal malnutrition or infection (exposure to influenza, for example). A low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Psychoses are more common among people living in an urban environment and among those born during winter months. Schizophrenia is probably more prevalent in people who are living promiscuously, are subject to toxic abuse, poor nutrition and stress but here more precise data are needed. Moreover, immigrants have a higher risk of developing psychotic disorders. In addition, head traumas are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Though they are contentious, some studies suggest that substance abuse (cannabis use in European countries) is related to the development of schizophrenia, especially in people with genetic vulnerability. Moreover, substance misuse may worsen the symptoms. If the environment is sufficiently stressful, people with a high genetic vulnerability will develop some degree of mental illness, including schizophrenia. Conversely, a less stressful or a protective environment may decrease the risk of its onset in persons with a predisposition to schizophrenia.