急性脑梗死患者血清可溶性E-选择素、可溶性L-选择素的表达及其与脑梗死体积的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者外周血可溶性E(sE)-选择素、可溶性L(sL)-选择素表达的变化及其与脑梗死体积的关系.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定30例ACI患者(发病＜72 h)血清sE-选择素、sL-选择素的表达水平,并与20名健康者作对照.应用MRI弥散加权成像(DWI)技术测量ACI患者急性期脑梗死的体积,分析其与血清sE-选择素及sL-选择素水平的关系.结果 ACI患者血清sE-选择素的表达水平[(10.49±8.70)ng/ml]显著高于正常对照组[(2.93±2.07)ng/ml](P＜0.01),而sL-选择素的表达水平[(4.29±2.22)ng/ml]显著低于正常对照组[(6.41±3.28)ng/ml](P＜0.01);血清sE-选择素、sL-选择素水平与脑梗死体积不相关.结论 ACI患者血清sE-选择素表达上调,sL-选择素表达下凋,但都与脑梗死体积不相关,两者可能参与了缺血性脑损伤的病理过程.     

E-选择素基因多态性与脑梗死相关性研究

目的 探讨E-选择素(E-selectin)及基因A561C多态性与脑梗死相关性.方法 以rs5361位点为遗传标记,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)和限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)检测199例脑梗死组和124例对照组人群E-selectin基因的多态性.结果 脑梗死组与对照组的rs5361位点的等位基因和基因型频率在两组中比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);相对风险度分析,C等位基因携带者患脑梗死的风险是A等位基因的5.4倍.脑梗死组AC+ CC基因型频率明显高于对照组(P=0.00).结论 E-selectin基因A561C多态性与脑梗死的发病相关,C等位基因可能是脑梗死发生的危险因素之一.     

脑缺血-再灌注损伤白细胞渗出和L-选择素表达及人工合成E-选择素的干预作用

目的：研究人工合成E-选择素对脑缺血再灌注后白细胞渗出和L-选择素表达的影响。方法：应用线栓法建立局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠模型，采用流式细胞术检测脑缺血再灌注后白细胞渗出和L-选择素表达。结果：L-选择素在脑缺血再灌注2h后已经表达，再灌注6h达高峰；在再灌注12h后CD45表达逐渐增加。应用人工合成E-选择素后，L-选择素表达在各时间点均下降（P〈0．05）；在再灌注12.24%1148h时间点CD45的表达明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：人工合成E-选择素能够明显抑制L-选择素的表达，使白细胞的渗出明显减少，对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤起到保护作用。     

细胞黏附分子选择素家族中E-选择素及其基因多态性

E-选择素是细胞黏附分子选择素家族中的一员，随着研究的深入，E-选择素的功能日益受到重视。文章详细介绍了E-选择素的结构、基因表达与调节，并探讨了近年来的E-选择素的功能、E-选择素与疾病相关性等研究进展，为E-选择素的结构与功能进行更深入的研究奠定了理论基础。     

小鼠胎肝干细胞的分离培养与鉴定

背景：胎肝细胞可能具有比骨髓干细胞等更强的增殖分化能力和更低的免疫原性，但目前涉及胎肝干细胞直接分离、培养的报道甚少。 目的：拟在体外分离培养小鼠胎肝干细胞，并对其生物学特性进行初步鉴定。 设计、时间及地点：细胞学体外观察，于2008-03/06在重庆市神经病学重点实验室完成。 材料：SPF级13.5 d龄昆明种胎鼠9只，由重庆医科大学实验动物中心提供。 方法：采用胶原酶+EDTA联合消化法与差速贴壁法体外分离胎鼠肝干细胞，按2×108 L-1接种，待细胞80%~90%汇合后消化传代。采用链霉亲和素-生物素-过氧化酶复合物技术对原代接种后5 d的贴壁细胞进行多种肝干细胞表面标志物的标记。 主要观察指标：原代胎肝干细胞形态变化，胎肝干细胞的传代扩增情况，胎肝干细胞表面标志的表达。 结果：原代培养24 h细胞贴壁，呈致密圆形，边缘清楚；3 d左右部分细胞呈梭形，7 d后细胞铺展呈上皮样；传代后细胞扩增速度无明显变化，至第5代仍保持较均一的上皮细胞状。原代接种后5 d的贴壁细胞，人干细胞因子受体与甲胎蛋白呈阳性表达，白蛋白与细胞角蛋白19呈阴性。 结论：胎肝干细胞原代培养早期表达甲胎蛋白与人干细胞因子受体，不表达白蛋白和细胞角蛋白19，提示所分离的胎肝干细胞可能是一种较原始的干细胞，尚处在未分化的早期阶段。     

E-选择素基因多态性与缺血性卒中的关系的Meta分析

目的：探讨E-选择素基因S128R多态性与缺血性卒中的关系。 资料来源：计算机检索PubMed,Elseiver, Ovid和中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库,检索时限为1998-01/2010-12。 资料选择：纳入E-选择素基因多态性与缺血性卒中关系的病例-对照研究,研究对象基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡。纳入文献由两名作者进行质量评价,经严格筛选后,采用RVEMAN 5.1统计软件对纳入文献进行Meta分析,并进一步进行异质性检验及偏倚评估。 结局评价指标：E-选择素基因S128R位点的基因型及等位基因分布。 结果：共纳入6篇病例-对照研究,各研究的基因型和等位基因频数之间无异质性,未见明显发表偏倚。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组比较,缺血性卒中组(AC+CC）/AA基因型的OR=1.93, 95%CI为1.55~2.41, Z=5.80, P<0.00001;等位基因频数C/A的OR=1.80, 95%CI为1.47~2.22, Z=5.59, P<0.00001。对研究中国人群的4项研究进行meta分析发现(AC+CC）/AA基因型的OR=2.36, 95%CI为1.68~3.31, Z=4.99, P<0.00001;等位基因频数C/A的OR=2.25, 95%CI为1.63~3.12, Z值=4.80, P<0.00001。 结论：E-选择素基因S128R多态性与缺血性卒中相关,AC、CC基因型和C等位基因是缺血性卒中的易感因素。     

中国人群E-选择素基因S128R多态性与脑梗死关系的Meta分析

目的 探讨中国人群E-选择素基因S128R多态性与脑梗死的关系.方法 在PubMed,Elseiver,Ovid和CNKI、万方数据库检索以中国人群为研究对象的病例对照研究.采用RVEMAN 4.3统计软件对其结果进行分析.结果 共纳入4篇以中国人群为研究对象的病例对照研究.各研究的基因型和等位基因频数结果之间无异质性.未见明显发表偏倚.4个研究合并后,AA/(AC+CC)基因型的OR=0.41,95%,CI为0.28～0.58,Z=4.88,P＜0.00001;等位基因频数A/C的OR=0.43,95%,CI为0.30～0.60,Z=4.77,P＜0.00001.汉族人群3个研究合并后,AA/(AC+CC)基因型的OR=0.35,95%,CI为0.22～0.57,Z=4.28,P＜0.00001;等位基因频数A/C的OR=0.49,95%,CI为0.32～0.75,Z=3.29,P=0.001.中国汉族和壮族基因型和等位基因分布差异无统计学意义.结论 中国人群E-选择素基因S128R多态性与脑梗死相关,AA基因型和A等位基因是中国人群脑梗死的低危因素.     

小鼠胎盘间充质干细胞移植对造血系统自然衰老的影响*

背景：造血系统作为人体重要组成部分,随着年龄的增长会出现功能不断衰退。 目的：观察小鼠胎盘间充质干细胞对小鼠造血系统自然衰老的延缓作用。 方法：取孕13.5 d Balb/c小鼠胎盘,制备胎盘间充质干细胞。6月龄Balb/c小鼠48只随机分均为细胞移植组和对照组。细胞移植组尾静脉输注胎盘间充质干细胞,每月1次,共6次;对照组输注生理盐水。第3个月进行外周血象、骨髓有核细胞计数、成纤维细胞集落培养、造血祖细胞集落培养和外源性脾集落形成单位计数检测;第6个月时增加骨髓切片观察、骨髓细胞重建造血能力测定。 结果与结论：细胞移植组小鼠一般情况优于对照组;干预第3个月,细胞移植组的骨髓有核细胞计数、巨噬系祖细胞、巨核系祖细胞多于对照组,其他指标无明显差别;干预第6个月,除外周血象仍无差别外,其他的上述指标均明显高于对照组;观察期内两组的上述指标均随时间延长呈下降趋势,但细胞移植组下降速度明显慢于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。组织学观察发现,细胞移植组骨髓造血组织较对照组丰富,而对照组骨髓脂肪化显著增加;实验还发现细胞移植组骨髓细胞的造血重建能力明显优于对照组。结果提示,小鼠胎盘间充质干细胞能够延缓小鼠造血系统的衰退。     

E-钙粘素和β-连环素在脑膜瘤中的表达及意义

Objective To analyze the expressions of E-cadherin and β-catenin in meningioma by immunohistochemistry for further understanding of biological behaviors of meningiomas. Methods The specimens included in this study were collected form 49 meningioma cases. EnVision was used in immunohistochemieal staining. The results were graded depending on the positive rate and intensity of the immunoreactivity. E-cadherin and β-catenin in meningiomas were analyzed in relationship with WHO2000 grading and invasion. Results The positive rates of E-adhesion in meningioma WHO Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ were 92.69%, 33.33% and 0, respectively (P<0.05). The positive rates of β-catenin in meningioma WHO Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ were 82.93%, 33.33% and 20.00%, respectively (P<0.05). The positive rate of E-adhesion in meningiomas without invasion (94.12%) was higher than that in ones with invasion (46.67%), and the difference was of statistical significance (P<0.05). The difference in positive rate of β-catenin was statically significant between meningiomas without invasion (88.24%) and the ones with invasion (33.33%, P<0.05). Conclusions The levels of E-adhesion and β-catenin are in close correlations with the WHO2000 grading of meningioma. In the atypical or anaplastic meningiomas, the expressions of E-adhesion and β-catenin are lower significantly. The levels of E-adhesion and β-catenin are also in close correlations with the aggressiveness of meningioma. The lower the expressions of E-adhesion and β-catenin, the more invasive meningioma will possibly be.     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后MMP-9的表达及人工合成E-选择素的干预作用

目的：研究肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）参与大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的机制及人工合成E-选择素保护作用的机制。方法：健康SD大鼠,随机分为手术组、假手术组和治疗组。手术组建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型;治疗组术前从股静脉注射人工合成E-选择素;假手术组仅将线栓插到颈外动脉、颈内动脉分叉处,其余步骤同手术组。免疫组化检测脑组织中TNF-α和MMP-9的表达,RT-PCR检测MMP-9mRNA的表达。结果：手术组TNF-α、MMP-9和MMP-9mRNA表达与假手术组比较均有明显升高（P〈0．05）;治疗组TNF-α、MMP-9和MMP-9mRNA表达水平比手术组明显下降（P〈0．05）。相关分析表明,MMP-9mRNA分别与TNF-α和MMP-9的表达呈正相关。结论：大鼠脑缺血再灌注后TNF-α能够在转录水平诱导MMP-9的表达。人工合成E-选择素降低大鼠脑缺血再灌注后缺血脑组织MMP-9表达的机制可能是抑制TNF-α对MMP-9mRNA合成的诱导,从而降低了MMP-9的表达。     

同型半胱氨酸与颈动脉粥样硬化、脑梗死的关系

目的研究同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与颈动脉粥样硬化(AS)的关系,探讨其对缺血性脑卒中事件预测的临床意义。方法对85例脑梗死患者(病例组)与30倒健康体检者(对照组)采用高效色谱分析法进行Hcy水平测定,并进行彩色多普勒超声进行颈动脉检测。结果病例组和对照组空腹血浆Hcy升高分别有29例和4例,占34．2％和13．3％,血浆Hcy浓度分别为 (19．28±4．33)μmol/L和(11．32±3．86)μmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0．001);对照组有颈AS 3例,平均血浆Hcy浓度 (18．55±3．66)μmol/L;无颈AS 27例,平均血浆Hcy浓度(10．13±3．50)μmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05);44例正常Hcy 脑梗死患者发生颈AS28例,轻度15例,中度8例,重度5例,颈动脉狭窄程度轻度18例,中度5例,重度5例;41例高Hcy脑梗死患者发生颈AS 25例,轻度6例,中度12例,重度7例,颈动脉狭窄程度轻度4例,中度10例,重度11例。结论高同型半胱氨酸血症是动脉硬化期的一个独立危险因素,也是缺血性脑卒中的一个独立危险因素。     

社会支持和应对方式与脑卒中后抑郁的关系

目的：探讨社会支持和应对方式与脑卒中后抑郁（PSD）的关系.方法：30例PSD患者为PSD组,42例脑卒中后无抑郁患者为对照组,以医学应对问卷（MCMQ）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）和Barthel指数（BI）为评定工具,对两组患者分别进行评定.结果：PSD组MCMQ的面对量表分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而PSD组屈服量表分显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）.PSD组的SSRS评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）.两组BI评分差异无显著性（P＞0.05）.结论：有针对性的心理教育性干预并加强社会支持可能对防治PSD起重要作用.     

The relationship between socio-economic status and lexical development

The British Picture Vocabulary Scale, second edition (BPVS-II), a measure of receptive vocabulary, is widely used by speech and language therapists and researchers into speech and language disorders, as an indicator of language delay, but it has frequently been suggested that receptive vocabulary may be more associated with socio-economic status. Studies on this topic have produced conflicting results. This study reviews the literature and tests the hypothesis that receptive vocabulary is associated with socio-economic status. The BPVS-II was administered to 76 typically-developing children aged 4 to 11, classified according to deprivation category, in Edinburgh, Scotland. The results showed no significant correlation between the two measures. Error patterns within the results are examined to discover why there should be discrepancy between them and the findings of other studies. The interaction between word frequency and the items used in the BPVS-II is examined, and implications for the use of the BPVS-II with all children of primary school age are discussed.     

Blocking the postpartum mouse dam's CB1 receptors impairs maternal behavior as well as offspring development and their adult social-emotional behavior

Maternal care is the newborns’ first experience of social interaction, which affects their development and social competence throughout life. For the first time, we investigated the involvement of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in mother-infant interaction in mice. We found that blocking the dam's CB1 receptors (CB1R) by the antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant (SR141716) during postpartum days 1-8 affected maternal behavior as well as the social and emotional characteristics of the offspring as adults. Pups of rimonabant treated dams (RTD) had lower body weight during the first week of life and emitted fewer ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) than vehicle treated dams (VTD). RTD crouched less over their pups and exhibited delayed pup retrieval. In Y-maze preference tests conducted at weaning age, females and males of both groups preferred their dam over milk. Males and females of RTD preferred dam over pup and pup over milk as opposed to the control group. At the age of 2.5 months, males of RTD displayed less motor activity. In the social behavior test, RTD male and female offspring were both more active, showing higher levels of active social interaction and rearing. These results indicate that the ECS is crucial for establishment of maternal behavior during the first postpartum week, with a long-term impact on the offspring's socio-emotional development.     

Expression of peroxiredoxins and thioredoxins in the mouse spinal cord during embryonic development

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are natural byproducts of cellular metabolism. Although these molecules are deleterious at high concentrations, moderate levels of ROS/RNS are essential for normal cell function and take part in numerous cellular processes. The regulation of ROS/RNS is largely attended by peroxiredoxins (Prdxs) and their main reductants, thioredoxins (Trxs). Through their oxidoreductase activities, the members of the Trx/Prdx system can also affect certain cellular processes, notably many implicated in central nervous system (CNS) development. Although several studies have investigated the expression of Prdxs and Trxs in mouse, rat, and human adult CNS, few data are available concerning embryonic stages. In this work, we use immunofluorescence analyses to study the distribution of these enzymes during prenatal mouse spinal cord development. Our results highlight several patterns that contrast with available data for the adult. Indeed, Prdx1, Prdx4, and Prdx6, which are expressed in glial cells in the adult CNS, present clear neuronal localization in mouse spinal cord during embryonic development. Additionally, Prdx1, Prdx2, and to a lesser extent Prdx4, Prdx6, and Trx1 are localized mainly in the nucleus of neural cells. Finally, we identified a consistent, intense expression of all Prdxs and Trxs in groups of cells located in ventral regions of the spinal cord that express motor neuronal markers. These striking expression patterns suggest novel functions of these enzymes at these stages and offer clues to the role of the Trx/Prdx system during embryonic development of the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2599–2617, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The relationship between metaphoric and crossmodal abilities during development

Metaphoric and crossmodal abilities were investigated in children, aged 3-8 years. For this study metaphoric performance was regarded as based on the production of a relationship between physically dissimilar stimuli (presented in two sense-modalities), which are not normally perceived as being related. It was asked at what age crossmodal performance, based on specific rather than global/categorical differences within stimulus pairs, can be regarded as distinct from metaphoric performance. In Expt. 1, metaphoric and crossmodal two-trial "recognition" tasks were given in Touch and Vision at all ages. In Expt. 2,3- and 4-year-olds were first trained over 6-20 trials to choose one of two stimuli in one modality (Touch or Vision) and then given one "recognition" trial in the alternate modality. Children as young as three could relate specific physical stimulus differences across sense-modalities. Although metaphoric recognition was present on two problems in children aged 3 and 4 years, metaphoric performance was inferior to crossmodal performance at all ages. Crossmodal abilities improved with age due to improved intramodal skills; such intramodal improvement can probably account for only a part of the improvement on the metaphoric task. Reasons are given why metaphoric and crossmodal abilities may be separate over the age range 3-8 years.     

The development of the cerebral cortex in the embryonic mouse: an electron microscopic serial section analysis

The techniques of reconstructions of cells from serial thin sections and autoradiography after tritiated thymidine injections have been employed to study the early histogenesis of the cerebral cortex in the embryonic day-15 (E15) mouse. The autoradiographic studies show that cells below the E15 cortical plate in the intermediate layer are destined to migrate through the preexisting cortical plate cells to take up a more superficial position. Having this information, it has been possible, through reconstructions of large numbers of cells (more than 150) throughout the thickness of the cerebral vesicle, to identify some of the important morphogenetic events of cortical histogenesis. The following scheme is proposed. The first step in neuronal differentiation involves the detachment of the ventricularly directed process of the ventricular cell from the junctional region next to the ventricle. In thin sections, these junctions have the appearance of zonulae adherentes, but freeze cleavage experiments performed in this study show that, in addition, some of them resemble small gap junctions while others appear to be remnants of tight junctions or possibly linear gap junctions. Detachment of the ventricular process accompanies the migration of the nucleus and perikaryon through the ventricular layer. Within the intermediate layer the migrating cells become rounded and sprout numerous processes. Some cells may undergo a mitotic division at this stage. Eventually the differentiating cells sprout a longer lateral process which is oriented tangentially to the pial surface. This process originates from the anterior surface of the soma and at its tip has the characteristics of an axonal growth cone. The cells migrate externally and radially with simultaneous elongation of the primitive axon. In the subcortical plate region of the intermediate layer all cells contain an anteriorly directed axon. Subsequently the cells sprout an apical process which extends into the cortical plate, and the nucleus and perikaryon apparently migrate radially within this process. The result is that the primitive axon first descends into the intermediate layer proper before turning to run tangentially. Dendritic growth and further differentiation begins once the cells reach their definitive position in the cortical plate. One interesting finding is the presence of eight cells in the cortical plate without long anteriorly directed axons. Yet, autoradiographic data show that subcortical plate cells are the immediate precursors of cortical plate cells, and all 28/s28 reconstructed subcortical plate cells have long anteriorly directed axons. Thus, it is possible that the long axon of some cells may be lost as the cells continue to differentiate in the cortical plate. In fact, one cell has been found which appears to be in the process of losing its anteriorly directed axon. A number of molecular layer cells have also been reconstructed. These cells have several processes oriented tangentially to the pial surface. The identity of these processes could not always be determined. Occasional asymmetric synapses have been found between unidentified axons and the horizontal cell soma or its processes. Autoradiographic studies show that horizontal cells have the earliest time of origin of any cortical cell type.     

Cellular development and myelin production in primary cultures of embryonic mouse brain

The development of cell cultures from embryonic mouse cerebral hemispheres has been followed in detail for periods up to 40 days in culture using a variety of approaches. Functionally well differentiated neurons (shown by receptor binding studies, immunocytochemistry and morphological examination) were found to be abundant early in culture and to form cell contacts with oligodendrocytes characterized both immunocytochemically and morphologically. Myelin-like membranes with the periodicity of classical myelin elaborated by oligodendrocytes were detected only after 30 days in culture when neurones were no longer present. These results are discussed with regard to possible mechanisms of initiation of myelin synthesis.