不同来源嗅鞘细胞移植治疗脑出血的比较

背景：嗅鞘细胞是目前已知用于移植细胞中惟一可以跨越周围神经系统与中枢神经系统边界的细胞。在众多的国内外文献中,大多以嗅球来源嗅鞘细胞作为观察对象;但采用嗅黏膜嗅鞘细胞移植具有来源方便、损伤小、可自体取材等优势。 目的：比较嗅球来源嗅鞘细胞和嗅黏膜嗅鞘细胞移植对脑出血后神经功能损伤恢复作用的差异。 设计、时间及地点：免疫组织化学水平的随机对照动物实验,于2005-10/2007-10在无锡市第三人民医院细胞实验室完成。 材料：选用健康雄性SD大鼠30只,按随机数字表法分为3组,对照组、嗅球来源嗅鞘细胞移植组及嗅黏膜嗅鞘细胞移植组各10只。 方法：分别获取人鼻中隔黏膜、人胚嗅球,进行嗅鞘细胞的分离培养纯化,取培养10 d的细胞用作细胞移植。取SD大鼠制备尾状核出血模型,嗅球来源嗅鞘细胞移植组及嗅黏膜嗅鞘细胞移植组各取10μL细胞悬液在立体定向下引导微量注射器向大鼠脑组织内匀速注射(1 μL/min),对照组注入等量培养基,注射点为右侧尾状核。 主要观察指标：观察两种来源嗅鞘细胞的体外培养情况。嗅鞘细胞移植后对动物行定期行为学评定,功能损伤越重,得分越高;并观察组织切片靶区域免疫细胞化学分析结果。 结果：从体外培养结果看,无论在形态上还是表型上,两者无明显区别。嗅球来源嗅鞘细胞移植组及嗅黏膜嗅鞘细胞移植组大鼠的Longa 5分制法及前肢放置试验评分在移植后第14,28,56天显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）,两移植组差异无显著性意义（P > 0.05）,移植组各时间段差异无显著性意义（P > 0.05）。 结论：用于移植修复神经功能的两种嗅鞘细胞在细胞特性、移植效果方面均无明显差异。     

嗅鞘细胞移植损伤脊髓组织的超微结构变化

背景：脊髓损伤后神经功能难以自行恢复,嗅鞘细胞具有外周性和中枢性两种胶质细胞的成鞘功能,是修复受损神经最有前途的种子细胞。嗅鞘细胞移植到受损脊髓后的组织学和超微结构的变化可能帮助解释嗅鞘细胞发挥修复作用的机制。 目的: 验证嗅球源性嗅鞘细胞移植对脊髓损伤功能恢复的促进作用,并观察移植的嗅鞘细胞对神经元和轴突组织和超微结构的影响。 方法：将已制备脊髓模型的Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,对照组不做任何注射操作,DMEM/F12组注射DMEM/F12培养基,嗅鞘细胞组注射嗅鞘细胞悬液。每周进行肢体活动BBB评分,8周后取脊髓标本进行组织学和免疫组织化学观察,评价脊髓损伤的修复情况,并观察嗅鞘细胞移植对脊髓组织和超微结构的影响。 结果与结论：3组动物均出现后肢运动功能的恢复,嗅鞘细胞组优于对照组和DMEM/F12组,在4周后更为明显。组织学观察可见,在嗅鞘细胞组可见有神经纤维通过损伤处。损伤处附近,嗅鞘细胞组脊髓腹侧的神经纤维和神经元形态较好,损伤较轻。而对照组和DMEM/F12组神经纤维和神经元损害严重。嗅鞘细胞组的caspsase-3阳性细胞数少于对照组和DMEM/F12组。超微结构观察可见,嗅鞘细胞组的神经纤维和细胞形态均优于对照组和DMEM/F12组。结果表明嗅鞘细胞移植对大鼠脊髓损伤修复有明显的促进作用,并可恢复损伤神经的部分功能,对受损神经纤维和神经元有保护作用。     

不同来源嗅鞘细胞修复脊髓损伤的效果比较

背景：研究表明嗅鞘细胞所分泌的细胞黏附分子和神经营养因子具有保护脊髓神经元和促进脊髓轴突再生的效应。 目的：比较嗅球及嗅黏膜固有层来源的嗅鞘细胞异体移植修复脊髓损伤的能力。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验,于2007-06/2008-06在西电集团医院中心实验室完成。 材料：随机选取雄性3月龄及23月龄SD大鼠各6只,分为实验组(23月龄)和对照组(3月龄),用于嗅鞘细胞的体外培养和纯化;SD大鼠30只随机分为乳鼠嗅球嗅鞘细胞移植组、正常嗅黏膜嗅鞘细胞移植组、对照组,每组10只。 方法：30只SD大鼠制造脊髓损伤模型,分别将体外培养的乳鼠和SD大鼠嗅鞘细胞进行脊髓损伤模型的异体移植,对照组不做移植。 主要观察指标：术后4,8周,进行BBB神经功能评分,诱发电位,组织病理学观察。 结果：实验过程中大鼠死亡7只,各组死亡率大致相同。移植后第4,8周时,乳鼠嗅鞘细胞移植组、正常嗅黏膜嗅鞘细胞组评分差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),均显著高于空白对照组(P < 0.001);嗅鞘细胞移植2组评分8周高于4周(P < 0.01)。术后4周,各组动物均未引出运动诱发电位,移植后8周时,2组嗅鞘细胞移植组动物均可引出运动诱发电位,2组差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),空白对照组动物仍未引出运动诱发电位(P < 0.001)。移植后8周,2组嗅鞘细胞移植组脊髓损伤区有较多细胞浸润,对照组细胞数目较少。 结论：来源于嗅球与嗅黏膜的嗅鞘细胞对脊髓损伤修复均有促进作用,且两者作用无明显差异。     

嗅鞘细胞移植对脊髓损伤区勿动蛋白表达的影响

背景：近年来人们认为只要能抑制脊髓损伤后神经再生的不利因素就能促进损伤脊髓的再生，抑制因子包括髓鞘相关抑制分子和胶质瘢痕。其中髓鞘相关抑制分子主要有勿动蛋白、髓磷脂相关糖蛋白及少突起胶质细胞髓鞘相关糖蛋白。 目的：观察嗅鞘细胞移植前后脊髓损伤区勿动蛋白的动态变化。 设计、时间及地点：开放性实验，于2006-09/2007-05在西安交大医学院教育部环境与基因重点实验室完成。 材料：8周龄成年SD大鼠40只，体质量（2.50±0.25）kg，雌雄不拘，随机数字表法分为正常组、模型组、嗅鞘细胞组、DF12对照组，10只/组。另取30只健康成年雄性SD大鼠用于嗅鞘细胞的取材，体质量200~250 g。 方法：除正常组外，其余各组均建立全横切脊髓损伤模型。嗅鞘细胞组将原代培养12 d的嗅鞘细胞悬液调整为1×1011 L-1，在距损伤缘上下各1 mm处分4点应用微量注射器注射，深度1.0 mm，每处各注射1 μL。DF12对照组同法每点注射等量DF12培养液，模型组、正常组不进行任何处理。 主要观察指标：各组分别于移植后1，4，8周采用免疫组织化学技术动态检测脊髓损伤区勿动蛋白的变化。同时在移植后8周行嗜银染色检测组织形态学变化。 结果：①勿动蛋白的变化：正常组勿动蛋白吸光度值明显低于其余3组（P < 0.05）。移植后1，4，8周，嗅鞘细胞组脊髓损伤区勿动蛋白均明显低于模型组和DF12对照组（P < 0.01），而模型组和DF12对照组差异无显著性意义（P > 0.01）。②组织形态学变化：嗅鞘细胞移植8周后，除正常组外，其余各组均可见明显的神经纤维再生，但模型组与DF12对照组大部分纤维排列紊乱，再生纤维方向性较差；嗅鞘细胞组可见明显的新生轴突，且神经纤维跨越损伤部位修复脊髓损伤，无论在数量还是质量上均优于模型组及DF12对照组。 结论：嗅鞘细胞移植可能通过降低脊髓损伤区勿动蛋白水平促进损伤脊髓的修复。     

嗅鞘细胞移植修复大鼠脊髓损伤的组织病理学变化☆

背景：对于脊髓损伤,目前临床尚无有效的治疗对策,近年来嗅鞘细胞移植对脊髓损伤修复取得了一定的进展。 目的：观察嗅鞘细胞移植在缓解损伤脊髓的病理反应和超微结构变化,及其在发生发展中的作用。 方法：60只大鼠随机分为空白组,模型组,嗅鞘胞移植组和DF12组,每组15只。空白组：仅切开T10全椎板及T9,T11部分椎板,对脊髓未作其他处理,明胶海绵轻柔压迫止血;模型组：仅切断脊髓,未作特殊处理;嗅鞘细胞移植组和DF12组：切断脊髓后用微量注射器分别注射嗅鞘细胞和DF12培养液,随后缝合切口。脊髓损伤后1,3,7,14,28,42,56 d每组麻醉2只受检大鼠,取材做光镜观察和电镜观察。 结果与结论：单纯脊髓横切损伤后,发生了出血、水肿、变性、坏死以及囊腔形成,胶质细胞增生和神经纤维再生。嗅鞘细胞移植后,明显减轻了神经元和神经纤维的坏死变性程度,减轻病理反应,并能对损伤神经元实施保护;防止了胶质细胞过度增生形成瘢痕屏障,明显增加了再生神经纤维的数量。提示嗅鞘细胞移植对损伤脊髓具有减轻病理反应和促进修复的作用。     

嗅鞘细胞移植脊髓损伤大鼠Sema3A及其受体NP-1基因的表达

背景：嗅鞘细胞移植促进脊髓损伤修复机制中对神经生长抑制导向因子的研究较少。 目的：观察嗅鞘细胞移植对脊髓半横断损伤后神经生长抑制导向因子Sema3A及其受体NP-1在RNA水平表达的变化。 方法：17只SD大鼠随机分为嗅鞘细胞移植组、DMEM/F12 培养液移植组和正常对照组。制作T11~T12水平大鼠脊髓左侧半横断损伤模型,立刻分别注射嗅鞘细胞悬液或等量的DMEM/F12 培养液。 结果与结论：6周后取横断水平前后两个脊髓节段,用RT-PCR的方法对Sema3A、NP-1的mRNA进行半定量分析。①嗅鞘细胞在大鼠脊髓内仍有大量存活。②Sema3A及NP-1 mRNA的量,DMEM/F12 培养液移植组明显多于正常对照组(P < 0.05),嗅鞘细胞移植组与培养液移植组比较明显下调,且与正常对照组比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。③提示嗅鞘细胞移植有效减少了神经生长抑制导向因子Sema3A及其受体NP-1 mRNA的表达。     

接受嗅鞘细胞移植脊髓损伤大鼠电生理及后肢功能变化

背景：研究证实嗅鞘细胞有利于神经元存活,并可促进轴突再生。 目的：探讨嗅鞘细胞移植治疗大鼠脊髓损伤的效果。 方法：健康成年雌性SD大鼠40只,随机分为盐水对照组、细胞移植组,20只/组。另取10只SD大鼠用于嗅鞘细胞的分离培养。盐水对照组、细胞移植组大鼠均建立脊髓损伤模型,取双侧第8~10对肋间神经各2 cm,交叉植入脊髓缺损处(近端白质与远端灰质、远端白质与近端灰质),细胞移植组局部注射嗅鞘细胞2×106个,盐水对照组局部注射等量无菌生理盐水。通过体感诱发电位和运动诱发电位的检测,观察神经电生理恢复情况;BBB后肢运动功能评分结果;通过BDA顺行神经示踪,观察运动传导束恢复情况。 结果与结论：细胞移植组大鼠体感诱发电位及运动诱发电位的潜伏期、波幅明显优于盐水对照组(P < 0.01);细胞移植组大鼠BBB后肢运动功能评分较生理盐水组明显提高(P < 0.01);细胞移植组脊髓损伤区有较多BDA标记阳性神经纤维通过,其数量明显多于盐水对照组(P < 0.01)。证实局部注射嗅鞘细胞可以较好地恢复大鼠脊髓损伤后的神经电生理及后肢运动功能。     

嗅鞘细胞移植促进脊髓损伤修复：可通过抑制损伤区NogoA、NgR及RhoA表达实现？

目的：观察嗅鞘细胞移植前后脊髓损伤区勿动蛋白（NogoA）、NgR及RhoA的动态变化,探讨嗅鞘细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的可能机制。 方法：实验于2006年9月/2007年5月在西安交大医学院环境与基因重点实验室完成。①实验动物：成年SD大鼠40只,随机数字表法分为正常组、模型组、嗅鞘细胞组、DF12对照组,10只/组。另取30只健康成年雄性SD大鼠作为嗅鞘细胞的来源。②实验方法：除正常组外,其余各组均建立全横切脊髓损伤模型。嗅鞘细胞组将原代培养12d的嗅鞘细胞悬液调整为1×1011 L-1,在距损伤缘上下各1mm处分4点应用微量注射器注射,深度1.0mm,每处各注射1μL。DF12对照组同法每点注射等量DF12培养液,模型组、正常组不进行任何处理。③实验评估：各组分别于移植后1, 4, 8周采用免疫组化技术及Western blot技术动态检测脊髓损伤区NogoA、NgR及RhoA表达的变化。同时在移植后8周行嗜银染色检测组织形态学变化及应用BBB法评价移植后各组动物下肢功能。 结果：①组织形态学变化。嗅鞘细胞移植8周后除正常组外,其余各组均可见明显的神经纤维再生,但模型组与DF12对照组大部分纤维排列紊乱,再生纤维方向性较差;嗅鞘细胞组可见明显的新生轴突,且神经纤维跨越损伤部位修复脊髓损伤,无论在数量还是质量上均优于模型组及DF12对照组。②移植后8周各组下肢运动功能检测BBB评分结果的比较：嗅鞘细胞组BBB评分均明显高于模型组、DF12对照组,且差异有显著性意义（P<0.01）。③免疫组化技术及Western blot技术均显示正常组NogoA、NgR及RhoA的表达明显低于其余3组（P<0.05）,而模型组和DF12对照组差异无显著性意义（P>0.01）;同时OECs组与模型组和DF12对照组比较亦有显著性差异（P<0.05）。结论：嗅鞘细胞移植可能通过降低脊髓损伤区NogoA、NgR及RhoA的表达,从而促进损伤脊髓的修复。     

嗅鞘细胞移植后大鼠损伤脊髓神经生长因子的表达

目的 研究嗅鞘细胞移植对大鼠损伤脊髓内的神经生长因子(NGF)表达的影响,以从NGF角度探讨嗅鞘细胞移植修复大鼠脊髓损伤的机制.方法 48只SD大鼠用NYU -Ⅱ撞击机(10g-25 mm)损伤T10脊髓制作脊髓损伤(SCI)模型,随机分为嗅鞘细胞组、DMEM组各24只;另设立正常对照组6只.将GFP-嗅鞘细胞细胞悬液移植入嗅鞘细胞组大鼠损伤处,DMEM组用单纯的DMEM/F12液代替,正常对照组不做任何处理.移植术后1d、7d、14 d、21 d,用BBB评分法测定脊髓运动功能,RT - PCR方法比较各时间点NGF表达差异.移植术后第21天应用免疫组化比较嗅鞘细胞组、DMEM组、正常对照组大鼠脊髓损伤区NGF的表达差异.结果 移植后1d、7d、14 d、21 d,嗅鞘细胞移植组运动功能评分均高于同期DMEM组.NGF表达量在术后第1天最高,第7天达峰值,之后缓慢降低.移植后第21天,嗅鞘细胞移植组脊髓NGF表达量高于同期DMEM组和正常对照组.结论 嗅鞘细胞移植可上调损伤脊髓NGF的表达,从而促进了损伤脊髓的修复.     

脑出血大鼠脑内嗅鞘细胞移植后生长相关蛋白-43及层粘连蛋白的表达变化

目的研究嗅鞘细胞移植对大鼠脑出血后脑内生长相关蛋白-43及层粘连蛋白表达的影响。方法取新生3d的Wistar乳鼠嗅球,差速贴壁法培养获得嗅鞘细胞。40只Wistar大鼠造模后(胶原酶Ⅶ注入尾状核)随机分为嗅鞘细胞移植组和脑出血模型组。嗅鞘细胞移植组(20只)术后3d,移植嗅鞘细胞;脑出血模型组(20只)注射等量的生理盐水。两组大鼠分别在术后1d、7d、14d及28d用Bederson方法进行评分。各时间点于每组随机取3只大鼠处死,取脑组织做成石蜡切片,免疫组化法观察生长相关蛋白-43及层粘连蛋白表达的变化。结果运动功能评分显示,移植组与对照组均出现运动功能恢复,移植组明显优于对照组(P<0.05);生长相关蛋白-43及层粘连蛋白免疫组化结果表明,除术前1d外,其它各时间点生长相关蛋白-43及层粘连蛋白阳性表达值,移植组较对照组均强,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论嗅鞘细胞移植可提高生长相关蛋白-43及层粘连蛋白的表达,改善脑出血后神经再生微环境,促进神经再生。     

Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells for promoting regeneration following spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) transplantation in facilitating the regeneration of spinal cord injury. DATA SOURCES: Articles about OECs transplantation in treating spinal cord injury were searched in Pubmed database published in English from January 1981 to December 2005 by using the keywords of "olfactory ensheathing cells, transplantation, spinal cord injury". STUDY SELECTION: The data were checked primarily, literatures related to OECs transplantation and the regeneration of spinal cord injury were selected, whereas the repetitive studies and reviews were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION: Totally 43 articles about OECs transplantation and the regeneration and repair of spinal cord injury were collected, and the repetitive ones were excluded. DATA SYNTHESIS: There were 35 articles accorded with the criteria. OECs are the olfactory ensheathing glias isolated from olfactory bulb and olfactory nerve tissue. OECs have the characters of both Schwann cells in central nervous system and peripheral astrocytes. The transplanted OECs can migrate in the damaged spinal cord of host, can induce and support the regeneration, growth and extension of damaged neuritis. Besides, transgenic technique can enable it to carry some exogenous genes that promote neuronal regeneration, and express some molecules that can facilitate neural regeneration, so as to ameliorate the internal environment of nerve injury, induce the regeneration of damaged spinal cord neurons, which can stimulate the regeneration potential of the damaged spinal cord to reach the purpose of spinal cord regeneration and functional recovery. CONCLUSION: OECs are the glial cells with the energy for growth at mature phase, they can myelinize axons, secrete various biological nutrition factors, and then protect and support neurons, also facilitate neural regeneration. OECs have been successfully isolated from nasal olfactory mucosa and olfactory nerve. Therefore, autologous transplantation of OECs and objective genes modified OECs carrying various neurotrophic factors may become an effective method to treat spinal cord injury in the future.     

Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells for promoting regeneration following spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the status of olfactory ensheathing cells （OECs） transplantation in facilitating the regeneration of spinal cord injury. DATA SOURCES： Articles about OECs transplantation in treating spinal cord injury were searched in Pubmed database published in English from January 1981 to December 2005 by using the keywords of ＂olfactory ensheathing cells, transplantation, spinal cord injury＂. STUDY SELECTION： The data were checked primarily, literatures related to OECs transplantation and the regeneration of spinal cord injury were selected, whereas the repetitive studies and reviews were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION： Totally 43 articles about OECs transplantation and the regeneration and repair of spinal cord injury were collected, and the repetitive ones were excluded. DATA SYNTHESIS： There were 35 articles accorded with the criteria. OECs are the olfactory ensheathing glias isolated from olfactory bulb and olfactory nerve tissue. OECs have the characters of both Schwann cells in central nervous system and peripheral astrocytes. The transplanted OECs can migrate in the damaged spinal cord of host, can induce and support the regeneration, growth and extension of damaged neuritis. Besides, transgenic technique can enable it to carry some exogenous genes that promote neuronal regeneration, and express some molecules that can facilitate neural regeneration, so as to ameliorate the internal environment of nerve injury, induce the regeneration of damaged spinal cord neurons, which can stimulate the regeneration potential of the damaged spinal cord to reach the purpose of spinal cord regeneration and functional recovery. CONCLUSION： OECs are the glial cells with the energy for growth at mature phase, they can myelinize axons, secrete various biological nutrition factors, and then protect and support neurons, also facilitate neural regeneration. OECs have been successfully isolated from nasal olfactory mucosa and olfactory nerve. Therefore, autologous transplantation of OECs and objective genes modified OECs carrying various neurotrophic factors may become an effective method to treat spinal cord injury in the future.     

嗅鞘细胞移植脊髓损伤大鼠后Semaphorin3A的表达

脊髓损伤后损伤区Semaphorin3A(Sema3A)表达明显升高,嗅鞘细胞移植对此会有何影响？实验发现单纯脊髓横切损伤后,会出现脊髓出血、水肿、变性、坏死,囊腔形成,胶质细胞增生和神经纤维再生等病理反应。嗅鞘细胞移植后,脊髓的上述病理反应明显减轻,损伤区神经元和神经纤维的坏死程度下降,损伤区Sema3A表达降低。证实嗅鞘细胞移植可通过降低Sema3A表达对损伤脊髓神经元起保护作用。     

Transplantation of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for traumatic brain injury

Results from the present study demonstrated that transplantation of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into the lesion site in rat brain significantly ameliorated brain tissue pathological changes and brain edema, attenuated glial cell proliferation, and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. In addition, the number of cells double-labeled for 5-bromodeoxyuridine/glial fibrillary acidic protein and cells expressing nestin increased. Finally, blood vessels were newly generated, and the rats exhibited improved motor and cognitive functions. These results suggested that transplantation of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells promoted brain remodeling and improved neurological functions following traumatic brain injury.     

Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells promotes axonal regeneration in a rat model of spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND:Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) into the injured spinal cord has been shown to promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery.However,the mechanisms underlying the effects of OEC transplantation remain controversial.OBJECTIVE:To observe fibrotic scar formation and axonal regeneration in the damaged spinal cord following OEC transplantation,and to determine whether OEC transplantation promotes neural regeneration by attenuating fibrotic scar formation.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A randomized,controlled animal experiment was performed at the Department of Developmental Morphology,Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience,Fuchu,Japan and at the Department of Human Anatomy,College of Basic Medical Sciences,China Medical University,China between April 2007 and May 2009.MATERIALS:OECs were obtained from olfactory nerves and olfactory bulbs of male,4-week-old,Sprague Dawley rats.Rabbit anti-serotonin polyclonal antibody,rabbit anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide polyclonal antibody,rabbit anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein polyclonal antibody,rabbit anti-type IV collagen polyclonal antibody,and mouse anti-rat endothelial cell antigen-1 monoclonal antibody were used.METHODS:Male,Sprague Dawley rats aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into three groups:sham-surgery (n = 3),surgery (n = 9),and OEC transplantation (n = 11).Spinal cord transection at the T9-10 level was performed and the rats were transplanted with a 2-μL (1 × 105 cells) cell suspension.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Formation of glial and fibrotic scars was examined using immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein and type IV collagen.Serotonin-positive and calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive axons were visualized by immunohistochemistry,respectively.Double immunofluorescence for type IV collagen and rat endothelial cell antigen-1 was also performed to determine co-localization of type IV collagen deposition and blood vessels.RESULTS:At 1 week after spinal cord injury,numerous glial cells were observed around the lesion site.Formation of fibrotic scar was determined by a large amount of type IV collagen deposition in the lesion center,and descending serotonin- or ascending calcitonin gene-related peptideconiaining axons stopped at the fibrotic scar that was formed in the lesion site.At week after transplantation,the formation of fibrotic scar was significantly inhibited.In addition,the fibrotic structure was partly formed and centralized in the blood vessel,and serotonergic and calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing axons were regenerated across the lesion site.CONCLUSION:OEC transplantation into the injured spinal cord attenuated fibrotic scar formation and promoted axon regeneration.     

嗅鞘细胞移植治疗中枢神经系统损伤的理论研究及临床应用

进行中枢神经系统损伤修复的候选胶质细胞包括嗅鞘细胞、少突胶质前体细胞和许旺细胞。少突胶质前体细胞很难获得大量移植用供体细胞,许旺细胞很难穿透胶质瘢痕,从应用方面均不如嗅鞘细胞。离体培养中嗅鞘细胞极强的可塑性可能会使嗅鞘细胞适时改变自身形态,以适应体内复杂的微环境,有利于神经再生。嗅鞘细胞移植后对脊髓后根损伤后再生有一定作用,其作用大小可能与嗅鞘移植物的成分有关,细胞制备技术和混合细胞移植能影响嗅鞘细胞移植物的效果。虽然胎脑的免疫原性很低,但合理应用免疫抑制剂会使嗅鞘细胞的移植效果有所改观。嗅鞘细胞除了重建损伤通路外,还可能通过轴突发芽、在非突触部位释放单胺类物质、改善病变部位环境并帮助附近的残余神经纤维保存功能和活性等机制对中枢神经的功能发生作用。嗅鞘细胞的细胞生物学和移植后行为学的深入研究都会加快人们对脊髓损伤的理解,并对脊髓损伤的修复治疗产生重要的理论指导意义。     

Olfactory ensheathing cells induce less host astrocyte response and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan expression than Schwann cells following transplantation into adult CNS white matter

Both Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) create an environment favorable to axon regeneration when transplanted into the damaged CNS. However, transplanted cells can also exert an effect on the host tissue that will influence the extent to which regenerating axons can grow beyond the transplanted area and reenter the host environment. In this study equivalent numbers of Lac-Z-labeled Schwann cells and OECs have been separately transplanted into normal white matter of adult rat spinal cord and the host astrocyte response to each compared. Schwann cell transplantation resulted in a greater area of increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression compared to that associated with OEC transplantation. This was accompanied by a greater increase in the expression of axon growth inhibitory chrondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) following Schwann cell transplantation compared to OEC transplantation. However, no differences were detected in the increased expression of the specific CSPG neurocan following transplantation of the two cell types. These results mirror differences in the interactions between astrocytes and either Schwann cells or OECs observed in tissue culture models and reveal one aspect of the complex biology of creating regeneration-promoting environments by cell transplantation where transplanted OECs have favorable properties compared to transplanted Schwann cells.