经利培酮、氯氮平治疗的精神分裂症患者生活质量随访研究

目的 探讨利培酮、氯氮平对精神分裂症患生活质量的影响。方法 对符合CCMD－2－R诊断标准的精神分裂症患，在使用利培酮（24例）、氯氮平（26例）治疗期间进行6个月的随访，观察利培酮、氯氮平对精神分裂症患的精神症状、生活质量的影响。结果 发现：（1）利培酮组对精神分裂症阳性、阴性症状的改善和氯氮平组相似，对PANSS总分的改善明显优于氯氮平组。（2）6个月的治疗前后相比，利培酮对患的生活质量的影响，除精神支柱外均非常明显地提高；氯氮平可以部分提高患的生活质量，但对患的生理领域、心理领域、独立性领域没有明显改善。（3）6个月后，利培酮组与氯氮平组相比，药物对患生活质量的影响，利培酮组除对精神支柱外均非常明显优于氯氮平组。结论 利培酮比氯氮平更能改善精神分裂症患的生活质量，有利于患重返社会。     

奎硫平对精神分裂症患者生活质量研究

目的:探讨奎硫平、舒必利对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响.方法:对70例精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,分别给予奎硫平、舒必利治疗6个月.用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神症状,用世界卫生组织编制的生活质量量表(WHO QOL-100)评定生活质量.结果:治疗6个月后,奎硫平对精神分裂症阳性症状、阴性症状的改善和舒必利相似,PANSS两组间评分差异无显著性.奎硫平组WHO QOL-100各领域除精神支柱外均明显改善,在生活领域、心理领域、独立性领域、社会关系领域较舒必利组有显著改善.结论:奎硫平组患者生活质量优于舒必利组.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量影响的研究

目的:探讨阿立哌唑、舒必利对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响.方法:对70例精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,分别给予阿立哌唑和舒必利治疗.疗程3个月.用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神症状,用世界卫生组织编制的生活质量量表(WHOQOL-100)评定生活质量.结果:治疗3个月后,阿立哌唑对精神分裂症阳性症状、阴性症状的改善和舒必利相似,两组间 PANSS 评分差异无显著性.阿立哌唑组 WHOQOL-100 各领域除精神支柱外均明显改善,在生活领域、心理领域、独立性领域、社会关系领域较舒必利有显著改善.结论:阿立哌唑组患者生活质量优于舒必利组.     

阿立哌唑与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者生活质量影响的对照研究

目的探讨阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法对90例精神分裂症患者随机分为两组，分别给予阿立哌唑、氯氮平治疗6个月。用阳性症状与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定精神症状，用世界卫生组织编制的生活质量量表（WHO QOL-100）评定生活质量，用TESS评定药物不良反应。结果治疗6个月后，两组对患者的生活质量均有改善。阿立哌唑组对WHO QOL-100各领域中，除精神支柱领域外，在生理、心理、独立性、社会关系和环境等领域的改善均明显优于氯氮平组；而氯氮平组仅明显改善心理领域。两组PANSS总分较疗前均有极显著性差异（P〈0．01），两组间比较无显著性差异，但阿立哌唑对阴性症状的改善优于氯氮平。阿立哌唑比氯氮平的不良反应少且轻。结论阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的改善优于氯氮平，有利于患者重返社会。     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用利培酮及74例服用氯氮平的精神分裂症患者用自制精神分裂症患者生活质量调查表、阳性症状及阴性症状量表(PANSS)及不良反应症状量表(TESS)进行调查，并与某些因素进行多元逐步回归分析。结果：氯氮平组患者的客观及主观生活质量均较利培酮组差。结论：从消耗／效果分析，利培酮明显优于氯氮平，更有利于患者适应社会。     

阿立哌唑与利培酮对女性精神分裂症患者生活质量影响的研究

目的 比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对女性精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响.方法 对符合<中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准>第3版(CCMD-3)精神分裂症诊断标准的70例女性患者随机分为阿立哌唑组和利培酮组治疗6个月,用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神症状,用生活质量量表(QOL)对2组治疗前、治疗后进行评定分析.结果 阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症的阳性症状、阴性症状的改善相似,PANSS 2组间评分差异无统计学意义.阿立哌唑组QOL各领域除精神支柱外均明显改善,在生活领域、心理领域、独立性领域、社会关系领域较利培酮组改善显著.结论 阿立哌唑组更能改善女性患者的生活质量,有利于患者重返社会.     

利培酮和舒必利对认知障碍的影响对照研究

目的：比较利培酮和舒必利对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法：精神分裂症患者60例随机分为利培酮组和舒必利组进行6周治疗，用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、数字划销测验(CT)、修订韦氏成人记忆量表(WMS—RC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)进行检查，评估药物对认知功能的影响及与精神症状变化的关系。结果：脱落2例。58例患者在治疗6周后PANSS的评分显著下降，CT、WMS—RC、WCST测验成绩均显著提高，利培酮组认知改善主要与阴性症状改善有关；舒必利组认知改善主要与精神症状的阳性症状、一般病理性症状改善有关。结论：利培酮和舒必利均能改善精神分裂症的认知损害，但作用机制可能不同，利培酮对精神分裂症的执行功能疗效更好。     

舒必利联合舍曲林治疗首发精神分裂症研究

目的：评估舒必利联合舍曲林治疗首发精神分裂症的临床疗效及对患者生活质量的影响。方法：将首发精神分裂症患者66例随机分为联合治疗组和舒必利组。联合治疗组使用舒必利联合舍曲林治疗,舒必利组单用舒必利治疗。于治疗前及治疗8周末采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评估疗效,采用健康状况调查问卷（SF-36）评估生活质量,以及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评估不良反应。结果：治疗8周末,联合治疗组的PANSS总分、阴性症状、一般精神病理、反应缺乏、抑郁以及SF-36总分、生理机能、生理职能、生活活力、社会功能、情感职能5个领域均显著优于舒必利组,两组不良反应无差异。结论：舒必利联合舍曲林治疗能提高首发精神分裂症的临床疗效,改善生活质量。     

齐拉西酮对慢性精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的比较齐拉西酮与舒必利治疗对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法将88例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为2组各44例,分别给予齐拉西酮和舒必利治疗,疗程12周。用生活质量综合评定问卷(GQOLI)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果齐拉西酮能明显提高慢性精神分裂症患者的生活质量,在改善GQOLI总分、躯体健康、心理健康及社会功能维度优于舒必利。结论齐拉西酮治疗有利于慢性精神分裂症患者生活质量的提高,临床应用安全。     

奎的平与氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患者生活质量影响的对照研究

目的 探讨奎的平、氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患生活质量的影响。方法 符合CCMD—3诊断标准的精神分裂症患分为奎的平组(30例)与氯丙嗪组(为对照组30例)进行了3个月的临床研究，用PANSS、WHO．QOL—100分别评定患的精神症状和生活质量。结果 3个月治疗后奎的平组患PANSS总分和阴性因子分改善优于氯丙嗪组；奎的平对患生活质量的影响除精神支柱外均有明显提高；氯丙嗪仅能部分提高患的生活质量，但对患的生活、心理和独立性领域没有明显改善。结论 奎的平对精神分裂症患的生活质量的改善优于氯丙嗪。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.     

Une phénoménologie de la dépendance à l'alcool. Une expérience primordiale de la « nostrité »

The phenomenological approach to alcoholism interestingly focuses on specific dynamics of interpersonal relationships displaying the founding of the Self from a primary “us” and its original basis in the human feast. Priorities for treatment intervention recommend to involve social setting and relationships of the patients, reaching their active participation to a motivational and long term group treatment, underlying the specific therapeutic effect of world exchanges. Biopsychosocial determination of alcoholism could be primarily based on components of interpersonal relationships. Regarding social background, drinking is one of the most famous supports for the achievement of the feast, a founding marker of present time. Taking an existential point of view, the feast appears as the heart of mankind because it presents a primary “us”, a plural state which indicates the beginning and founding of the Self from the others. During the feast, we regularly have to reach our Self from the “us” while avoiding two main dangers, drunkenness, an increase in the dizziness of upright verticality, and addiction, an opposite vertical surrender to alcohol and falling into in the alcoholic relapse, both situations imply a spatial domination and the disappearance of others. Treatment programs of alcohol addicts need to integrate the necessity of reaching the existential basic trust from the support of a group to the appropriation of the community which can be defined as an original “usness”.