心功能减退与缺血性脑卒中的关系

对２１９例缺血性脑卒中与心功能减退间关系进行了年龄分组的对照比较，结果发现，心功能减退与缺血性脑卒中的关系极为密切。冠心病，房颤、高血压性心脏病和瓣膜病变的发生率是随着年龄的逐渐增长而升高（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１），且导致缺血性脑卒中的发病率也不断增加。在老年人房颤既是缺血性脑卒中的独立危险因素，又可与其它心脏疾病伴随。冠心病是产生房颤的最常见病因     

同型半胱氨酸与脑卒中的相关性研究

脑卒中是全球范围内致死率、致残率都非常高的疾病,尤其在发展中国家,严重危害国民健康,并为社会经济带来沉重的负担.流行病学显示脑卒中的总体发病趋势为西方多数国家有下降趋势,而东方以我国为代表的人口大国,脑卒中的发病不但没有下降,仍在以8.7％的增长速度逐年上升[1].中美心脑血管危险因素的比较发现,我国在传统危险因素方面发病率较美国低,但平均同型半胱氨酸水平较美国高[2].脑卒中是多种环境及多基因因素决定的疾病,发病机制复杂.近年来,同型半胱氨酸与脑血管病的关系日益受到人们的关注,并被认为是脑卒中新的危险因素[3].本文将近几年同型半胱氨酸与脑卒中的相关性研究现状作一综述.     

脑血管病危险因素研究进展

脑血管病仍是目前引起死亡的第三大疾病,又是致残率最高的疾病。在无有效治愈方法的情况下,采取预防措施,减少脑血管病发生率显得尤为重要。了解并降低脑血管病危险因素是减少脑血管病发病率的重要措施。虽然对于任何一个人,存在一个或几个脑血管病危险因素并不意味着即将发生脑卒中,而不存在危险因素的也并不意味着就不会发生脑卒中,但毫无疑问存在脑血管病危险因素者其脑卒是发生的可能性大大增加。     

中国脑血管病防治指南（节选）

脑血管病的危险因素分为可干预与不可干预两种,年龄和性别是两个不可干预的危险因素。随着年龄的增长,脑卒中的危险性持续增加,55岁以后每10年卒中的危险性增加1倍。世界各国普遍存在性别之间的明显差异,从总体看,卒中的发病率男性高于女性,男女之比约为1.1～1.5∶1。此外,不可干预的危险因素还有种族和家族遗传性。可干预的一些主要危险因素包括:高血压、心脏病、糖尿病、吸烟、酗酒、血脂异常、颈动脉狭窄等。国内外几乎所有研究均证实,高血压是脑出血和脑梗死最重要的危险因素。脑卒中发病率、死亡率的上升与血压升高有着十分密切的关系…     

脑卒中发病年龄变化趋势及青年患者的危险因素分析

目的 调查脑卒中的发病年龄变化趋势,分析青年脑卒中的危险因素.方法 收集2002年1月～2009年12月在我院住院脑卒中患者2632例,调查每例患者性别、发病年龄、脑卒中类型,对其中≤45岁的青年脑卒中患者进行危险因素调查分析,随机抽取同期住院老年脑卒中（≥60岁）患者作为对照,关注性别及是否伴发高血压、高血脂、心脏病、糖尿病、不良生活习惯、肾脏病、及其他少见危险因素.结果 脑卒中发病年龄呈现年轻化的趋势,2006～2009年度脑卒中平均发病年龄66.37岁,比2002～2005年度脑卒中平均发病年龄69.52岁提前了2.15岁,（t=2.76,P〈0.01,统计有显著性差异）.而且≤45青年脑卒中患者的发病比率越来越高,2006～2009年间青年脑卒中的发病比率为4.8%,比2002～2009年间青年脑卒中发病比率3.5%增加了1.3%个百分点,（u=2.65,P〈0.01,统计有显著性差异）.青年脑卒中伴有高血压42.8%（48）、高血脂33.6%（38）、不良生活习惯28.3%（32）、糖尿病15.9%（18）、心脏病14.2（16/113）、肾脏病13.2%（15）、等是本组青年脑卒中患者的危险因素.结论 脑卒中发病年龄呈现年轻化的趋势,高血压、高血脂、不良生活习惯等是本组青年脑卒中患者的主要危险因素.     

上海市浦东新区某社区老年脑卒中高危人群筛查结果分析

目的了解上海市浦东新区三林社区老年脑卒中高危人群危险因素暴露情况及其人群分布特征,为制定老年脑卒中高危人群防治策略提供依据。方法于2015-2017年采取整群抽样方法对浦东新区三林社区65岁及以上常住户籍人口开展现场询问调查和相关的体格检查,进行血脂、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、同型半胱氨酸、心电图检测,以筛查缺血性脑卒中高危人群及其危险因素。结果 2015-2017年筛查居民总数为9195人,筛查出脑卒中高危人群1504人,高危人群比例为16.78%,有短暂性脑缺血发作史或者卒中史535人(5.82%),危险因素≥3项的高危人群969人(10.54%)。1504名高危人群中危险因素暴露率从高到低依次为高血压、超重、高血脂、糖尿病、卒中史、吸烟史、家族史、缺乏运动、房颤。969例危险因素≧3的高危人群中,女性糖尿病、高血脂暴露率高于男性,男性吸烟率、超重高于女性。参加筛查的社区人群中,高Hcy血症的检出率为53.72%。男性检出率为63.8%,女性为45.7%,差异有统计学意义。结论三林地区65岁以上人群高危人群检出率与上海其他地区相似;高血压、超重、高血脂是暴露率最高的三项危险因素。男性和女性某些危险因素暴露情况有差异。高同型半胱氨酸血症在高龄、男性人群检出率高。应结合不同人群的危险因素发生情况实施定期随访管理,以达到预防脑卒中的目的。     

脑卒中高危人群认知功能障碍血管性危险因素筛查

目的通过对社区脑卒中高危人群进行认知功能评价,筛查脑卒中高危人群认知功能障碍的血管性危险因素。方法对2012年8-12月在陕西省西安市雁塔区筛查出的541例脑卒中高危人群进行翔实的基线资料采集和血管性危险因素评价,并采用简易智能状态检查量表评价认知功能。单因素和多因素逐步法Logistic回归分析筛查脑卒中高危人群认知功能障碍的血管性危险因素。结果541例脑卒中高危人群中90例(16.64%)符合认知功能障碍标准,单因素和多因素逐步法Logistic回归分析显示,仅糖尿病是脑卒中高危人群认知功能障碍的独立血管性危险因素(OR=1.871,95%CI:1.132~3.151;P=0.015)。结论血管性危险因素可以增加认知功能障碍的发病风险,尤其糖尿病是脑卒中高危人群认知功能障碍的独立危险因素。     

踝臂指数与缺血性脑卒中及其危险因素的关系

目的探讨踝臂指数与缺血性脑卒中及其危险因素的关系。方法以我院神经内科住院的150例缺血性脑卒中患者为研究对象,同时测量计算踝臂指数(ABI),ABI<0.9定义为异常。分析研究对象ABI异常的发生情况及与其相关的脑血管危险因素。结果血脂紊乱史、糖尿病史在ABI正常组和ABI异常组差异有统计学意义,且TG、LDL-C及糖尿病是缺血性脑卒中ABI异常的独立危险因素。结论低踝臂指数增加缺血性脑卒中的风险,踝臂指数可用于评估缺血性脑卒中的患病危险。     

应重视脑卒中的综合预防

脑卒中高居人口死亡原因的第 2位 ,每年新发患者 >15 0万例 ,现有幸存者 >6 0 0万例 ,其中 75 %丧失劳动力 ,4 0 %中度致残 ,是老年人致残和认知障碍的主要原因 ,年直接或间接经济损失高达数百亿元。高血压、心脏病、房颤、糖尿病、高脂血症、无症状颈动脉狭窄以及不良生活方式 ,包括吸烟、酗酒等均为脑卒中的危险因素 ,应针对危险因素予以控制 ,并长期有效坚持 ,大部分脑卒中是可以预防的。1.高血压 :我国高血压超过 1亿人口 ,是脑卒中最常见的可控危险因素。 14项随机对照研究结果表明 ,舒张压降低 5～ 6ｍｍＨｇ可以减少脑卒中发生率的 4…     

血管性认知障碍的研究进展

近20年来,随着社会的发展和人口的老龄化,脑卒中和痴呆的发病率逐渐增高,伴有血管性因素的认知功能障碍越来越受到大家的重视。笔者就血管性认知功能障碍(vascular cogni-tive impairment,VCI)的概念、意义、流行病学特点、分类、危险因素、病理生理及防治策略等方面综述如下。     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée ? Introduction à deux articles de E. Kandel

In two articles which appeared in the American Journal of Psychiatry and that were subsequently translated for Évolution Psychiatrique, E. Kandel examines the bases for a reinterpreted psychiatry that is prepared to confront the major challenge of the 3rd millenium: that of insight into the mind and brain. This requires a major reorganization of the discipline, which involves a reinvestment of the scientific approach and a critical  assessment of the data provided by psychoanalytical psychiatry and cognitive neurosciences. Seven concepts have therefore been proposed for interactive re-examination: consciousness, the unconscious, memory, emotion, development, desire, impulse. The dynamic relations existing between genetics and the environment allow one to see how evolutions are possible from actions at different levels, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological. Imaging and other techniques provide additional objective information to the process of human interaction which remains the basis of psychiatry. A common framework for psychiatry and the neurosciences, a reconsideration and renewal of the psychoanalytical approach are both possible and necessary.     

Opioids and the developing organism: A comprehensive bibliography, 1984–1988

A comprehensive bibliography of the literature concerned with opioids and the developing organism for 1984-1988 is presented. Utilized with companion papers (Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 6:439-479; 1982; 8:387-403; 1984), these articles cover the clinical and laboratory references beginning in 1875. For the years 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, a total of 877 citations were recorded. A series of indexes accompanies the citations in order to make the literature more accessible. These indexes are divided into clinical and laboratory topics, and subdivided into such topics as the type of opioid explored and the general area of biological interest (e.g., physiology).     

La biologie et le futur de la psychanalyse : un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée

The American Journal of Psychiatry has received a number of letters in response to my earlier “Framework” article (1). Some of these are reprinted elsewhere in this issue, and I have answered them briefly there. However, one issue raised by some letters deserves a more detailed answer, and that relates to whether biology is at all relevant to psychoanalysis. To my mind, this issue is so central to the future of psychoanalysis that it cannot be addressed with a brief comment. I therefore have written this article in an attempt to outline the importance of biology for the future of psychoanalysis.     

Facteurs de risque environnementaux à la schizophrénie

Schizophrenia is currently a major concern, its prevalence being estimated at around 1% and its social consequences being severe. The elucidation of the pathophysiology of the disease is difficult due to the great variability of clinical expressions, the instability of the clinical symptoms during the evolution and the absence of reliable biological markers. The existence of a familial aggregation in schizophrenia is well known, the risk of presenting the disease for first-degree relatives of patients being 5 to 10 times higher than the risk observed in the general population. The genetic component was further confirmed by twin and adoption studies. Although the concordance for the disease is higher (40 to 70%) among monozygotic twins as compared with dizygotic twins (15%) it does not reach 100%, which implies that environmental factors modulate the effects of the genotype. However, the role of these factors and especially their interaction with genetic factors remain unclear but the implications of some specific environmental factors are well documented by recent research data. The current literature on sex differences in schizophrenia is consistent. Several studies have suggested that male and female patients may differ in age at the onset and expression of clinical symptoms. Complications during pregnancy or birth-giving may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The major complications are oxygen deprivation during pregnancy, bleeding, maternal malnutrition or infection (exposure to influenza, for example). A low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Psychoses are more common among people living in an urban environment and among those born during winter months. Schizophrenia is probably more prevalent in people who are living promiscuously, are subject to toxic abuse, poor nutrition and stress but here more precise data are needed. Moreover, immigrants have a higher risk of developing psychotic disorders. In addition, head traumas are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Though they are contentious, some studies suggest that substance abuse (cannabis use in European countries) is related to the development of schizophrenia, especially in people with genetic vulnerability. Moreover, substance misuse may worsen the symptoms. If the environment is sufficiently stressful, people with a high genetic vulnerability will develop some degree of mental illness, including schizophrenia. Conversely, a less stressful or a protective environment may decrease the risk of its onset in persons with a predisposition to schizophrenia.     

Introduction: Goals

Summary: Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures. Many epilepsies with focal seizures as well as convulsive generalized seizures respond satisfactorily to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that reduce repetitive firing (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproate) or that augment GABA_A-mediated inhibition (e.g., phenobarbital and benzodiazepines). A number of drugs presently under development, such as NMDA receptor antagonists, loreclezole, losigamone, meth-ysticine, and dextromethorphan, are promising in acute animal models of otherwise drug-resistant convulsant activity. As a result of recent studies in both experimental models and surgically resected human epileptic brain, the prospects for development of AEDs have significantly improved. Several new AEDs recently have reached the commercial market or are in experimental or clinical trials. A comparative presentation of the standing of the new AEDs with respect to their efficacy and side effects is necessary, but still very difficult. Because initial experience with new AEDs is restricted to populations with severe drug-resistant epilepsy, the crucial question whether potential new AEDs can alter prognosis is not yet definitively answered. There is a clear need to compare the effects of standard AEDs and new AEDs in naive patients and over longer follow-up periods. Moreover, because of the strong desire to develop antiepileptic therapy that directly treats the primary etiology of a given epileptic syndrome , or modifies the neurobiological processes that cause recurrent seizures, better experimental epilepsy models for chronic epilepsy and further clinical studies are necessary to increase the knowledge on the pathophysiology of distinct epileptic syndromes. In this respect, studies on the differences between responders and nonresponders to a given AED treatment are extremely valuable.