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1.
目的:探讨抑郁症患者给予视觉情绪图片刺激早期0~100ms、100~200ms、200~300ms3个时段8~30Hz的神经磁场激活特征。方法:8例抑郁症患者及12例健康右利手对照者,在给予国际情绪图片库(IAPS)正性、中性、负性情绪图片刺激同时记录脑磁图信号,使用SPM8b软件进行数据分析:设两样本t检验P〈0.01(未校正)和K值≥10个体素范围为差异有统计学意义。结果:与对照组相比,抑郁组在正性情绪图片刺激下,100~200ms内的左侧额下回,右侧的终板旁回、额内侧回、海马回激活增强。在中性情绪图片刺激下,抑郁组在0~100ms的右侧豆状核、岛叶、额上回,左内侧额叶,100~200ms内的右侧岛叶、豆状核壳核及屏状核,左侧额下回、额上回、颞上回,200~300ms内的右侧岛叶、豆状核、尾状核体激活增强。负性情绪图片刺激下抑郁组在0~100ms内的右侧颞上回、岛叶、尾状核头部、额中下回激活增强,100~200ms内的右侧额中回、尾状核体,200~300ms内右额下回激活增强。此外还比较一致的发现抑郁组在楔前叶、后扣带回等顶叶脑区激活降低。结论:抑郁个体起注意调节功能的顶叶脑区如楔前叶功能不足,对视觉皮质向前部脑区情绪信息颞叶底部传递通路抑制不足,腹侧前额皮质、岛叶过度的激活,可能是抑郁症的一个发病基础。  相似文献   

2.
目的 研究抑郁症首次发作(以下简称首发)患者对不同性质情绪线索的差异脑激活反应,以探讨抑郁症患者"负性情绪偏向性"的脑活动特征.方法 14例抑郁症首发患者与14名配对健康对照者,接受国际情绪图片系统中正性-中性-负性三组图片刺激的脑功能磁共振成像(fMRI)扫描,任务为组块设计;以文拉法辛(75~150 mg/d,口服)治疗患者,随访12周;以汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD17)减分率评估疗效;用神经功能影像分析(AFNI)软件处理影像数据.结果 (1)文拉法辛治疗8周时有效率为58%;12周时有效率为92%,HAMD17总分减分率为60%.(2)两组均激活的脑区包括双侧额中回、双侧背外侧前额叶皮质、左侧丘脑、双侧岛叶、双侧颞叶、双侧杏仁核和海马.(3)在正性/中性图片激活的脑区中,患者组双侧额中回(右侧0.11%,左侧0.09%)及左侧丘脑(0.31%)激活强度均低于对照组(分别为0.98%,1.17%和1.32%;P<0.05);左侧岛叶(1.03%)及双侧杏仁核(右侧0.47%,左侧0.11%)的激活强度高于对照组(分别为0.45%,-0.34%和-0.49%;P<0.05).对于负性图片,患者组左侧额中回(2.77%)、左背外侧前额叶皮质(0.18%)、左侧岛叶(1.36%)、左侧颞叶(0.33%)和右侧杏仁核(0.44%)的激活强度高于对照组(分别为1.91%.-0.32%.0.91%,-0.31%,-0.29%;P<0.05);患者组左侧丘脑激活强度(-0.79%)低于对照组(1.15%;P<0.05).(4)治疗后,对于正性图片,患者组左侧、右侧额中回及左侧丘脑激活增加为1.21%,1.14%及1.23%(P<0.05).对于负性图片,左侧额中回(2.05%)、左外侧前额叶皮质(-0.42%)及左侧岛叶(0.73%)的激活降低(P<0.05);左侧丘脑(1.53%)激活增加(P<0.05).结论 前额叶、左侧岛叶、左侧颞叶、杏仁核和左侧丘脑对不同性质情绪诱导线索的异常激活,与抑郁症首发患者偏向性情绪障碍相关;文拉法辛对前额叶、左侧岛叶和丘脑的异常激活有调节作用.  相似文献   

3.
目的:比较精神分裂症患者不同情绪图片刺激脑磁图的差异。方法:精神分裂症患者和正常对照者均给予相同的情绪图片刺激,记录每次给图片刺激前150ms至刺激后750ms所诱发脑磁场的位置及频数。结果:与正常对照组相比,不同情绪图片刺激时精神分裂症患者所激活视觉皮质位置无明显偏移,顶叶、额叶、颞叶及枕叶所诱发的磁场频数均无明显差异;当抑郁情绪图片刺激时,精神分裂症患者扣带回和颞上回(尤其右颞上回)所诱发的磁场频数比正常对照组增多,而颞顶交界处所诱发的磁场频数减少;当愉快情绪图片刺激时,精神分裂症患者额极所诱发的磁场频数比正常对照组增多。结论:本研究证实精神分裂症患者情绪视觉信息加工过程存在异常。  相似文献   

4.
目的:通过任务态功能磁共振(f MRI)扫描,分析广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)患者与正常人在不同情绪图片刺激下的脑功能变化,探讨GAD患者认知监控网络(CCN)的功能异常。方法:对20例GAD患者(实验组)和14名健康对照者(健康对照组)在不同的情绪图片刺激下进行f MRI扫描,比较两组被试CCN脑区的差异。结果:以中性情绪为基线对照,在观察高兴情绪图片时,实验组被试左岛盖部额下回(MNI:-51,15,21;t=-5.178;P0.05)、左顶下小叶(MNI:-42,-42,48;t=-4.055;P0.05)、左侧补充运动区(MNI:-9,12,54;t=-4.778;P0.05)激活减弱;在观察恐惧情绪图片时,实验组被试右背外侧额上回(MNI:24,24,51;t=5.375;P0.05)激活增加。结论:CCN的功能异常可能与GAD的发病机制有关。  相似文献   

5.
目的观察重性抑郁症患者静息态fMRI(rs-fMRI)特点,并探讨其可能发病机制。方法采用基于低频振幅(ALFF)的rs-f MRI对24例重性抑郁症患者和性别、年龄、受教育程度匹配的26例正常对照者进行比较,Spearman秩相关分析探讨各脑区mALFF值与汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项(HAMD-17)评分的相关性。结果与正常对照者相比,重性抑郁症患者双侧背外侧前额叶皮质、右侧眶部额上回、右侧颞下回、左侧岛盖部额下回、左侧内侧额上回、左侧直回mALFF值升高(均P0.05,AlphaSim校正),双侧补充运动区、右侧后扣带回、右侧楔前叶、左侧舌回mALFF值降低(均P0.05,AlphaSim校正)。Spearman秩相关分析显示,重性抑郁症患者各脑区mALFF值与HAMD-17评分无关联性(均P0.05)。结论重性抑郁症患者静息态下神经功能损害主要集中于脑默认网络和边缘系统等多个脑区,提示其可能存在特征性神经功能改变基础。  相似文献   

6.
难治性抑郁症脑局部葡萄糖代谢的初步研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
目的 探索难治性抑郁症的脑局部葡萄糖代谢模式.方法 对符合国际疾病分类标准第10版(ICD.10)抑郁症诊断标准的8例难治性抑郁症患者和8名正常对照进行静息态正电子发射计算机断层/18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(PET/FDG)扫描,利用参数统计图(SPM2)方法分析组间脑局部代谢差异.结果 患者组的双侧额中回、左侧眶额皮质、左顶下小叶、左腹侧前扣带回、右侧额下回、右颞是回和颞中回以及双侧背侧前扣带回FDG代谢水平明显低于对照组;而左侧中央前/后回、右侧额内侧回、右颞极、右岛叶以及双侧小脑等脑区代谢水平则明显高于对照组.上述差异均有统计学意义(P<0.005).结论 难治性抑郁症患者存在旁边缘系统代谢增高和皮质代谢降低的交互性改变的异常代谢模式.  相似文献   

7.
目的 探讨急性重性创伤后应激障碍(post traumatic stress disorder,PTSD)患者的脑功能及执行记忆功能时的脑反应.方法 采用功能磁共振成像技术,对经历矿难的10例急性重性PTSD患者(PTSD组)和7例非PTSD对照(非PTSD组)执行症状激发任务,并首次采用1项创伤有关的短期记忆提取任务进行记忆功能的测定.结果 症状激发试验中,PTSD组负性图片相比中性图片,左侧后扣带回、双侧尾状核和右侧丘脑等脑区激活增强,右侧扣带回和双侧额中回激活下降;PTSD组相比非PTSD组,右侧前扣带回、左侧额下回、双侧额中回及双侧颞中回等脑区激活下降,左侧海马旁回激活增高.短期记忆提取任务中,PTSD组负性图片相比中性图片,右侧后扣带回和双侧海马存在明显激活;PTSD组相比非PTSD组,右侧额下回、右侧额中回、左侧枕中回等脑区激活下降.记忆提取任务相比症状激发任务,PTSD组右侧海马旁回激活下降.结论 急性重性PTSD患者在急性期已存在部分脑区激活的下降以及记忆功能的减退.  相似文献   

8.
目的 研究Alzheimer病(AD)与AD伴抑郁患者(depression in Alzheimer's disease,dAD)在注意任务下脑功能激活区的差异.方法 收集临床诊断轻度AD患者20例,符合《精神疾病诊断与统计手册第Ⅳ版》标准(DSM-Ⅳ),其临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)评分1.0,其中9例dAD患者符合国立精神疾病研究院制定的痴呆伴抑郁的诊断标准(NIMH-dAD标准),其康奈尔痴呆中抑郁量表评分(CSDD)>12.另有10名健康老龄者为对照组.在静音Stroop任务下,计算完成任务的反应时间、错误率和漏报率等行为学指标,同时采集fMRI脑部功能图像,使用SPM2软件分析.结果 dAD、AD与对照组的反应时间(ms)分别为2214.4±107.1、2020.6±558.3、840.0±254.5,dAD与AD组均明显慢于对照组(P<0.01),且dAD组比AD组更慢(P=0.04).dAD、AD、对照组的错误率分别为:8.3%、6.9%、0.7%;其漏报率分别为:3.6%、2.9%、0,虽然dAD与AD组在错误率(P=0.13)和漏报率(P=0.10)间并无差异,但均明显高于对照组(P<0.01).对照组在双侧前额背外侧皮质、双侧前扣带回、右侧顶叶和左额下回有明显的激活.AD组仅在左侧顶叶、左前扣带回和右额叶背外侧皮质等有少量激活.dAD组仅在前额皮质和部分右侧前额背外侧皮质处有少量激活.结论 与对照组相比,AD伴有和不伴抑郁的患者均存在异常的脑功能成像,但二者间有着明显的差别,抑郁加重AD的注意功能损害.  相似文献   

9.
目的 利用功能磁共振成像(functionalmagneticresonanceimaging ,fMRI)技术探讨倒背数字作业认知功能的脑功能定位。方法 1 8名健康志愿者完成以倒背数字作业(backwarddigitspantask ,BDST)作为刺激模式、采用组块设计(block)的fMRI检查,经工作站处理后获功能图像。结果 健康志愿者的左侧额上回、额中回、额下回、中央前回、顶上小叶、缘上回、颞下回、枕颞外侧回及右侧额中回等脑区均有明显激活。结论 左侧额叶腹外侧及左侧项叶后下部可能参与工作记忆对语言材料激活信息的保持,而双侧额叶背外侧可能参与工作记忆对语言材料激活信息的执行控制。  相似文献   

10.
目的探讨高兴、中性、悲伤3种情绪面孔刺激对于发作期抑郁症患者执行持续注意任务时N170的影响;分析发作期抑郁症患者抑郁、焦虑严重程度与N170波幅和潜伏期的相关性。方法选取28例22~69岁抑郁症患者(患者组)和31名20~61岁正常对照者(对照组)。要求被试在高兴、中性、悲伤3种情绪面孔刺激随机呈现后执行注意与选择任务,分别检测被试执行任务时脑电视觉诱发电位,比较患者组和对照组在高兴、中性、悲伤3种情绪面孔诱发的N170波幅和潜伏期,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)分别评估患者组抑郁、焦虑严重程度。结果与对照组比较,患者组在高兴、中性、悲伤3种情绪面孔刺激下所诱发的头颅局部(T5、T6、O1、O2)N170潜伏期差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而N170波幅差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。患者组中性情绪面孔刺激下T5部位N170波幅与HAMD总分存在正相关(r=0.443,P=0.018)。结论发作期抑郁症患者对于不同情绪面孔的初始认知加工有损害,并且抑郁严重程度在部分脑区与中性情绪面孔刺激所诱发的N170波幅有相关性。  相似文献   

11.
Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.  相似文献   

12.
Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Robert J. Gumnit 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S3):S9-S13
Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.  相似文献   

13.
Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy   总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2  
Eileen P.G. Vining 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S2):S18-S22
Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.  相似文献   

14.
B. J. Wilder 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S2):S1-S7
Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.  相似文献   

15.
Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.  相似文献   

16.
Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.  相似文献   

17.
Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs   总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1  
Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.  相似文献   

18.
Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.  相似文献   

19.
Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
G. Trube  R. Netzer 《Epilepsia》1994,35(S5):S62-S67
Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.  相似文献   

20.
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.  相似文献   

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