神经内科住院患者对数字减影全脑血管造影术相关知识的知晓状况调查

目的分析神经内科住院患者对数字减影全脑血管造影术(DSA)相关知识的知晓状况。方法选取2012-01—2015-01在我院神经内科住院治疗且接受DSA患者120例。总结患者的一般资料,并采用调查问卷的形式对患者进行DSA相关知识调查,满分10分。调查患者对DSA相关知识得分及知识获取途径。结果年龄60岁知识评分(8.12±1.21)分,≥60岁(3.23±1.83)分。文化程度高中及以上(8.24±2.33)分,高中以下(3.14±1.65)分。职业非农民(7.34±2.12)分,农民(4.25±3.24)分。年龄在60岁以下知识知晓评分明显高于60岁及以上,文化程度高中及以上明显高于高中以下,职业非农民明显高于农民,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。120例患者中知晓途径为医护人员指导98例(81.67%),检查须知77例(64.17%),科普手册52例(43.33%),宣传广告栏41例(34.17%),院外了解(电视、网络、书籍等)42例(35.00%)。结论不同年龄、不同文化程度以及不同职业对数字减影全脑血管造影术相关知识知晓情况有所差异,针对不同的人群特点及时地进行知识普及对提高知识知晓率至关重要。     

1783名普通人群精神卫生知识知晓率调查结果及分析

目的普及精神卫生知识,了解现阶段精神卫生知识知晓率,比较前一次的调查有针对性的开展下一步精神卫生宣传.方法全市各区县定点随机调查过路行人,共调查有效问卷1783份.结果基本知晓率为17.7%;部分知晓率为51.2%;31.1%为较少知晓,并且知晓程度与性别、年龄、文化程度有关;较上次调查知晓率总体情况有所上升.结论通过努力本市市民对普通精神卫生知识知晓情况正在逐步提高,但对精神疾病及其症状的认识仍显不足,提示精神卫生的宣传和健康促进教育有待进一步加强.     

天津市社区居民精神卫生知识知晓率及相关因素

目的评估天津市社区居民精神卫生知识知晓水平和影响因素。方法在2011年天津市精神障碍患病率调查社区居民样本中随机抽取12%填写《精神卫生知识问卷》。按照基础设计权重和事后分层权重调整精神卫生知识知晓率,分析《精神卫生知识问卷》总分的影响因素。结果 1615名社区居民完成了调查。以12分(问卷条目回答正确率60%)作为"知晓"标准时对应的社区人群精神卫生知识知晓率为71.19%(95%CI:71.12%~71.26%)。单因素分析显示居住地(城市vs.农村)、民族、年龄、家庭人均收入、受教育年限、家庭成员最高受教育程度等6个因素对精神卫生知识问卷得分的影响具有统计学显著性。多元线性回归模型分析显示城乡、年龄、受教育年限等3个因素是精神卫生知识知晓水平的影响因素。结论天津市社区居民的精神卫生知晓率偏低,应在重点人群加强宣教预防精神障碍的知识。     

上海市市民精神卫生知识知晓率调查:2697份问卷分析

目的普及精神卫生知识,了解知晓程度,有针对性的开展精神卫生宣传.方法全市20个点随机同时调查,发放问卷2830份,收回有效问卷2697份.结果基本知晓率为17.09%;部分知晓率为31.85%;51.06%为较少知晓,并与性别、年龄文化程度有关.多数市民同情和愿意帮助精神疾病患者.结论本市市民对普通精神卫生知识知晓情况并不乐观,对精神疾病及其症状认识不足,精神卫生的宣传和教育亟待加强.     

健康教育对上海社区居民卒中知晓率影响的调查研究

目的 了解上海市虹口区社区居民对卒中相关知识的知晓率，探索健康教育对社区居民卒中相关知识知晓率的影响。方法 参考美国社区卒中预警症状和危险因素知晓率调查研究的内容设计调查问卷，讲座前使用问卷调查上海市虹口区志愿参加本研究的390名社区居民对卒中预警症状和相关危险因素的知晓情况。针对这些人群开展卒中相关知识讲座，发放宣传手册，3～5个月后采用相同方式再次调查其对卒中相关知识的知晓情况。结果 ①第一次调查发现被调查者对10项卒中危险因素的知晓率分别为2%～80%；被调查者对5项卒中预警症状的知晓率分别为51%～63%。②开展健康教育后，被调查者中了解≥2、≥3和≥4项卒中危险因素的比例与第一次调查相比差异有显著性（P值均＜0.0001），了解≥3和≥4项预警症状的被调查者比例与第一次调查相比差异有显著性（P值分别为0.0025和0.0227）。结论 目前上海市虹口区社区居民对卒中相关知识的知晓率不佳；健康教育是提高卒中相关知识知晓率的有效途径。     

重性精神疾病社区管理服务背景下湛江地区患者及家属对疾病知晓情况的分析

目的了解社区服务背景下湛江地区重性精神疾病患者及家属对疾病的知晓情况及社区服务效果,以促进人们对疾病的认识,指导社区服务与管理。方法随机选取湛江地区三家医院,整群随机抽取2018年3月-10月新入院并符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的重性精神疾病患者481例及对应的家属481例为研究对象,自编严重精神障碍患者暴力行为危险因素调查问卷调查患者及其家属对疾病的知晓程度、主要的知晓途径、知晓率。结果患者及家属精神卫生知识知晓率分别为64. 5%和65. 8%,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05)。患者与家属之间的知晓程度构成差异有统计学意义,家属对疾病的知晓程度更高(P<0. 01)。而对疾病知晓的主要途径方面,患者和家属均以就诊或住院的医院为主,分别占92. 3%和92. 7%。结论现阶段湛江地区患者及家属对重性精神疾病的知晓程度偏低,社区服务未能成为最主要的知晓途径。     

天水市城市与农村普通人群精神卫生知识知晓率及对精神疾病的态度

目的比较天水市城市与农村普通人群的心理健康、精神疾病预防知识知晓率及对精神疾病的态度。方法于2016年3月1日-4月30日采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法抽取天水市≥15岁的500名城市和1000名农村普通人为调查对象。采用精神卫生工作指标调查评估方案中的《普通人群心理健康知识和精神疾病预防知识知晓率问卷》、《病例测验》、《精神疾病有关态度问卷》进行调查,并比较农村和城市人群的各问卷结果。结果实际完成调查的城市与农村人口分别为485名、968名。城市人群对精神卫生与心理保健知识的知晓率高于农村(88.2%vs.65.4%,χ~2=99.89,P0.01),对精神疾病态度好于农村[(36.74±6.43)分vs.(35.83±7.62)分,t=2.27,P0.05]。城市人群对抑郁症、阳性症状为主精神分裂症、躁狂症及强迫症的知晓率均高于农村人群(35.5%vs.30.2%,40.2%vs.31.1%,65.4%vs.41.9%,77.1%vs.39.1%,χ~2=3.92、11.93、70.88、187.49,P0.05或0.01),对阴性症状为主精神分裂症的知晓率城市与农村人群差异无统计学意义(12.3%vs.14.3%,χ~2=0.59,P0.05)。结论天水市农村人群心理健康知识知晓率低于城市,对抑郁症、阳性症状为主精神分裂症、躁狂症、强迫症的知晓率低于城市人群,农村人群对精神疾病的态度有待提高,应加强对农村人群精神卫生知识的宣传力度。     

团体心理干预对企业员工寻求专业性心理帮助态度及应对效能的影响

目的 探讨团体心理辅导对企业员工寻求专业性心理帮助态度及应对效能的影响.方法 采用寻求专业心理帮助态度问卷和应对效能量表对上海市松江区204名以制造、加工为主的民营企业的员工进行测查.将企业员工按工号的单双号随机分为对照组与研究组,对照组接受企业平时常规开展心理健康服务,研究组在此基础上开展每两周1次共4次的团体心理辅导.干预后1周对所有入组的企业员工再次进行寻求专业心理帮助态度和应对效能量表的测量.结果 两组员工在干预前的寻求专业性心理帮助态度与应对效能总分及各因子分差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.干预后研究组在寻求专业性心理帮助总分、自我认知、社会成见、信任性及应对效能总分、胜任力、认知水平、自信程度上显著高于对照组,同时高于组内干预前评分,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.对照组干预前后各项差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 团体心理辅导能有效提高企业员工专业性心理帮助态度及应对效能.     

中山市中小学教师精神卫生知识知晓情况调查分析

目的了解中山市中小学教师精神卫生知识知晓情况、态度并探讨其相关影响因素。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取中山市小学、初中及高中共12所学校983名教师,采用一般情况调查表、精神卫生与心理保健知识问卷、儿童青少年常见精神疾病知识问卷及精神疾病态度问卷进行问卷调查。结果精神卫生与心理保健知识问卷总评分(15.92±2.50)分,总体正确率为79.6%;9种儿童青少年常见精神疾病中掌握最好的是抑郁症(38.0%),其次是精神发育迟滞(34.2%)和多动症(33.6%),最差为抽动症(13.4%);精神疾病态度问卷总评分(35.94±5.52)分。组间比较显示:女性教师精神卫生知识与心理保健问卷总评分高于男性教师,中学组教师在儿童青少年常见精神疾病总评分上优于小学教师,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。相关分析显示,教师精神疾病态度问卷总评分与其年龄及工作年限呈负相关(r=-0.07,P均0.05)。被调查的983名教师中,有228名(23.2%)反映在其教学工作中遇见过患有精神疾病的学生,97.2%(955名)的教师认为有必要学习精神卫生知识,在知识获得途径方面,新闻、杂志或网络所占比例最高(70.2%),专业讲座或培训(8.6%)及专业书籍(7.8%)较低。结论中山市中小学教师精神卫生知识知晓情况总体较好,具体病种掌握不均衡,对待精神疾病态度有待改变,可以借助新兴媒体进行有针对性的指导和宣教。     

林芝地区精神卫生工作者精神卫生知识知晓率及其对精神疾病的态度

目的了解西藏自治区林芝地区精神卫生工作者的精神卫生知识知晓率现状及其对精神疾病的态度,为提高后续有针对性的援藏工作提供参考。方法采用方便抽样方法抽取了林芝108名精神卫生工作人员,进行精神卫生知识问卷和精神疾病相关态度问卷调查。结果调查对象精神卫生知识总体知晓率为74.03%,年龄越大、有参加过精神/心理方面讲座的人员精神卫生知识问卷得分越高(β=0.261、0.220,P均0.05);精神疾病相关态度问卷总体得分为(45.11±5.21)分,其中有10个条目持正向态度的人员比例接近或高于50%。结论林芝地区精神卫生工作者对精神疾病的包容度较好,但精神卫生知识知晓率仍有待提高。     

The prevalence of childhood sexual abuse,physical abuse and emotional neglect in Europe

This paper concentrates on the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse and emotional neglect in Europe. It includes studies published in international journals or in easily accessible books. Data bases, specifically MEDLINE, PubMed, Psyndex and PsycInfo were used to find papers on this topic. Taking a broad view there is an incidence of sexual abuse experiences of 6-36 % in girls under the age of 16 years and of 1-15 % in boys under the age of 16. The incidence of physical abuse ranges from 5 to 50 % in Europe. There is a need for studies dealing with the prevalence of emotional neglect or psychological abuse. These figures are in line with those found in North America. However, due to the large differences in definitions and data gathering techniques, more precise conclusions are currently not possible.     

开放式叙事疗法在农村特殊家庭留守儿童心理干预中的应用

目的 探讨开放式叙事疗法在解决农村特殊家庭留守儿童心理问题中的作用.方法 采用艾森克个性调查问卷（7～15岁）、儿童孤独量表、儿童自我意识量表,对南充市阆中金城中心校四到六年级的在校农村特殊家庭（包括单亲、父母双亡、父母离异、父母服刑、父母丧失劳动力、养父母的家庭等）留守儿童和非留守儿童进行心理测量.其中49例为农村特殊家庭留守儿童设为干预组,75例非留守儿童设为对照组.干预组给予为期30周开放式叙事心理治疗（以作文结对交流为主）,对照组仅给予一般支持性心理辅导,随后两组重测上述心理测验,并对所得结果进行对比分析.结果 农村特殊家庭留守儿童心理卫生问题明显多于非留守儿童,表现为社会行为问题、个性情绪问题显著增多,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;经开放式叙事治疗后干预组儿童的社会行为问题、个性情绪问题明显减少、自我意识水平有所提高.结论 农村特殊家庭留守儿童存在较多的心理卫生问题,开放式叙事心理治疗可显著改善农村特殊家庭留守儿童的社会行为、缓解焦虑抑郁情绪、重塑个性,促进儿童身心健康发展.     

History of past sexual abuse in married observant Jewish women

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined instances of past sexual abuse and related demographic characteristics in the self-reports of a select group of married observant Jewish women. METHODS: Orthodox Jewish married women (N=380) ages 19 to 58 responded to advertisements asking them to complete an anonymous questionnaire about sexual experiences, including sexual abuse. RESULTS: Sexual abuse was reported by 26% of the respondents surveyed, with 16% reporting abuse occurring by the age of 13. More ultra-Orthodox Jews reported abuse than modern-Orthodox Jews. Women who were raised observant reported significantly less childhood sexual abuse than those who became observant later in life. Sexual abuse was associated with increased treatment-seeking for depression, marital counseling, or other emotional or psychological problems. CONCLUSION: While observant Jewish women live in a culture defined by a high degree of adherence to specific laws of conduct, including rules designed to regulate sexual contact, sexual abuse of various types still exists among them.     

Psychological defense styles in women who report childhood sexual abuse: a controlled community study.

OBJECTIVE: The psychological defense styles of women who reported childhood sexual abuse were assessed and compared to those of women without childhood sexual abuse. METHOD: Subjects in a random community sample (N = 354) of New Zealand women were interviewed and completed two relevant questionnaires, the Defense Style Questionnaire and the Dissociative Experiences Scale. RESULTS: Women reporting childhood sexual abuse showed more immature defense styles, and those who experienced the most severe childhood sexual abuse showed the most immature styles. Dissociation, however, as measured on the Dissociative Experiences Scale, was not linked to childhood sexual abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Reporting childhood sexual abuse was associated with more immature coping styles, although not dissociation, in this community sample of women. Coping styles are likely to be a major mechanism through which childhood sexual abuse increases rates of later psychological problems.     

绵阳市某地区农村留守妇女幸福感、安全感和心理健康状况的相关分析

目的研究绵阳市某地区农村留守妇女的幸福感,安全感与心理健康的现状,探讨它们之间的关系和影响因素。方法采用分层随机取样法,于2013年12月-2014年1月抽取绵阳市某周边县市的187名农村留守妇女,进行总体幸福感量表(GWB)、安全感-不安全感问卷(S-I)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)问卷调查。结果①61.7%的妇女报告存在不安全感;②主观幸福感得分与常模比较差异有统计学意义(t=38.813,P0.05);③SCL-90中躯体化、抑郁、焦虑三个维度得分与常模比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.30~8.45,P0.05)。④主观幸福感对心理健康状况具有一定的预测关系(β=0.326,t=4.36,P0.05)。结论绵阳市某地区农村留守妇女的主观幸福感状况较好,但半数以上缺乏安全感,主要存在"躯体化"、"抑郁"和"焦虑"心理问题;主观幸福感可能对心理健康状况具有一定的预测作用。     

THE PREVALENCE OF CHILD ABUSE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS (Brief Report)

Abstract

This is an investigation into the prevalence of child psychological, physical, emotional, and ritualistic abuse among a sample of university students. A retrospective self-rating questionnaire was completed by 722 University of the North undergraduate students (South Africa) in a classroom setting. The questionnaire addressed the demographic variables of the participants; psychological, physical, and emotional abusive experiences from their parents or adult caretakers before the age of 17 years; and ritualistic abusive experiences before the age of 17 years. The prevalence rates were as follows: 79.1% (N=526) for psychological abused, 16.2% (N=110) for physical abuse, 28.5% (N=194) for emotional abuse, 6.0% (N=37) for ritualistic abuse. The author calls for an awareness campaign in those areas of child abuse and for awareness making of the public about the possible short and long-term effects of such abusive behaviours on children.     

THE SUITABILITY OF THE ROBERTS APPERCEPTION TEST FOR CHILDREN (RATC), THE HOUSE-TREE-PERSON (H-T-P) AND DRAW-A-PERSON (D-A-P) SCALES IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN THE INDIAN COMMUNITY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

Abstract

Determining whether a child has been sexually abused is both a challenging and daunting task, since errors in this regard could have far-reaching implications. Adding to the dilemma of distinguishing between the abused and non-abused child is the fact that there is no single psychological measuring instrument to aid the forensic evaluator in this task. However, recently there have been attempts to either develop certain measures for specific use in child sexual abuse investigations or to determine the suitability of existing measures in this regard. The aim of this study was to determine the suitability of the Roberts Apperception Test for Children (RATC), the House-Tree-Person (H-T-P) test and the Draw-A-Person (D-A-P) test as measures of sexual abuse assessment in South African children. As there is particularly a lack of information in certain subcultures, this study focused on the Indian community. The research participants included 23 sexually abused girls and 17 non-sexually abused girls mostly from foster homes in KwaZulu-Natal. The results revealed that the two groups differed significantly on the four scales of the H-T-P/D-A-P, whereas there were no differences in the scale scores on the RATC. However, a larger proportion of girls who were sexually abused, gave responses of a sexual nature on the RATC. It was concluded that both these instruments seem to be suitable for inclusion in an assessment battery for sexual abuse investigations in Indian girls. It was also emphasised that none of the instruments can be used in isolation. However, they can provide an indication of possible sexual abuse which must be investigated further.     

What do children know about preventing sexual assault? How can their awareness be increased?

Recent awareness of the pervasiveness of sexual abuse of children has resulted in a move to implement prevention programs. In conducting these programs the question of effectiveness is frequently asked. In an attempt to answer some of this concern, a questionnaire was developed and tested to determine children's base level of knowledge. The video format prevention program, "Feeling Yes, Feeling No", available from the National Film Board (Canada) was tested as a method of increasing awareness. A school with a cross section of town and rural children, with differing socioeconomic backgrounds, participated in the study. The study consisted of a pretest of knowledge, a structured video interactive classroom prevention program, and a post-test measure of change. One hundred and thirty-seven students in grades 4, 5, and 6 participated. The program took 4 weeks to complete. When asked about their feelings with regard to the program, 97% of the children stated that they enjoyed it. The results indicated that while most children have a basic level of self-protective knowledge and assertiveness, they can, in a classroom setting, learn significant and additional facts about avoiding sexual assault. Eight of twenty-nine knowledge questions elicited a large change in response, suggesting increased awareness of self-protection. The most significant changes occurred with girls, the same group apparently most at risk.     

Factors linked to distress in mothers of children disclosing sexual abuse

The aim of the present study is to investigate the variability in clinical level of psychological distress experienced by mothers of sexually abused children by exploring the role of (a) abuse-related variables (length, severity, and identity of perpetrator), (b) a history of childhood sexual abuse and partner violence experienced in the past year, and (c) mothers' coping and feelings of empowerment. Data were collected through self-report measures completed by 149 French-speaking mothers of girls aged 4 to 12 years disclosing sexual abuse. Results revealed that more than half of the mothers reported clinical levels of psychological distress and experienced child sexual abuse, and 1 of 4 mothers experienced physical partner violence. Logistic regression analysis revealed that mother's sexual abuse and partner violence as well as avoidance coping and empowerment contributed to scores reaching clinical levels of psychological distress. In addition, mothers of child victims of intrafamilial sexual abuse are more likely to report clinical levels of distress. Results underscore the importance of evaluating for trauma history and taking coping strategies and empowerment into account in treatment interventions.     

Dissociation and childhood trauma in psychologically disturbed adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that dissociation in adolescence is positively correlated with stress or abuse experienced earlier, the authors assessed dissociation in a heterogeneous group of disturbed adolescents and examined the relationship between the degree of dissociation and the degree of reported childhood stress, abuse, or trauma. METHOD: The subjects were 47 adolescents, 13-17 years old, who were institutionalized for periods of 1-13 weeks in a private mental hospital; 35 were girls and 12 were boys. Participants completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale and a child abuse and trauma questionnaire. The hospital records of 40 of the 47 adolescents were also available. RESULTS: Scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale correlated significantly with self-reported physical abuse or punishment, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, neglect, and negative home atmosphere but not with abuse ratings made from hospital records. CONCLUSIONS: Together with the authors' previous work showing a relation between childhood stress and later dissociation in normal college students, these findings support the view that dissociation represents a reaction to early negative experience and places multiple personality disorder at the extreme end of a continuum of dissociative sequelae of childhood trauma. Researchers should continue to try to identify psychiatric patients with prominent dissociative characteristics or symptoms and attempt to correlate this phenomenology with negative earlier experiences.