基于Web of Science数据库的家庭暴力研究可视化分析

目的 了解家庭暴力这一课题的研究现状与发展历程，把握当前该领域研究热点。方法 以Web of Science核心数据库中的文献为分析对象，利用情报学软件CiteSpace对1966年1月-2021年9月发表的20 417篇家庭暴力相关文献进行梳理，分析文献的数量、作者、研究机构和关键词。结果 ①2015年以后，关于家庭暴力的文献发表数量增长迅速；②在作者中，Kelsey Hegarty、Gene Feder等人的发文数量最多，作者之间的合作形成了部分小型合作团体和具有一定规模的科研团体；③科研机构之间的合作紧密，发表论文数最多的机构是北卡罗莱纳大学，中心性最强的机构是波士顿大学；④热点关键词一直在发展变化，当前的热点主要是约会暴力、性暴力以及家庭成员对家庭暴力的感知和实施等。结论 家庭暴力领域研究人员众多且研究范围广泛，并诞生了许多新兴研究热点。     

基于文献计量学分析缺血性脑血管病预后的基因组学研究

目的 分析2017—2022年缺血性脑血管病（ischemic cerebrovascular disease,ICVD）预后的基因组学研究现状、研究热点及前沿领域。方法 在Web of Science核心合集（SCI-EXPANDED）中检索2017年1月1日—2022年10月1日ICVD预后的基因组学相关文献。使用CiteSpace软件分析文献中发文国家、机构、作者间的合作网络;参考文献、参考文献第一作者、期刊的共被引网络;参考文献的聚类结果;关键词的共现网络及其聚类结果,并使用可视化图谱呈现结果。结果 共纳入353篇文献。中国发文144篇,居全球首位,但仅与5个国家建立了合作关系。首都医科大学是发文最多的机构,共20篇。国际卒中遗传学联盟成员在发文量前10位的作者中占据6位,是发文的主力军并形成了主要的合作团簇。研究方法多使用全基因组关联分析和孟德尔随机化。近年来的研究热点是探究卒中预后与其他复杂疾病的共同遗传通路、影响抗血小板药物疗效的遗传变异,以及炎症机制在预后中的影响。结论 ICVD预后的基因组学研究热度逐年上升,已形成多个研究热点,主要探索相关潜在机制来推动新药研发。     

基于CNKI数据库的青少年心理弹性研究可视化分析

目的 梳理和分析青少年心理弹性的研究进展,把握该领域的研究热点与前沿。方法 运用CiteSpace对中国知网（CNKI）数据库2012年1月1日-2021年12月31日收录的青少年心理弹性相关文献进行发文量、作者、研究机构以及关键词的共现、聚类和突现词的可视化分析。结果 ①近十年,青少年心理弹性相关研究发文状况可分为缓慢增长阶段（2012年-2018年）和快速增长阶段（2018年-2021年）。②作者之间合作较紧密,且多为中小型合作团体,科研机构方面,各机构合作较少,多为师范类院校之间的合作。③关键词共现分析方面,热点关键词大致分为三类：心理健康状况、影响因素以及预防与干预研究。④相关高频关键词共生成十个聚类,包括学业情绪、学习倦怠、青少年、流动儿童、精神卫生、内化问题、社会支持、应对方式、自尊和幸福感。⑤突现强度较高的关键词为应对方式、心理健康、中介作用、回归分析、社会工作、精神卫生和焦虑。结论 关于青少年心理弹性的研究,未来可加强研究机构之间的合作,促进研究质量提升。此外,心理弹性相关的干预研究或将成为该领域未来研究热点。     

国内外卒中患者照顾者领域研究热点与前沿可视化分析

目的 以文献计量学为基础，应用CiteSpace软件对国内外卒中患者照顾者领域研究现状及热点问题进行分析，为深入开展该领域的研究提供参考。方法 在中国知网和Web of Science数据库中检索从建库至2021年12月31日卒中患者照顾者领域的中英文文献，文献类型包括论著、综述、学位论文、会议论文。去除重复文献后，从发文量、作者、机构、国家、关键词等方面进行文献计量学分析。结果 共纳入1298篇中文文献（中国知网），1763篇英文文献（Web of Science）。对于卒中患者照顾者的研究，中英文文献发表均整体呈逐年上升趋势，中国知网数据库中，发文量从2002年的4篇增至2021年的164篇；郑州大学张振香是发文量最多（48篇）的作者，郑州大学护理与健康学院（50篇）是该领域发文量最多的机构；除主题词外，“影响因素”“照顾能力”“照顾负担”“抑郁”“焦虑”“自我感受负担”等为高频关键词。在Web of Science数据库中，发文量从2009年的103篇增至2021年的201篇；美国发文量最多（565篇），约翰霍普金斯医学院的Roth在作者中发文量最多，Univ Toronto（55篇）在发文机构中居首位；“quality of life”“rehabilitation”“support”“burden”“care”“depression symptom”“survivor”等为高频关键词。结论 国内外卒中患者照顾者领域的研究处于稳定发展阶段，发文作者、发文机构均呈现以高校和地域为中心的特点，但缺乏跨区域和跨单位合作；国内外研究热点不同，照顾负担及照顾能力的影响因素、卒中照顾者负性情绪为国内研究热点，照顾者生活质量的影响因素、照顾负担和抑郁症状、照顾者主导的康复对卒中患者的影响是国外研究热点。临床或科研工作者应加强各研究机构之间的合作，关注该领域的研究前沿和热点，提高研究深度和广度。     

正念干预的临床应用价值、原理及基本实践技巧

正念干预是基于佛教修行的冥想,结合当代心理学理论和方法所发展的一种心理疗法。近年来的实证研究表明正念干预在降低抑郁复发,缓解抑郁、焦虑症状,减少物质滥用,减轻疼痛,血压管理,提高免疫力,改善睡眠等方面的应用均产生了良好的效果。当前,正念疗法在欧美心理治疗界中已成为心理治疗的主流。近几年我国心理学界和心理治疗领域也开始对正念治疗进行介绍,但在临床精神健康领域却缺乏相关的实践和研究。本文将对正念的概念,干预的基本机制,临床实践中的基本技能和指导原则简要介绍。     

正念疗法治疗抑郁症的研究进展

抑郁症的非药物治疗手段是药物治疗的一种有效补充，正念疗法是近年开展较多的一种 心理治疗方法，现通过归纳总结近几年国内外正念及其相关疗法的内涵、作用机制，对正念疗法在抑郁 症患者中的应用研究现状进行综述，为将来进一步的研究和临床应用提供指导和支持。     

正念干预的临床应用价值、原理及基本实践技巧（英文）

正念干预是基于佛教修行的冥想,结合当代心理学理论和方法所发展的一种心理疗法。近年来的实证研究表明正念干预在降低抑郁复发,缓解抑郁、焦虑症状,减少物质滥用,减轻疼痛,血压管理,提高免疫力,改善睡眠等方面的应用均产生了良好的效果。当前,正念疗法在欧美心理治疗界中已成为心理治疗的主流。近几年我国心理学界和心理治疗领域也开始对正念治疗进行介绍,但在临床精神健康领域却缺乏相关的实践和研究。本文将对正念的概念,干预的基本机制,临床实践中的基本技能和指导原则简要介绍。     

超重或肥胖者执行功能研究的可视化分析

目的 了解超重或肥胖与执行功能的研究现状与发展趋势,把握当前该领域研究热点。方法 以Web of Science核心合集数据库收录的、发表于2010年-2021年的1 321篇以“超重或肥胖与执行功能”为主题的文献为分析对象,采用CiteSpace与VOSviewer绘制知识图谱,通过发文量、研究国家和地区、研究机构以及关键词的共现、聚类和突现进行可视化分析。结果 ①发文量增长趋势方面,2010年-2021年,超重或肥胖与执行功能研究的发文状况分为三个阶段,2010年-2014年、2017年-2021年这两个阶段发文量快速增长,2014年-2017年发文量增长较平缓;②参与研究的国家和地区方面,共有64个国家和地区参与该领域的研究,其中美国的发文量最多,与其他国家和地区的合作交流最频繁、影响力最大,居该研究领域核心地位;③研究机构方面,共有1 627所机构参与该领域的研究,其中伊利诺伊大学（Illinois University）发文量最多且与多所高产机构合作紧密,形成了具有一定规模的研究团体;④关键词分析方面,研究内容主要涉及饮食行为研究、预防与干预研究、风险因素评估以及不同群体特征分析。结论 超重或肥胖与执行功能研究整体呈快速发展态势,国际关注度高且研究范围广泛。     

正念疗法在社交焦虑障碍中应用的研究进展

随着认知行为疗法第三代浪潮的到来，越来越多的基于正念的心理疗法被应用于社交焦 虑障碍中。基于正念的心理疗法主要包括正念减压疗法、正念认知疗法和接纳承诺疗法。一些研究已 证实基于正念的心理疗法能够减轻社交焦虑症状，增加自尊、正念技能和心理灵活性。现对正念的定义、 正念疗法的介绍以及正念疗法在社交焦虑障碍中的应用进展进行阐述。     

正念干预在突发公共卫生事件中的应用

突发公共卫生事件可能会引发个体焦虑、抑郁、急性应激障碍、创伤后应激障碍等心理反应。以正念为基础的心理干预(MBI,Mindfulness-Based Intervention)作为一种新兴的心理治疗方法,在治疗这些心理障碍中有着积极作用。本文对正念干预在焦虑、抑郁、急性应激障碍、创伤后应激障碍患者中的应用研究现状进行探讨,为进一步的研究和临床应用提供参考。     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée ? Introduction à deux articles de E. Kandel

In two articles which appeared in the American Journal of Psychiatry and that were subsequently translated for Évolution Psychiatrique, E. Kandel examines the bases for a reinterpreted psychiatry that is prepared to confront the major challenge of the 3rd millenium: that of insight into the mind and brain. This requires a major reorganization of the discipline, which involves a reinvestment of the scientific approach and a critical  assessment of the data provided by psychoanalytical psychiatry and cognitive neurosciences. Seven concepts have therefore been proposed for interactive re-examination: consciousness, the unconscious, memory, emotion, development, desire, impulse. The dynamic relations existing between genetics and the environment allow one to see how evolutions are possible from actions at different levels, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological. Imaging and other techniques provide additional objective information to the process of human interaction which remains the basis of psychiatry. A common framework for psychiatry and the neurosciences, a reconsideration and renewal of the psychoanalytical approach are both possible and necessary.     

Opioids and the developing organism: A comprehensive bibliography, 1984–1988

A comprehensive bibliography of the literature concerned with opioids and the developing organism for 1984-1988 is presented. Utilized with companion papers (Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 6:439-479; 1982; 8:387-403; 1984), these articles cover the clinical and laboratory references beginning in 1875. For the years 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, a total of 877 citations were recorded. A series of indexes accompanies the citations in order to make the literature more accessible. These indexes are divided into clinical and laboratory topics, and subdivided into such topics as the type of opioid explored and the general area of biological interest (e.g., physiology).     

La biologie et le futur de la psychanalyse : un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée

The American Journal of Psychiatry has received a number of letters in response to my earlier “Framework” article (1). Some of these are reprinted elsewhere in this issue, and I have answered them briefly there. However, one issue raised by some letters deserves a more detailed answer, and that relates to whether biology is at all relevant to psychoanalysis. To my mind, this issue is so central to the future of psychoanalysis that it cannot be addressed with a brief comment. I therefore have written this article in an attempt to outline the importance of biology for the future of psychoanalysis.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Facteurs de risque environnementaux à la schizophrénie

Schizophrenia is currently a major concern, its prevalence being estimated at around 1% and its social consequences being severe. The elucidation of the pathophysiology of the disease is difficult due to the great variability of clinical expressions, the instability of the clinical symptoms during the evolution and the absence of reliable biological markers. The existence of a familial aggregation in schizophrenia is well known, the risk of presenting the disease for first-degree relatives of patients being 5 to 10 times higher than the risk observed in the general population. The genetic component was further confirmed by twin and adoption studies. Although the concordance for the disease is higher (40 to 70%) among monozygotic twins as compared with dizygotic twins (15%) it does not reach 100%, which implies that environmental factors modulate the effects of the genotype. However, the role of these factors and especially their interaction with genetic factors remain unclear but the implications of some specific environmental factors are well documented by recent research data. The current literature on sex differences in schizophrenia is consistent. Several studies have suggested that male and female patients may differ in age at the onset and expression of clinical symptoms. Complications during pregnancy or birth-giving may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The major complications are oxygen deprivation during pregnancy, bleeding, maternal malnutrition or infection (exposure to influenza, for example). A low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Psychoses are more common among people living in an urban environment and among those born during winter months. Schizophrenia is probably more prevalent in people who are living promiscuously, are subject to toxic abuse, poor nutrition and stress but here more precise data are needed. Moreover, immigrants have a higher risk of developing psychotic disorders. In addition, head traumas are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Though they are contentious, some studies suggest that substance abuse (cannabis use in European countries) is related to the development of schizophrenia, especially in people with genetic vulnerability. Moreover, substance misuse may worsen the symptoms. If the environment is sufficiently stressful, people with a high genetic vulnerability will develop some degree of mental illness, including schizophrenia. Conversely, a less stressful or a protective environment may decrease the risk of its onset in persons with a predisposition to schizophrenia.