气象因素与脑血管病关系的研究

目的 探讨脑血管病发病与气象因素间的关系。方法 收集青岛市1998～2002年6186例脑血管病患者[脑出血（CH）1179例、脑梗死（C1）4821例、蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）186例]的发病时间及同期的月平均气温、气压、相对湿度、风速等气象资料。圆分布分析脑血管病发病的季节规律；直线相关、多元逐步回归分析气象因素与脑血管病发病之间的关系。结果 CH冬季高发，平均角在1月份（P〈0．05）；CI及SAH均于秋季高发，平均角在10门份（均P〈0．05）。CH多发于低气温、高气压的气象条件（r=-0．370、0．349，均P〈0．05），CI多发于高温、高气压、低湿度的气象条件（r=0．308、0．264、-0．370，均P〈0．05）。影响月发病人数的气象因素，CH是月平均气压、相对湿度和风速，CI是月平均气压和气温。结论 气象因素是脑血管病发病的影响因素，在脑血管病的预防工作中应充分考虑其发病的季节特点。气象因素为自变量的多元逐步回归方程不宜用来进行预测发病人数。     

精神病托管机构抗精神病药物使用情况调查

目的了解北京市朝阳区精神病托管中心抗精神病药物使用情况,为托管机构患者的药物管理提供参考。方法选取2017年6月在北京市朝阳区精神病托管服务中心住院、符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神疾病诊断标准并接受抗精神病药物治疗的患者为研究对象,采用自编调查问卷收集患者的社会人口学资料、临床诊断及用药情况。结果共197例患者纳入研究,其中使用单一抗精神病药物的患者共180例(91. 4%),联合使用两种及以上抗精神病药物的患者17例(8. 6%)。使用频率最高的抗精神病药物前五位依次是氯丙嗪[54例次(25. 0%)]、氯氮平[37例次(17. 1%)]、氟哌啶醇[26例次(12. 0%)]、利培酮[23例次(10. 6%)]和舒必利[22例次(10. 2%)]。接受第一代抗精神病药物治疗的患者病程(Z=-3. 260,P0. 05)和住院时间更长(Z=-3. 531,P0. 01)。Logistc回归分析显示:住院时间是使用第一代抗精神病药物的相关因素(β=0. 099,OR=1. 104,95%CI=1. 033～1. 179,P0. 05)。结论北京市朝阳区精神病托管中心住院患者以使用单一抗精神病药为主,使用第一代抗精神病药物更多,住院时间长的患者倾向于使用第一代抗精神病药物。     

情感性精神障碍与气象要素

目的探讨情感性精神障碍与气象要素的关系。方法对天津市安定医院1997-1999年情感性精神障碍月入院量和同期气象资料的相关性进行回顾性分析。结果情感性精神障碍月入院量与同期气压、日照有显著意义的相关。结论日照、气压和风速可能是情感性精神障碍发病的主要气象影响因素。     

COVID-19疫情期间隔离人群的反刍思维与睡眠质量的临床现状及其相关性研究

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间隔离人群的反刍思维与睡眠质量的临床现状及其相关性研究。方法采用失眠严重指数量表(ISI)、反刍思维量表(RRS)对四川德阳某集中隔离点107例人员进行调查。结果隔离人员失眠检出率为37. 4%。相关性分析表明:反刍思维量表总分(65. 44±9. 69)与失眠严重指数量表总分(6. 47±4. 92)呈正相关(r=0. 468,P 0. 05),其中,反复深思维度与失眠严重指数量表总分呈正相关(r=0. 35,P 0. 05);强迫思考维度与失眠严重指数量表总分呈正相关(r=0. 382,P 0. 05);抑郁相关维度与失眠严重指数量表总分呈正相关(r=0. 468,P 0. 05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示已婚为出现睡眠障碍的危险因素(P 0. 05);而年龄增加为其保护性因素(P 0. 05)。结论被隔离人员在疫情期间极易出现睡眠障碍,而反刍思维与睡眠障碍呈极强的正相关性。对于突发公共卫生事件过程中,如何通过调节反刍思维以改善睡眠障碍可能具有重要的研究价值。     

面神经炎发病和气象条件的关系

目的分析中国北方面神经炎患者与气象因素之间的相关性,初步探讨气象因素对面神经炎发病的影响。方法回顾性研究采集北京友谊医院神经内科及北京博爱医院神经内科2007年门诊和急诊收治的298例面神经炎患者的临床资料,并采集北京市气象台2007年逐月逐日平均气温、相对湿度、气压、风速、月平均气温、月平均相对湿度、月平均气压、月平均风速、风冷指数(WCF)等气象要素。分析气象因素与面神经炎发病之间的相关性。结果月平均相对湿度与面神经炎发病呈正相关(r=0.629,P=0.028),而月平均气温、平均气压、平均风速、WCF等未发现与面神经炎发病存在明显相关性(r=0.558,P=0.059;r=-0.509,P=0.091;r=-0.219,P=0.494;r=-0.562,P=0.057)。面神经炎发病并不存在季节性差异。结论月平均相对湿度可能是面神经炎发病的影响因素。     

复发性躁狂症的3年随访

目的　探讨复发性躁狂症的临床特征及诊断稳定性 ,为CCMD 3制定标准提供科学数据。方法　作为全国CCMD 3现场测试的一部分 ,从 1996年至 2 0 0 0年 ,全国 16所精神卫生机构的 34位医师参加本研究 ,评定员对使用的RTHD等量表进行了一致性测试 ,其Kappa =0 91,选择符合CCMD 2R标准的 5 4例复发性躁狂症患者。确定 37例 (6 8 5 % )进行 3年的前瞻性随访观察。结果　 5 4例患者中男性 35例 ,女性 19例 ,平均年龄 (37± 10 )岁 ;发作次数达 3次或 3次以上 ;入组时均处于躁狂发作期 ,并在住院治疗 ;平均总病程 (113 3± 10 2 5 )月 ,平均本次病程 (3 5± 9 1)月 ,病程类型为发作性者 4 7例 (87 0 % )。本组患者以情感性症状为主 ,其中情感高涨发生率为 94 1% ,易激惹发生率为 81 5 % ,4 0 7%伴有精神病性症状如妄想。 1年时随访到 32例患者 ,均保持原诊断 ,无 1例抑郁发作。 3年末随访的 2 7例患者中 ,2 5例保持原诊断。 2例出现抑郁发作 ,更改为双相障碍抑郁相。结论　我国确实存在复发性躁狂症 ,该诊断稳定性高 ,故CCMD 3继续保持其分类学地位     

未治疗抑郁障碍患者自杀风险与认知情绪调节策略的关系

目的探讨具有自杀风险的抑郁障碍患者在认知情绪调节策略方面的特征及其影响因素,以早期识别具有自杀风险的患者,有针对性地给予干预。方法选取117例来自北京回龙观医院门诊、经简明国际神经精神访谈(MINI)5. 0中文版筛查符合抑郁障碍诊断标准的未治疗抑郁障碍患者,根据MINI 5. 0中文版自杀模块的访谈结果,将患者分为自杀风险组(n=52)和无自杀风险组(n=65)。采用认知情绪调节问卷(CERQ-C)进行认知调节策略的测评,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)评定抑郁症状的严重程度。结果抑郁障碍患者自杀风险发生率为44. 4%(52/117)。与无自杀风险组相比,自杀风险组患者更多见于女性、未婚、平均年龄更小、发病年龄更早、HAMD-17总评分更高、伴精神病性症状率较高,自杀风险组自我责难、接受、沉思、灾难化4个认知调节策略维度及消极认知情绪调节评分均高于无自杀风险组(P均<0. 05)。Logistic回归分析显示,女性(OR=3. 539,95%CI:1. 383~9. 057)、发病年龄(OR=0. 931,95%CI:0. 895~0. 968)、HAMD-17总评分(OR=1. 207,95%CI:1. 063~1. 370)和灾难化(OR=1. 143,95%CI:1. 002~1. 305)与抑郁障碍患者自杀风险相关(P均<0. 05)。结论女性、发病年龄早、抑郁症状严重和灾难化可能为未治疗抑郁障碍患者自杀风险的危险因素。     

常见精神障碍发病与空气负离子浓度的相关性

目的研究空气负离子浓度与常见精神障碍发病的相关性,探讨空气负离子浓度对常见精神障碍发病的影响。方法对中山市第三人民医院2010年6月-2017年5月入院的精神分裂症、精神发育迟滞和双相情感障碍患者的病历资料进行整理分析,将各病种月入院量与同期月平均空气负离子浓度进行相关分析。结果 Pearson相关分析显示,双相抑郁月入院量与月平均空气负离子浓度呈正相关(r=0.34,P0.01),1月-12月月均空气负离子浓度分别为:353、336、419、564、658、729、700、665、637、512、393、479个/cm~3,对应月份双相抑郁月累积入院量分别为:37、20、36、38、55、31、29、41、44、38、26、37人次。结论双相抑郁在低浓度空气负离子时发病增多,高浓度时发病减少。     

脑磁图γ频段活动异常脑区与抑郁障碍患者自杀风险的相关性分析

目的:探索脑磁图(MEG)γ频段活动异常脑区与抑郁障碍患者自杀风险的相关性。方法:根据汉密尔顿抑郁量表-17项(HAMD-17)中自杀因子评分将56例抑郁障碍患者分为高自杀风险组(26例)及低自杀风险组(30例),给予其自杀风险量表(NGASR)评估;采用事件相关设计,以正性情绪任务时利用MEG采集γ频段下各脑区能量值,使用聚类置换检验法比较出抑郁障碍患者与健康对照组(50名)γ频段能量值差异有统计学意义的脑区,定义为与抑郁障碍相关的脑区;再在其中比较出高、低自杀风险组间γ频段能量值差异有统计学意义的脑区,分析其与NGASR评分相关性。结果:γ频段下发现35个与抑郁障碍相关脑区;其中与NGASR评分相关的脑区为右侧海马(r=-0. 299,P=0. 04)、右侧旁海马(r=-0. 307,P=0. 04)、左侧枕中回(r=-0. 299,P=0. 04)、右侧颞中回(r=-0. 301,P=0. 04)及右侧颞极(r=-0. 332,P=0. 02)。结论:抑郁障碍患者海马、颞叶、枕叶等脑区出现γ频段活动异常;可能与自杀风险相关。     

学历因素影响帕金森病脑深部电刺激术后焦虑和抑郁改善的研究

目的研究影响帕金森病患者脑深部电刺激(DBS)术后焦虑和抑郁改善的相关因素;包括学历水平、运动症状改善率等。方法北京天坛医院功能神经外科收治的90例帕金森病行DBS术患者。所有患者采用单侧或双侧DBS术进行治疗,术后1个月打开刺激器。分别于术前和术后1个月、3个月对患者进行评估和随访,内容包括患者基本资料、用药情况、量表评分。根据患者的汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分变化,评估患者焦虑和抑郁症状的改善程度;采用相关分析法分析影响DBS术后焦虑和抑郁改善的因素。结果本组患者DBS术后的焦虑和抑郁症状均明显改善(均P 0. 05)。大学学历组患者术后的焦虑症状明显改善(P 0. 05),大学以下学历患者术后的焦虑症状明显改善(P 0. 05)。大学学历组患者术后与术前的抑郁量表评分比较,差异无统计学意义;大学以下学历组患者术后抑郁症状改善明显(P 0. 05)。大学学历组患者术后的焦虑改善率与运动改善率呈正相关(r~2=0. 35,P 0. 05),大学以下学历组患者术后的焦虑改善率与运动改善率呈负相关趋势(r~2=0. 08,P=0. 09);大学学历组患者术后的抑郁改善率与运动改善率呈正相关趋势(r~2=0. 11,P=0. 26),大学以下学历组患者术后的抑郁改善率与运动改善率呈负相关趋势(r~2=0. 06,P=0. 13)。结论 DBS术后患者的焦虑、抑郁评分明显降低;大学学历患者术后的焦虑症状明显改善,大学以下学历患者术后焦虑、抑郁症状均明显改善。大学学历患者的焦虑、抑郁改善率与运动改善率呈正相关趋势,大学以下学历患者的焦虑、抑郁改善率与运动改善率呈负相关趋势。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.