九寨沟地震后1周伤员急性应激障碍的发生率及相关心理状况

目的调查"8·8"九寨沟地震1周后47名伤员急性应激障碍(ASD)发生情况,为合理分配卫生资源、及时有效的心理干预提供参考。方法于2017年8月筛选绵阳市某三级甲等医院收治的47名九寨沟地震伤员,依据《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第5版)》(DSM-5)分为急性应激障碍组(ASD组)与非急性应激障碍组(非ASD组)。采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项版(HAMD-24)、自杀风险评估量表(MINI自杀量表)、事件影响量表修订版(IES-R)对伤员进行评定。结果在47名地震伤员中,ASD组8例(17.02%),非ASD组39例(82.98%)。两组性别、年龄比较差异无统计学意义(P均0.05);ASD组IES-R总评分[(53.38±23.43)分]、HAMA评分[(27.38±13.46)分]、HAMD-24评分[(21.12±11.85)分]和MINI自杀量表评分[(3.75±6.63)分]均高于非ASD组[(15.62±15.49)分、(6.56±6.72)分、(4.69±4.65)分、0],差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01)。IES-R总评分与HAMA、HAMD-24评分均呈正相关(r=0.81、0.84,P均0.01)。结论九寨沟地震后1周伤员ASD发生率较高;伤员的创伤后应激症状越严重,越易出现焦虑、抑郁症状,自杀风险越高。     

地震现场救援军人吸烟与创伤后应激障碍的相关性

目的:了解吸烟与创伤暴露、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)之间的关系.方法:共1 125名地震现场救援军人在四川汶川地震6个月后纳入调查.调查工具包括一般人口学资料、Davidson创伤量表(DTS)及烟草依赖情况调查表.结果:实查1 056人,共检出PTSD患者69例,PTSD患病率6.53%.调查发现:①PTSD组吸烟率...     

四川省安县灾民地震后1个月的精神状况初步调查

目的 了解四川汶川地震灾后1个月时安县灾民的精神健康状况.方法 以四川省安县地震灾民点的1090名重灾民为调查对象,采用心理健康自评问卷(SRQ)为调查的筛选问卷,以DSM-Ⅳ-TR轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查病人版(SCID-I/P)中有关抑郁和焦虑障碍的章节为诊断工具,以SRQ 20项总分≥7分时为高危人群,<7分为低危人群,对部分高危人群进行SCID-I/P检查,并对低危人群进行SClD-I/P抽查.结果 501人(45.96%)sRQ<7分,589人(54.04%)sRQ≥7分,显示灾民出现明显的焦虑、抑郁及躯体症状.且女性在多数条目上明显高于男性(P(0.05或|P<0.001).地震后1个月灾民与地震有关的精神障碍发生率为31.94%,男性18.22%,女性40.70%:20岁以下发生率13.46%,21～40岁36.82%,41～60岁34.04%,61岁以上32.37%.其中创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)发生率15.54%,急性应激障碍(ASD)发生率4.76%,抑郁症发生率9.05%.结论 地震灾后所致的应激相关障碍发生率较高,部分伴有抑郁和焦虑障碍.     

四川汶川地震灾区伤员和伤员家属心理状况调查研究

目的调查四川汶川地震灾区伤员和伤员家属的心理状况,探讨重大自然灾害事件对人们心理的影响情况。方法采用90项症状自评量表（SCL-90）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、自制的灾区伤员一般情况调查表、睡眠情况调查表以及心理应激调查表,对196名四川汶川灾区伤员和伤员家属的心理状况进行调查。结果196名灾区伤员和伤员家属中,SCL-90各因子均分均高于正常人群,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）,其中,躯体化、抑郁、焦虑和恐怖性因子均分与常模相比较,差异有极其显著性（P〈0.01）。HAMA总分〉14分的有23例（11.7%）;HAMD总分〉20分的有29例（14.8%）;睡眠量表总分〉7分的有96例（49%）;应激量表总分〉10分的有74例（37.7%）;具有明显的创伤后综合症并且符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版（CCMD-3）中创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）症状学标准的有11例（5.6%）;此外,符合CCMD-3脑器质性精神障碍诊断标准的有1例。结论地震对人们心理的影响是普遍而严重的,对灾区伤员和伤员家属要进行随访,并需要为其提供早期的合适的心理干预。     

地震后半年未愈伤员创伤后应激障碍调查

目的：探讨汶川地震灾后半年,震伤未愈伤者创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的发生率和相关因素。方法：选取成都市某医院地震伤员康复中心未愈伤者58例,采用自制一般情况问卷、心理健康自评问卷、分离性体验量表、PTSD自评量表和特质应对方式问卷进行测评。结果：未愈伤者在地震灾后半年患PTSD者占41.4%;男性伤者中残疾率28.6%和PTSD发生率28.6%明显低于女性伤者的46.7%和53.3%（P〈0.05）。创伤后应激水平与积极应对方式呈正相关（r=0.483,P〈0.01）;和消极应对方式呈负相关（r=-0.449,P〈0.01）。伤者中分离水平极低,遗忘和创伤后应激水平呈正相关（r=0.541,P〈0.01）;残疾、低社会支持和创伤后应激水平显著相关（r=0.642,P〈0.05）。结论：地震灾后半年,震伤未愈伤者PTSD患病率较高,残疾、社会支持差、遗忘水平高、消极的应对方式是震伤未愈者发生PTSD的主要相关因素,应给予充分的药物及心理治疗。     

汶川地震安置点灾民急性应激障碍及影响因素分析

目的评估汶川地震后第2周安置点灾民的急性应激障碍(ASD)及影响因素。方法对江油市太平镇安置点灾民随机抽样后,利用斯坦福急性应激反应量表(SASRQ)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HRSD)、应激反应问卷(SRQ)、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)症状清单平民版(PCL-C)及自编调查问卷进行评估,225名灾民完成调查。结果ASD阳性率为7.18%,有分离症状的38.12%,有创伤再体验症状的54.14%,有回避症状的38.67%,有焦虑或醒觉性增高症状的64.64%。SASRQ总分与PCL-C总分呈正相关(r=0.62,P<0.001)。不同年龄组的SASRQ总分(F=3.15,P=0.01)、分离症状(F=2.71,P=0.02)、焦虑或醒觉性增高(F=3.53,P=0.005)的差异有统计学意义,儿童组的急性应激症状较轻(P<0.05)。女性灾民的SASRQ总分(t=-2.199,P=0.03)、创伤再体验症状(t=-2.59,P=0.01)、回避症状(t=-2.195,P=0.03)、焦虑或醒觉性增高症状(t=-2.12,P=0.035)得分明显高于男性。有亲属遇难组的ASD创伤再体验症状分高于仅经济损失组(t=-2.16,P=0.03)。以ASD总分为因变量的线性回归分析结果显示,自杀观念、烦扰程度、最糟糕天数、文化程度进入回归方程(R=0.81,F=60.33,P<0.001)。结论灾民在地震发生后1周存在明显的急性应激症状,灾后心理干预应尤其关注女性等特殊人群,自杀观念、最糟糕天数以及烦扰程度可作为评估ASD的简易指标。     

火灾灾民创伤后应激障碍的发生及其影响因素

目的调查火灾创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的发生及其影响因素。方法采用PTSD症状自评和诊断工具,在灾后40天对87名火灾的直接受害者进行评估。结果40天后有人21.8%的灾民发生PTSD,女性明显多于男性;而且在不符合PTSD诊断的灾民中,71.7%存在再体验症状,51.7%存在麻木/回避症状,65%存在过度唤起症状;既往有创伤事件经历的灾民更容易产生PTSD。结论经历火灾后,有相当一部分灾民存在PTSD症状。     

汶川地震后广元地区创伤后应激障碍调查

目的了解汶川地震9年后广元地区高二学生创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)阳性检出情况,为进一步分析震后PTSD持续存在的影响因素、对存在PTSD的学生进行心理干预提供参考。方法采用整群抽样方法,选取广元地区地震重灾区和一般灾区的1 492名高二学生为研究对象。采用创伤后应激障碍自评量表(PTSD-SS)和社会支持量表(PSSS)调查PTSD发生率和社会支持情况。结果广元地区高二学生PTSD阳性检出率为3.69%,男生和女生PTSD阳性检出率比较差异有统计学意义(2.24%vs. 5.82%,χ~2=12.47,P0.01),重灾区和一般灾区PTSD阳性检出率比较差异有统计学意义(4.89%vs. 2.84%,χ~2=4.27,P0.05);男生和女生PTSD-SS评分比较差异有统计学意义[(12.71±9.01)分vs.(14.02±8.52)分,t=-6.43,P0.01];PTSD阳性者和非阳性者PSSS评分比较差异有统计学意义[(57.52±7.53)分vs.(61.11±8.19)分,t=-5.36,P0.01]。结论汶川地震后9年,广元地区部分高二学生仍存在PTSD症状,创伤暴露程度、性别和社会支持可能与现患PTSD相关。     

汶川地震所致创伤后应激障碍患者的共病分析

目的:了解汶川地震部分极重灾区所致创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)患者共病其他精神障碍的情况,以及影响共病的因素。方法:采用方便取样,对四川省绵阳市所辖的安县、平武县及北川县部分受灾群众进行调查,以DSM-Ⅳ-TR轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查(SCID-I/P)为诊断工具。结果:共138例诊断PTSD,其中90例共病其他精神障碍,共病率65.2%;42.8%患者共病重性抑郁障碍,12.3%共病特殊恐怖症,10.9%共病惊恐发作;40～59岁共病率最高为70.4%(χ2=5.94,P=0.05),有亲人死亡者共病抑郁症35例,明显高于无亲人死亡者24例,两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.16;P=0.04)。结论:65.2%PTSD患者共病其他精神障碍,以共病重性抑郁障碍、特殊恐怖症、惊恐发作最多见,共病率与年龄相关,地震中有亲人死亡将增加PTSD共病抑郁症风险。     

澳大利亚成人急性应激障碍和创伤后应激障碍治疗指南

本文为澳大利亚成人急性应激障碍与创伤后应激障碍治疗指南(2007年版)编译稿。期望能为汶川地震灾后的心理障碍患者的治疗康复提供参考。     

Risk indicators for post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents exposed to the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake in China

In Chinese adolescents exposed to the Wenchuan earthquake, we used the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES) as the screening tool, and Post-traumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI) and the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were used to assess the cognitive status and their social supports, to evaluate the prevalence and the predictors variables of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after the Wenchuan earthquake in China, which occurred on 12 May 2008. Subjects with a CRIES score greater than 30 were interviewed and assessed using the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD diagnosis by a trained psychiatrist with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Lifetime version (Kiddie-SADS-L). We found the overall prevalence of PTSD was 2.5% in 3208 adolescents from the surrounding areas of the epicentre 6 months after the earthquake. Risk factors for post-traumatic stress symptoms are as follows: being female, being buried/injured during the earthquake, having parents who were severely injured, having classmate(s) who died, having a house destroyed, and witnessing someone buried/wounded/dying during the earthquake. Individuals with better social support had significantly lower scores on the CRIES. There were significant differences in cognitive style between individuals at low risk for PTSD (CRIES < 30) and those at high risk for PTSD (CRIES ≥ 30). Post-traumatic cognition emerged as an important factor that was associated with PTSD reactions in children. Social support can lessen the impact of a natural disaster by affecting post-traumatic cognition.     

地震救援军人创伤后应激障碍及相关因素的研究

目的:调查汶川地震救援军人在震后7个月时创伤后应激障碍的检出率及相关因素。方法:在参与地震救援的部队中随机抽取600人,采用创伤后应激障碍症状自评量表(PTSD-SS)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、90项症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)进行调查。采用SPSS13.0统计软件对497份有效问卷的数据进行统计分析。结果:地震救援工作7个月后,创伤后应激障碍中、重度症状的时点检出率为2%。回归分析显示,救援中接触伤亡多(B=0.242,P=0.010)、遭遇威胁生命的情境多(B=0.280,P=0.006)、EPQ-N分高(B=0.106,P=0.000)是发生创伤后应激障碍的危险因素,而社会支持利用度(B=-0.095,P=0.035)是保护因素。结论:EPQ-N高分特征的军人是心理干预工作的重点,有效社会支持利用可减少PTSD发生。     

Early intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder

Aims: The potentially debilitating effect of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has created much interest in early intervention strategies that can reduce PTSD. This review critiques the evidence for psychological debriefing approaches and alternate early intervention strategies. Methods: The review critiques the randomized controlled trials of psychological debriefing, and early provision of cognitive behavior therapy. The latter approach involves therapy attention on acutely traumatized individuals who are high risk for PTSD development, and particularly in people with acute stress disorder (ASD). Results: Psychological debriefing does not prevent PTSD. Cognitive behaviour therapy strategies have proven efficacy in reducing subsequent PTSD in ASD populations. Conclusions: Despite the promising evidence for early provision of CBT, many people do not benefit from CBT. This review concludes with consideration of major challenges facing early intervention approaches in the context of terrorist attacks and mass disasters.     

A review of acute stress disorder in DSM-5

Acute stress disorder (ASD) was introduced into DSM-IV to describe acute stress reactions (ASRs) that occur in the initial month after exposure to a traumatic event and before the possibility of diagnosing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and to identify trauma survivors in the acute phase who are high risk for PTSD. This review considers ASD in relation to other diagnostic approaches to acute stress responses, critiques the evidence of the predictive power of ASD, and discusses ASD in relation to Adjustment Disorder. The evidence suggests that ASD does not adequately identify most people who develop PTSD. This review presents a number of options and preliminary considerations to be considered for DSM-5. It is proposed that ASD be limited to describing severe ASRs (that are not necessarily precursors of PTSD). The evidence suggests that the current emphasis on dissociation may be overly restrictive and does not recognize the heterogeneity of early posttraumatic stress responses. It is proposed that ASD may be better conceptualized as the severity of acute stress responses that does not require specific clusters to be present.     

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Turkish Child and Adolescent Survivors Three Years after the Marmara Earthquake

The study investigated the emergence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in child and adolescent survivors in Turkey three years after the 1999 Marmara Earthquake, with consideration of the severity of exposure and the survivors' gender and age. A representative sample of 293 young earthquake survivors (152 female and 141 male between the ages of 8 and 15) participated in the study. Participants' scores on the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index for Children indicated that 31.4% reported moderate, 24.2% reported severe, and 3.8% reported very severe traumatic stress reactions. Analysis of the Revised Impact of Events Scale for Children scores revealed that 56% reported severe PTSD symptoms. While severity of exposure and gender were significantly associated with severity of PTSD symptoms, age was not related to PTSD symptoms. The results indicated a high need for addressing the mental health problems of the child and adolescent trauma survivors in Turkey.     

地震后被转移伤员创伤后应激障碍及心理状况分析

目的 调查地震后被转移伤员创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的发生及其心理健康状况.方法 采用PTSD症状自评和诊断工具及症状自评量表(SCL-90),在地震后40 d对354例被转移伤员的PTSD的发生和心理健康状况进行评估.结果 (1)地震后40 d,有82例(23.2%)伤员发生PTSD,女性55例(55/200,27.5%),男性27例(27/154,17.5%),女性发生率高于男性,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在不符合PTSD诊断的伤员中,199例(199/249,79.9%)存在再体验症状,164例(164/249,65.9%)存在麻木或回避症状,208例(208/249,83.5%)存在过度唤起症状.(2)PTSD患者的SCL-90总分(209.00±68.78)分、强迫症状因子(2.38±0.61)分、人际关系敏感因子(2.18±0.87)分、抑郁因子(2.50±0.86)分、焦虑因子(2.42±0.90)分、敌对因子(2.47±0.87)分,高于非PTSD患者[(153.08±5.63)分、(1.71±0.64)分、(1.50±0.60)分、(1.71±0.69)分、(1.70±0.76)分、(1.66±0.73)分;P＜0.05,P＜0.01].(3)地震后被转移伤员的SCL-90总分、躯体化、强迫症状、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性和其他因子得分高于全国常模组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 地震后部分被转移伤员出现PTSD,相当多的伤员遭受了不同程度的心理影响,应予以长期关注.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the incidence of post traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and mental status in the transferred wounded after Wenchuan earthquake. Methods At the 40th day after earthquake, 354 wounded were evaluated by the PTSD Symptoms Self Rating Scale, and Symptom Checklist 90 ( SCL-90 ). The diagnosis of PTSD was made according to DSM-Ⅳ criteria. Results After 40 days, 82( 23.2% )suffered PTSD in these wounded, including 55 females( 55/200,27.5% ) and 27 males( 27/154,17. 5% ), the rate in women was significantly higher than that in men. In those non-PTSD wounded, 199patients 199/249,79.9% ) had re-experienced symptoms, 164 patients( 164/249,65.9% ) had numbness/escaping symptoms, 208 patients( 208/249,83.5% ) had excessive arousing symptoms. The SCL-90 total score( 209.00 ±68.78 ), obsession( 2. 38 ± 0. 61 ), human relation sensitivity( 2. 18 ± 0. 87 ), depression ( 2. 50 ±0. 86 ), anxiety( 2.42 ± 0. 90 ) and hostility factor( 2.47 ± 0. 87 ) score of the PTSD were higher than those of the non-PTSD[( 153.08 ± 5.63 ),( 1.71 ± 0. 64 ),( 1. 50 ± 0. 60 ),( 1.71 ± 0. 69 ),( 1.70 ±0. 76 ),( 1.66 ±0. 73 );P ＜0. 05 -0. 01] . The SCL-90 total score and somatization, obsession, depression,anxiety, hostility, phobia, crankiness, psychosis and the other factor score of the wounded were higher than those of the national norm group( P ＜ 0. 05 - 0. 01 ). Conclusion Considerable number of the transferred wounded existed PTSD symptoms in experienced earthquake disaster, they need to be intervened for a long period.     

Posttraumatic stress disorder six months after an earthquake

Background and aims  Various studies assessed rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following natural disasters including earthquakes. Yet, samples were often non-representative or small or both. This study aims to assess the prevalence of PTSD and predictors of PTSD 6 months after an earthquake in a rural region of Italy. Methods  A questionnaire was handed out to a representative sample of approximate 3,000 people in the region of Molise in Italy 6 months after an earthquake in October/November 2002. The questionnaire assessed socio-demographic characteristics, aspects of the event, the experience of symptoms immediately after the earthquake, and symptoms of PTSD. Results  Questionnaires of 2,148 people were returned, representing a response rate of 73.7%. The final analysis was based on 1,680 people. The screening tool provided a PTSD prevalence rate of 14.5%. Male gender, age under 55 years, and better school education predicted lower rates of PTSD. More variance was explained when psychological symptoms of immediately after the event were also included as predictors. Conclusion  The findings on predictors are consistent with the literature. Whilst personal characteristics explain only a small variance of PTSD six months after the event, early psychological distress allows a better prediction of who is likely to have PTSD 6 months later.