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1.
血管性认知障碍作为脑血管病致残结果之一,其发病率仅次于AD,成为与年龄相关的认 知障碍和痴呆的第二大原因。目前血管性痴呆尚无有效的治疗措施,而血管性轻度认知障碍(VaMCI) 作为血管性痴呆的早期阶段被认为是临床上治疗、预防痴呆的关键时期,也是当今血管性认知障碍研 究的热点。近年来静息态功能磁共振成像技术的快速发展及其在认知领域的广泛应用使我们更加深入 的了解VaMCI 患者在神经结构、功能、代谢等方面的变化,为早期诊断、评估疾病严重程度及治疗效果 带来了新的希望。将静息态功能磁共振用于该病并将其与神经心理学评估结合用来诊断VaMCI将会成 为未来的趋势。  相似文献   

2.
血管性认知障碍(综述)   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
血管性认知障碍研究有助于对由血管性因素和血管病引起的认知损害或痴呆的认识及早期诊断、治疗。该文就血管性认知功能障碍的概念、分类、机制、诊断和防治等方面进行综述。  相似文献   

3.
血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)是由脑血管病危险因素(如高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症和高同型半胱氨酸血症等)、显性脑血管病(出血性及缺血性卒中)及非显性脑血管病(脑白质疏松和慢性脑缺血等)引起的一组从轻度认知功能损害到痴呆的临床综合征。非痴呆性血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia,VCIND)是VCI的早期阶段,其中约一半患者会在5年内进展为痴呆。血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)在治疗上尚未发现行之有效的方法,但又是唯一可以预防的痴呆。发现VCIND危险因素并进行早期干预,对于寻求延缓痴呆进展的二级预防策略至关重要。现从VCIND的概念、流行病学、诊断标准及影响因素等方面进行综述,以期能够早期识别相关危险因素,防治VCI。  相似文献   

4.
阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)是临床常见的老年期痴呆类型。虽然长期以来受到广泛关注.但对其治疗收效甚微.近年逐渐将研究重点转向对其早期阶段的干预治疗。在这一临床需要下,针对阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆分别提出了轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)和血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)的概念,力求对患者进行早期识别和干预,以延缓甚至阻止痴呆的发生、发展。  相似文献   

5.
血管性痴呆(VaD)是由血管性危险因素或脑血管病(如脑梗死、脑出血和皮质下白质的缺血性改变)等引起的有认知障碍表现的临床综合征。VaD病因学多样化,影像学表现各不相同,并且和经典的阿尔茨海默病(AD)有部分共同的危险因素和病理改变,给VaD患者的临床诊断和治疗带来了一定的困难。本文就近几年VaD的诊断和治疗进展进行综述。  相似文献   

6.
随着人口老龄化脑血管病发病率不断提高,血管性痴呆(VD)发病率也逐渐增加,目前对VD治疗无突破性进展。血管性痴呆一半左右是由血管性认知障碍(VCI)发展过来,早期识别认知功能损害,进行有效的干预,可延缓或预防血管性痴呆的发生。现将我科近5年来收治VD患者的诊疗情况分析如下。  相似文献   

7.
重视血管性认知障碍   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
自20世纪90年代起,人们越来越认识到血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VaD)所反映的是一个过时的概念,它确认需要预防治疗的病例太晚,从而丧失了预防痴呆发生的良机,而且还不恰当地采用了阿尔茨海默病(Alzhemer's disease,AD)的诊断模式,为了进一步阐明脑血管病(cerebrovasculardisease,CVD)和认知功能障碍之间的关系,Bowler和Hachinski提出了血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)这一更宽泛的概念,从而逐渐取代VaD,它的重要性就是在缺血性CVD相关的痴呆发生前诊断并治疗轻微的认知功能障碍[1]。1、VCI产生的背景现行的VaD的标准首先依靠AD的标准诊断痴呆,然后根据反映血管危险因素和事件的临床特征,通常采用缺血评分区分AD和VaD。因此痴呆的基本特征包括早期明显的记忆进行性不可逆性减退,此外,认知障碍必须达到正常日常生活活动障碍的程度。由于AD通常先累及颞叶内侧,然后才累及新皮质;而血管性认知功能下降在临床和神经心理方面主要表现为额叶和皮质下功能受损,与AD明显不同[1]。所以很多血管性认知功能...  相似文献   

8.
血管性痴呆研究   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6  
介绍了血管性痴呆的流行病学特征、病因和发病机制 ,以及诊断标准和治疗药物  相似文献   

9.
血管因素是独立于年龄的导致痴呆的第二大危险因素.在血管性认知损害(VCI)早期即无痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍(VCIND)甚至认知损害发生之前,血管性因素以及脑血管病是唯一可治疗的,并且能够延缓甚至逆转痴呆进展的干预靶点.因此早期诊断出VCIND的病例,治疗血管性因素及脑血管病,有利于VCI的一级预防和二级预防.现对VCIND的诊断、预防和治疗的进展作一综述.  相似文献   

10.
血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)包括从轻度认知功能受损到痴呆的各种程度的认知功能受损,伴随着脑结构和脑功能的变化。磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)作为一种广泛应用的诊断工具,可以无创地观察患者脑组织的变化。结合自动分割算法,对采集到的MRI数据进行分类,在识别血管性认知障碍方面具有广泛的应用前景。本文对近年来MRI在诊断血管性认知障碍方面的研究进展和新技术进行综述。  相似文献   

11.
Vascular dementias (VaDs) are the second most common cause of dementia. Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and stroke relates to high risk of cognitive impairment, but also relate to Alzheimer's disease (AD): Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and dementias extend beyond the traditional multi-infarct dementia. Pathophysiology of VaD incorporates interactions between vascular etiologies (CVD and vascular risk-factors), changes in the brain (infarcts, white matter lesions, atrophy), host factors (age, education) and cognition. Variation in defining the cognitive syndrome, in vascular etiologies, and allowable brain changes in current criteria have resulted in variable estimates of prevalence, of groups of subjects, and of the types and distribution of putative causal brain lesions. Should new criteria be developed? Ideally in constructing new criteria the diagnostic elements should be tested with prospective studies with clinical-pathological correlation: replace dogma with data. Meanwhile focus on more homogenous subtypes of VaD, and on imaging criteria could be a solution. Subcortical ischemic vascular disease and dementia (SIVD) incorporate small vessel disease as the chief vascular etiology, lacunar infarct and ischaemic white matter lesions as primary type of brain lesions, subcortical location as the primary location of lesions, and subcortical syndrome as the primary clinical manifestation. It incorporates two clinical entities "Binswanger's disease" and "the lacunar state". AD with VaD (mixed dementia) has been underestimated as a prevalent cause in the older population. In addition to simple co-existence, VaD and AD have closer interaction: several vascular risk factors and vascular brain changes relate to clinical manifestation of AD, and they share also common pathogenetic mechanisms. Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a category aiming to replace the "Alzhemerized" dementia concept in the setting of CVD, and substitute it with a spectrum that includes subtle cognitive deficits of vascular origin, post-stroke dementia, and the complex group of the vascular dementias. As far there is no standard treatment for VaDs, and still little is known on the primary prevention (brain at risk for CVD) and secondary prevention (CVD brain at risk for VCI/VaD). There is no standard symptomatic treatment for VaD. Recently symptomatic cholinergic treatment has shown promise in AD with VaD, as well as probable VaD. Future focus should be directed to the distinct etiological and pathological factors: the vascular and the AD burden of the brain.  相似文献   

12.
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) was proposed as an umbrella term to include subjects affected with any degree of cognitive impairment resulting from cerebrovascular disease (CVD), ranging from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to vascular dementia. VCI may or may not exclude the host of "focal" circumscribed impairments of specialized functions such as language (aphasia), intentional gesture (apraxia), or categorical recognition (agnosia), among others, that may result from a stroke. Therefore, there are no universally accepted diagnostic criteria for VCI. We conclude that this concept could be more useful if it were to be limited to cases of vascular MCI without dementia, by analogy with the concept of amnestic MCI, currently considered the earliest clinically diagnosable stage of Alzheimer disease (AD). In agreement with our view,the Canadian Study on Health and Aging successfully implemented a restricted definition of VCI, excluding cases of dementia (i.e., vascular cognitive impairment no dementia, VCI-ND). The Canadian definition and diagnostic criteria could be utilized for future studies of VCI. This definition excludes isolated impairments of specialized cognitive functions.Vascular dementia (VaD): The main problem of this diagnostic category stems from the currently accepted definition of dementia that requires memory loss as the sine qua non for the diagnosis. This may result in over-sampling of patients with AD worsened by stroke (AD+CVD). This problem was minimized in controlled clinical trials of VaD by excluding patients with a prior diagnosis of AD, those with pre-existing memory loss before the index stroke, and those with amnestic MCI. We propose a definition of dementia in VaD based on presence of abnormal executive control function, severe enough to interfere with social or occupational functioning. Vascular cognitive disorder (VCD): This term, proposed by Sachdev [P. Sachdev, Vascular cognitive disorder. Int J Geriat Psychiatry 14 (1999)402-403.] would become the global diagnostic category for cognitive impairment of vascular origin, ranging from VCI to VaD. It would include specific disease entities such as post-stroke VCI, post-stroke VaD, CADASIL, Binswanger disease, and AD plus CVD. This category explicitly excludes isolated cognitive dysfunctions such as those mentioned above.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract: The term vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is now employed to capture the spectrum of illness and disability arising from impaired cognitive function of vascular origin. As such, it supplants the more narrowly focussed terms "Vascular dementia (VaD)" and "multi-infarct dementia". It is meant to include both those whose cognitive impairment is different from that assumed by the usual criteria for dementia. Traditionally, dementia criteria have been modelled on AD, a disorder with more characteristic neuropathological and clinical disease expression than is seen in VaD, which can occur in many forms. VCI is common, and is associated with many adverse outcomes, including worse cognition, institutionalization, and death.
One form of VCI is coincident AD and VaD, a category which, although it has been comparatively neglected, may be amongst the most common forms of dementia. Another common form of VCI has a predilection for subcortical ischemic lesions, and for a clinical presentation which reflects frontal and subcortical involvement.
At present, there is no specific treatment for VCI, although several agents appear to offer the hope of both treatment and prevention. Further research on the clinical, pathological and mechanistic underpinnings of this important syndrome is needed. For a long time, VaD has been recognized as the second most common cause of dementia.1,2) More recently, however, the concept of cognitive impairment in relation to cerebrovascular disease has been expanded. This paper will review the notion of "vascular cognitive impairment" (VCI) as it relates to clinical practice, and to our understanding of disease mechanisms in dementia and related disorders. It will propose that while the expanded concept has merit, within it are to be found distinct subgroups, including some of particular importance as targets for clinical trials of therapeutic and even preventive interventions.  相似文献   

14.
Morphologic diagnosis of "vascular dementia" - a critical update   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Vascular dementia/vascular cognitive impairment (VaD/VCI) is not a single entity, but a large group of conditions characterized by various clinical and morphological findings and variable pathophysiology. Clinical diagnostic criteria show moderate sensitivity (50-70%) and variable specificity (64-98%). Epidemiological studies are hampered by the lack of clear and validated diagnostic criteria, the complexity of brain pathologies, ethnic and geographic variations. In Western clinic-based series VaD/VCI is suggested in 8-15% of cognitively impaired aged subjects, with age-standardized incidence ratios 0.42-2.6 and clinical prevalence at age 70+ of 6-15/1000 person/year. Prevalence in autopsy series ranges from 0.03 to 58% (real mean 8-15% in Western series, 22-35% in Japan). Both prevalence and incidence increase with age. Neuropathology shows multifocal and/or diffuse lesions, ranging from lacunes and microinfarcts, white matter lesions, hippocampal sclerosis to multi-infarct encephalopathy, mixed cortico-subcortical and diffuse post-ischemic lesions. They result from systemic, cardiac, local large and small vessel disease. Pathogenesis is multifactorial and cognitive decline is commonly associated with small ischemic/vascular lesions, often involving subcortical and strategically important brain areas (thalamus, frontobasal, limbic system). Pathophysiology affects neuronal networks involved in cognition, behavior, execution and memory. Vascular lesions often coexist with Alzheimer disease (AD) and other lesions, multiple pathologies greatly increasing the odds of dementia; 25-80% of demented subjects show both AD and cerebrovascular lesions. While both factors by synergistic interaction contribute significantly to the risk of dementia, AD pathology is often less severe in the presence of vascular lesions. Due to the heterogeneity of cerebrovascular pathology and its causative factors, no validated neuropathologic criteria for VaD are currently available, and a large variability across laboratories still exists in morphologic examination procedures and techniques. Harmonization of neuropathologic procedures and evaluation criteria in future prospective clinico-pathologic studies are needed to validate diagnostic criteria for VaD and to clarify the impact of vascular lesions on cognition.  相似文献   

15.
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a heterogeneous disorder resulting from various cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) causing cognitive impairment that reflects severity and location of damage. Epidemiological studies suggest VaD is the second commonest cause of dementia, but autopsy series report that pure VaD is infrequent, while combined CVD and Alzheimer's Disease(AD) is likely the commonest pathological-dementia correlate. Both diseases share vascular risk factors and benefit from their treatment. The most widely used diagnostic criteria for VaD are highly specific but not sensitive. Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) is a dynamic, evolving concept that embraces VaD, Vascular Cognitive Impairment No Dementia (VCIND) and mixed AD and CVD. Clinical trials to date have focused on probable and possible VaD with beneficial effects evident for different drug classes, including cholinergic agents and NMDA agonists. Limitations have included use of cognitive tools suitable for AD that are insensitive to executive dysfunction. Disease heterogeneity has not been adequately controlled and subtypes require further study. Diagnostic VaD criteria now 13 years old need updating. More homogeneous subgroups need to be defined and therapeutically targeted to improve cognitive-behavioural outcomes including optimal control of vascular risk factors. More sensitive testing of executive function outlined in recent VCI Harmonization criteria and longer trial duration are needed to discern meaningful effects. Imaging criteria must be well-defined, with centralized review and standardized protocols. Serial scanning with quantification of tissue atrophy and lesion burden is becoming feasible, and cognitive interventions, including rehabilitation pharmacotherapy, with drugs strategically coupled to cognitive -behavioural treatments, hold promise and need further development.  相似文献   

16.
Vascular cognitive impairment, the recent modification of the terminology related to vascular burden of the brain, reflects the all-encompassing effects of vascular disease or lesions on cognition. It incorporates the complex interactions between vascular aetiologies, risk factors and cellular changes within the brain and cognition. The concept covers the frequent poststroke cognitive impairment and dementia, as well as cerebrovascular disease (CVD) as the second most common factor related to dementia. CVD as well as vascular risk factors including arterial hypertension, history of high cholesterol, diabetes or forms of heart disease are independently associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Traditional vascular risk factors and stroke are also independent factors for the clinical presentation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to these vascular factors, CVD/strokes, infarcts and white-matter lesions may trigger and modify the progression of AD as the most common cause of neurodegenerative dementia. The main subtypes of previously defined vascular dementia (VaD) include the cortical VaD or multi-infarct dementia also referred as poststroke VaD, subcortical ischaemic vascular disease and dementia or small-vessel dementia and strategic-infarct dementia. Whilst CVD is preventable and treatable, it is clearly a major factor in the prevalence of cognitive impairment in the elderly worldwide.  相似文献   

17.
Vascular dementia   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a term used to describe a particular constellation of cognitive and functional impairment, and is now generally seen as a subset of the larger syndrome of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). The latter is seen as cognitive impairment in the face of cerebrovascular disease. VCI can be classified clinically by whether patients meet criteria for dementia, and whether the syndrome is distinct or overlaps with primary neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. This clinical classification can be further classified by neuroimaging, with subgroups that show cortical infarction, subcortical infarction and white matter changes, each alone or in combination. Understood in this way, VCI is likely the most common form of cognitive impairment in the population. Attempts to treat VaD had varying degrees of success, but it now appears that many forms of VCI might be preventable, especially with good control of vascular risk factors in middle age.  相似文献   

18.
Spectrum of disease in vascular cognitive impairment.   总被引:40,自引:0,他引:40  
The recognition that cognitive impairment of vascular origin is not limited to multi-infarct dementia has led to the development of several sets of new criteria for vascular dementia (VaD). We set out to define the spectrum of disease in patients presenting with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Of 412 patients consecutively seen at a memory clinic, 80 had VCI. These patients had vascular cognitive impairment not dementia (n = 19), VaD (n = 48), and mixed Alzheimer's disease-VaD (n = 13). Radiographic patterns were: white matter changes only (40%); multiple infarcts (30%); single strategic stroke (14%), and no identified lesion (16%). Of note, 19 (24%) of these patients meet none of the currently published criteria for VaD. To better understand and treat ischaemic causes of cognitive impairment, the concept of VaD should be expanded to include patients who do not meet traditional dementia criteria.  相似文献   

19.
Consensus criteria for the diagnosis of vascular dementia (VaD) are gradually being replaced with data-based criteria. We report the inter-rater reliability of a new set of empirically-derived criteria for vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Stratified sampling, with optimal allocation, was employed to randomly select 36 patients from the Queen Elizabeth II Health Science Centre's Memory Disability Clinic. Chart reviews were conducted independently by 4 physicians. Each physician classified the patients as having either: no cognitive impairment, VCI or Alzheimer's disease (AD). VCI was further classified both clinically (VCI without dementia, VaD or AD with a vascular component) and radiographically (infarcts, white matter changes, single strategic stroke). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the diagnosis by physicians of VCI or otherwise was based on a repeated-measures analysis of variance with raters as the independent variable. A significant coefficient of reliability (average ICC = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.80-0.93) was obtained (H(o): rho 相似文献   

20.
Hypertension and stroke are highly prevalent risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia. Alzheimer''s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the most common forms of dementia, and both conditions are preceded by a stage of cognitive impairment. Stroke is a major risk factor for the development of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and VaD; however, stroke may also predispose to AD. Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, thus linking hypertension to VCI and VaD, but hypertension is also an important risk factor for AD. Reducing these two major, but modifiable, risk factors—hypertension and stroke—could be a successful strategy for reducing the public health burden of cognitive impairment and dementia. Intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-n3-FA) and the manipulation of factors involved in the renin–angiotensin system (e.g. angiotensin II or angiotensin-converting enzyme) have been shown to reduce the risk of developing hypertension and stroke, thereby reducing dementia risk. This paper will review the research conducted on the relationship between hypertension, stroke, and dementia and also on the impact of LC-n3-FA or antihypertensive treatments on risk factors for VCI, VaD, and AD.  相似文献   

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