Conners父母用症状问卷的中国城市常模和信度研究

目的 建立Conners父母用症状问卷（PSQ）的中国城市常模，并对其进行信度检验。方法 在全国14个城市对3576名3～18岁儿童进行Conners父母用症状问卷的评定，对其中40名儿童间隔二周进行重测。结果 PSQ各条目分与量表总评分之间的相关系数在0．333—0．605（P〈0．01）；总问卷Cronbaeh α系数为0．932，Sperman—brown分半相关系数为0．900，间隔二周量表总分的重测相关系数为0．594，除心身问题因子重测稳定性不够外，其余5个因子的重测相关系数在0．332～0．782（P〈0．05）。结论 Conners父母用症状问卷的中国城市常模符合我国国情，具有良好的信度，值得推广和应用。     

长处和困难问卷学生版与父母版的河南常模评定

目的 建立长处和困难问卷学生版、父母版的河南常模,并进行信、效度检验.方法 对河南省6个市的6所城市中小学和8所农村中小学的1 362名7～15岁的学生、820名父亲或母亲分别进行长处和困难问卷（SDQ）学生版、父母版的评定,并均抽取其中的100例隔两周重测,同时在医院门诊收集焦虑、抑郁障碍、品行障碍、注意缺陷多动障碍患者分别测评.一致性检测包括项目内容异质性和重测信度.效度检测包括结构效度和区分效度.建立划界常模.结果 信度检验中Cronbach＇s α系数学生版为0.589～0.712,父母版为0.611～0.702;重测相关系数学生版r=0.418～0.722,P=0.00,父母版r=0.564～0.772,P=0.00;内容效度中相关系数学生版r=0.327～0.696,P=0.00,父母版r=0.482～0.774,P=0.00;病例组与常模组得分比较同伴关系、亲社会化因子差异无统计学意义,其余病例组均高于常模组（t=2.179～6.944,P＜0.05）;划界常模分学生版情绪问题为4分,多动注意问题5分,品行问题4分,父母版情绪问题为4分,多动注意问题6分,品行问题3分,大于划界分即可能有相应的问题.结论 SDQ学生版、父母版适用于对河南青少年儿童的评估,并可用于情绪、注意多动、品行等问题的筛查.     

12-条目攻击问卷（AQ）在儿童青少年中的应用研究

目的 评价12-条目攻击问卷(12-item aggression questionnaire,12-AQ)在宁波市儿童青少年的信度、效度.方法 对600名9 ～ 14岁小学和初中学生进行12-AQ、Conners父母症状问卷(PSQ)评定,2周后对其中的56名学生进行重测.结果 12-AQ各条目各因子得分与总分的相关系数均在0.40以上,内部一致性检验问卷总分的Cronbach α系数为0.75,重测信度在0.70以上,总分与各因子的相关系数高于各因子的相关系数,体现了良好的结构效度,进一步的验证性因素分析显示原问卷的结构模型与样本有良好的拟合度,与PSQ的品行问题因子分、多动冲动因子分及多动指数之间呈正相关.除愤怒因子外,男生的12-AQ总分和其他各因子分评分均高于女生的得分.结论 12-条目攻击问卷在宁波市的儿童青少年样本中有很好的信度、效度,值得在临床样本中进一步探索.     

Conners教师评定量表的中国城市常模和信度研究

目的　建立Conners教师评定量表 (TRS)的中国城市常模 ,并对其进行信度检验。方法　在全国 14个城市对 35 76名儿童年进行Conners教师量表的评定 ,对其中 4 0名儿童间隔二周进行重测。结果　TRS各条目分与量表总评分之间的相关系数在 0 2 6 5～ 0 6 89;总问卷Cronbachα系数为 0 94 1,Spearman brown分半信度为 0 896 ,间隔二周量表总分的重测相关系数为 0 5 4 4 ,4个因子的重测相关系数在 0 391～ 0 6 71(P <0 0 1)。结论　Conners教师评定量表的中国城市常模符合我国国情 ,具有良好的信度 ,值得推广和应用。     

中文版剑桥人格解体量表的信度和效度检验

目的 翻译英文版剑桥人格解体量表（CDS）并对中文版CDS进行信、效度检验.方法 对119例健康受试者分别间隔2、3、4周进行CDS测验以计算其重测信度;临床医生按DSM-IV-TR诊断标准对76例门诊患者做出诊断,之后进行CDS测验,计算测验的重测信度、内部一致性、折半信度和效标关联效度、结构效度.结果 中文版CDS重测信度中等（0.651）,内部一致性和分半信度良好（Cronbach＇s α系数为0.938,Guttman折半信度为0.957）,效标关联效度良好（Mann-WhitneyZ值为-6.059,P＜0.001）,项目-总分相关系数从0.321～0.777,均达到显著性,结构效度尚可.结论 中文版CDS具有良好的信、效度,可以很好地评定人格解体症状.     

病人健康问卷抑郁量表(PHQ-9)在社区老年人群中的应用——信度与效度分析

目的检验病人健康问卷抑郁量表(PHQ-9)在老年人中的信度与效度。方法应用PHQ-9对社区622名老年人进行评定,进行同质性信度研究;1周后对随机抽取的61名老人进行再次评定,进行重测信度研究;从622名老人中抽取195名进行定式精神检查(SCID-Ⅰ)抑郁量表评定,进行PHQ-9的效度研究。结果PHQ-9内部一致性系数(Cronbach′α系数)为0.8325,条目间的相关系数为0.233～0.523,各条目与量表总分的相关系数为0.451-0.693。61名老人重测PHQ-9信度系数0.934,PHQ-9的灵敏度为88%,特异度为99%。结论PHQ-9在我国社区老年人群中也具有良好的信度与效度,并且条目简洁,操作方便,易于掌握和节省时间,值得在临床,尤其是基层社区卫生中心推广使用。     

Cohen-Mansfield激越问卷信度和效度

目的：评价Cohen-Mansfield激越问卷(CMAI)的信度和效度。方法：对51例老年精神科病房住院的痴呆和非痴呆患者，先由2名评定员用CMAI同时评定12名患者，再同时评定CMAI和老年临床评定量表(SCAG)，1周后重测CMAI。对两评定员的一致性，量表的分半相关，重测信度及与SCAG的平行效度进行分析。结果：CMAI的Cronbach’s。系数为0．814，两评定员一致性相关系数为0．731。2次评定量表的相关系数为0．977。量表总分与SCAG的相关系数为0．732。结论：CMAI有较好的信度和效度。     

智力成就责任问卷的信度和效度研究

目的检测智力成就责任问卷(IAR)的信度和效度.方法对294名中学生进行了智力成就责任问卷的测试.结果重测信度系数为0.660;I+与I-的相关系数为0.166(P＜0.01);总分与I+的相关系数为0.730;与I-的相关系数为0.749.与期中考试成绩的相关系数仅高中二年级较高(0.729),其它年级不具相关性.结论测查结果与文献中介绍的结果相似,提示IAR量表具有较好的信度和效度,可在我国使用.     

Eppendorf精神分裂症量表中文版的信度和效度

目的：研究Eppendorf精神分裂症量表(ESI)中文版的信度和效度。方法：信度评价采用分半信度、内部一致性、重测信度。效度评价采用区分效度、内容效度、平行效度、结构效度。结果：KSI量表和各因子的分半信度为0．8087—0．9738，Cronbach α系数为0．7694—0．9508；1周后重测信度为0．677—0．876。各因子与总分的相关系数在0．815—0．909之间，因子之间的相关小于因子与总分的相关；ESI与阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)有很好的相关性，因子分析得出4个因子与原作者的因子相关系数在0．747—0．943之间。结论：ESI量表有较好的信度和效度，值得推广和使用。     

西安市中小学生长处和困难问卷(家长版)调查

目的 通过对西安市中小学生进行长处和困难问卷(家长版)调查,探讨西安地区中小学生存在的心理行为问题.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样,对西安市2个区的6所中小学3 592名学生进行长处和困难问卷(家长版)的调查,所得数据进行了性别和年龄差异的比较,并且与上海地区报道常模进行对比.结果 调查数据显示西安中小学生的“行为”、“多动注意不能”、“同伴交往”和“困难总分”这四个因子,男生得分高于女生(P＜0.05);而“亲社会行为”因子则主要是女生得分高于男生(P＜0.05);“情绪”因子中,男生与女生年龄段得分高低趋于平均化(P＞0.05).但总体趋势是随着年龄的增长,各因子得分降低.所得数据与上海地区常模比较发现:行为、社会行为和情绪得分均高于常模组相应因子得分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 长处和困难问卷(家长版)适合于西安市中小学生的心理行为问题的发现,并且不同地区的中小学生心理行为问题具有不同的特点.     

"Objective" methods and "subjective" experiences

Current psychiatric research and practice emphasize measurement of operationalized variables, quantification, and rigorous hypothesis testing. The fact that mental states can be subjectively experienced and that thoughts can refer to things and events outside the mind suggests that such objectifying methods alone may not provide a complete approach to mental life. Other complementary but systematic methods can be described which stress that (1) words are often natural expressions, not labels, of experiences; (2) usefulness, not agreement with observation, can sometimes validate psychological expressions; (3) some data can only be gathered by interactive involvement, not dispassionate observation; (4) a goal of inquiry can be interpretation, not hypothesis testing; and (5) understanding may require a holistic approach which expands rather than constricts the realm of relevant data.     

Knowing "what" and knowing "when"

The ability to situate autobiographical memories accurately in the "time-line" of one's own life is a particular aspect of retrograde memory that has received little attention in well-controlled, systematic studies. Here, we addressed this issue by testing the hypothesis that patients with basal forebrain damage would be impaired in their ability to place various autobiographical memories accurately on a 'time-line' of their life. Seven such subjects were contrasted with 11 medial temporal lobe subjects, 8 brain-damaged comparison subjects, and 18 normal comparison subjects, using a procedure in which subjects placed autobiographical events on a time-line of their life. The basal forebrain group was very impaired in this task, relative to the other groups, and on average, misplaced events by more than five years. Although the basal forebrain group was also impaired in retrieving the contents of autobiographical memory, they did not differ statistically from the medial temporal lobe group in this regard (and the medial temporal lobe group did not have impaired time placement of memories). The results indicate an intriguing dissociation between "knowing what" and "knowing when," and suggest that the basal forebrain contains structures that are especially important for "knowing when." Our findings are compatible with the view that the basal forebrain participates critically in retrieval strategies important for memory chronology, which contrasts with the medial temporal lobe's critical role in relational memory per se.     

The "forty-nine" and "seventeen" problems]

The single most common age of murderers in Japan is 49. Individuals aged between 45 and 54 are, however, likely to commit not offences but suicides comparing with other generations. One factor behind this phenomenon is the trend toward company downsizing, which is thought to affect the mental attitude of workers. This trend is destroying the Japanese lifetime employment system and undermining worker's loyalty to the company. On the other hand, in the broader category of felony crimes (assault, burglary, arson, murder), offenders aged 17 are the most common in Japan. This is thought to be partly due to the effect of so-called "school collapse" (school system failure) on the mental attitude of students. "School collapse" implies dysfunction of educational practice as a result of chattering, bullying and violence in the classroom. It is the reflection of students' dissatisfaction with the group-oriented school system. Therefore, students are unable to find any purposes in school and exhibit aggressive behaviours. In terms of mental health for both middle-age and teenage generations, it is necessary to devise new strategies whereby people can break away from the pressure of loyalty to the group. For both "normal" and "disabled" workers, rights of recuperations, adequate unemployment benefits policy, and support system for occupational change should be established. Simultaneously, for both "normal" and "disabled" students, reform of the school system under the concepts of diversity of education, rights of selection, and rights of refusal is urgently necessary. With respect to forensic psychiatry, without the provision of social supports, labeling of conduct disorder as well as other disorders should be avoided. In particular, instead of introducing security hospitals, drastic improvements of medical reformatories and medical prisons are necessary to provide adequate medical and social supports for offenders with psychiatric disorders.