鞘内注射甘珀酸对大鼠热痛刺激反应的影响

目的:研究甘珀酸对大鼠热痛刺激反应的影响.方法:向实验组大鼠鞘内注射一种缝隙连接的阻断剂甘珀酸;对照组大鼠鞘内注射生理盐水,在注射前和注射后2 h测定热痛刺激大鼠缩足潜伏期(PWTL)的变化,并观察对脊髓背角胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和Fos蛋白表达的影响.结果:实验组阻断后PWTL测定值明显延长,与对照组差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);且阻断后Fos阳性神经元与对照组相比数量明显减少,GFAP阳性细胞则未见明显增加或减少.结论:本研究表明大鼠鞘内注射甘珀酸后①痛阈升高;②神经元对伤害性刺激信息的反应程度减弱,而AS的GFAP表达反应并未受影响.这提示,缝隙连接在疼痛的发生和维持中起着重要作用,AS有可能是通过缝隙连接参与对疼痛反应的过程.     

甘珀酸抑制大鼠唇下注射Formalin引起的伤害性行为和Sp5C神经元的Fos表达

目的探讨缝隙连接阻断剂甘珀酸(CBX)注入大鼠小脑延髓池后，对由福尔马林唇下注射所引发的伤害性行为，以及三叉神经尾侧亚核(Sp5C)神经元、星形胶质细胞的影响。方法20只SD大鼠分为生理盐水(NS)注射、Formalin注射、CBX Formalin注射、Sham CBX Formalin注射组，观察注射后45min内大鼠抓挠的累计时间；用免疫组织化学方法，显示Sp5CFos和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫反应性变化。结果NS组大鼠抓挠时间、范围、强度以及Fos-LI神经元、GFAP—LI星形胶质细胞均明显小于Formalin组和Sham CBX Formalin组，CBX Formalin组介于NS、Formalin组之间，有明显差异。结论缝隙连接可能参与中枢神经系统对疼痛反应的调控。     

脊髓神经元凋亡在鞘内注射血小板活化因子诱发大鼠痛敏中的作用

目的：探讨脊髓神经元凋亡在鞘内注射血小板活化因子（PAF）诱发大鼠痛敏中的作用。方法鞘内置管成功的雄性 Sprague-Dawley 大鼠60只,随机分为2组：对照组,30只,鞘内注射人工脑脊液（arti-ficial cerebral spinal fluid,ACSF）10μl;PAF 组,30只,鞘内注射 PAF 10μg,溶解于10μl 人工脑脊液;分别于鞘内给药前1 d、给药后1、3、5、7、14 d 分别测定机械痛阈（PWMT）和热痛阈（PWTL）。取 L4-6脊髓,采用TUNEL 法观察脊髓神经元凋亡。结果鞘内注射血小板活化因子（PAF）可诱发出大鼠机械性触诱发痛和热痛觉过敏。PAF 组术后1 d 脊髓中开始有少量凋亡神经元出现,凋亡指数于术后3 d 开始迅速增加,术后5 d 达峰值,与对照组比较,有显著性差异（P 〈0.01）。结论鞘内注射 PAF 诱发大鼠触觉异常痛敏和热痛敏,脊髓神经元凋亡可能参与了鞘内注射 PAF 大鼠痛敏的形成。     

红藻氨酸致痫大鼠海马Fos和GFAP的共同表达

目的 研究红藻氨酸（kainic acid,KA)诱导大鼠癫痫发作后海马（hippocampus,HI)内神经元和星形胶质细胞的时空效应性反应变化。方法 大鼠侧脑室内注射KA，用抗即刻早期基因Fos蛋白和抗胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的双重免疫荧光组织化学方法结合激光共聚焦显微镜技术，显示痫性发作后HI同一部位内反应性神经元与星形胶质细胞的分布。结果 KA诱导大鼠癫痫发作，HI内的Fos阳性神经元和GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞明显增多。两分布范围基本一致，且癫痫诱发30min后GFAP开始增多，1h达高峰；1h后Fos阳性产物开始增多；2h达高峰；部分Fos阳性神经元周围有GFAP免疫反应产物包绕，显示反应性神经元（Fos阳性）与反应性星形胶质细胞（GFAP阳性）之间关系密切。结论 HI内的神经元和星形胶质细胞与癫痫发作直接相关且存在相互关系。可能共同参与癫痫的发生及其调节。     

红藻氨酸诱发大鼠复杂部分性癫痫发作的海马神经元和星形胶质细胞反应及相互关系

目的：观察大鼠癫痫发作后海鸟内神经元与星形胶质细胞反应变化的时空效应及相互关系。方法：以红藻氨酸诱发的大鼠复杂部分性癫痂发作为模型，利用免疫组织化学法，在原位显示癫痫发作后15、30、60、90、120、180min6个时间点海马神经元Fos蛋白及星形胶质细胞内胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的表达变化、相互关系及分布规律。结果：致痫后15min海马内GFAP表达开始增多，60min达高峰。Fos阳性神经元在癞痴诱发后30min开始出现，120min达高峰。海马内GFAP阳性细胞与Fos阳性神经元分布规律基本一致。结论：在癫痫病理状态下，海马内星形胶质细胞的反应略早于神经元，两者之间分布呈平行关系，它们之间可能存在着复杂的信息通讯，以复合体的形式其同对各种病理生理刺激作出反应。     

侧脑室注射甘珀酸后豚鼠EAE模型脑白质内胶质细胞形态学改变

目的 观察豚鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)模型侧脑室注射缝隙连接(gap junction, GJ)阻滞剂甘珀酸后,脑白质内免疫损伤发生发展变化以及脑内星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞表达变化.方法 将豚鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,每组6只.实验组豚鼠经侧脑室注射甘珀酸,对照组以同样方式注射等量生理盐水,然后于豚鼠足底注射髓鞘碱性蛋白制作EAE动物模型.观察两组豚鼠EAE发病率,并采用免疫组化法观察豚鼠脑白质星形胶质细胞标志物胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP)和小胶质细胞标志物OX42的表达变化.结果 与对照组(平均EAE症状评分3.00分)相比较,实验组动物EAE发病率减少且症状(平均EAE症状评分0.67分)明显减轻(P<0.01);对照组与实验组EAE脑白质内均可见反应性GFAP(GFAP-like,GFAP-Li)星形胶质细胞表达, GFAP-Li标志物计数对照组为(504.00±55.88)个,实验组为(497.00±49.69)个,两组间比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);对照组与实验组EAE鼠脑白质内均可见反应性OX42(OX42-like,OX42-Li)小胶质细胞表达,实验组OX42-Li标志物计数[(120.00±10.64)个]较对照组[(242.00±35.35)个]明显减少(P<0.01).结论 GJ阻滞剂甘珀酸可明显减少EAE的发生率并明显减轻EAE发病的临床症状,其机制可能与其阻断GJ后继而降低小胶质细胞OX42的表达有关,表明GJ阻断剂可能成为多发性硬化防治的新途径.     

MEK阻滞剂U0126对背根神经节压迫神经痛模型大鼠nNOS表达的影响

摘要 背景：胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）信号通路以及NO激活,是伤害性刺激引起中枢敏化和长时程神经元可塑性中的重要因素,但二者在慢性压迫性损伤引起的神经痛的形成和维持中的作用尚未见报道。 目的：研究ERK信号传导通路阻滞剂U0126对背根神经节压迫神经痛大鼠脊髓背角内神经型一氧化氮合酶表达。 设计,时间及地点：随机对照的实验研究,于2008年7月至2009年3月在吉林大学第一医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科研究所完成。 材料：雄性Wistar大鼠由吉林大学实验动物中心提供;U0216（美国Bio-Mol公司产品） 方法：CCD模型建立后第五天,采用单次鞘内注射方法行U0126注射,同时在对照组给予鞘内注射无菌的5%二甲基亚砜。 主要观察指标：采用von Frey纤维丝和热痛刺激仪观察CCD大鼠鞘内应用U0126后机械性痛敏和热痛敏阈值的变化,同时应用免疫荧光染色和免疫印记方法观察其对大鼠脊髓背角内nNOS活性的影响。 结果：CCD引起大鼠脊髓背角内nNOS活性的增强,鞘内注射U0126抑制nNOS活性的同时能明显减轻由CCD导致的大鼠机械性痛敏和热痛敏。 结论：脊髓背角神经元胞内ERK信号通路活性的变化能够影响脊髓背角内nNOS表达,ERK参与介导了NO在神经病理性疼痛中的作用。。 主题词：细胞外信号调节激酶;一氧化氮合成酶;神经痛;中枢敏化;痛觉过敏     

痛刺激后大鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核星形细胞和神经元相互关系的电镜观察

目的：观察大鼠上唇皮下注射福尔马林后，三叉神经尾侧亚核（Sp5C)内反应性星形细胞和神经元之间相互关系的超微结构。方法：用DAB染色的抗胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、抗connexin43(Cx43）和金颗粒标记抗Cx32双标记免疫电镜方法。结果：电镜下观察到Sp5C内反应性星形细胞和神经元之间存在4种联系结构：第一种是突触样结构；第二种是三种成分的突触复合体，第三种是缝隙连接；第四种是由Cx32和Cx43构成的异源性缝隙连接（HGJ）。HGJ表现为两侧膜增厚，Cx43阳性物质和Cx32阳性金颗粒分别位于星形细胞和神经元一侧，痛刺激后HGJ数明明显增加。结论：神经元和星形细胞之间有多种信息通道，HGJ可能是一种快速，适应性信息通道。Sp5C星形细胞可能通过HGJ调节神经元的活动，共同参与中枢神经系统对刺激反应的调节。     

蓝斑核注射乙酰胆碱对大鼠蓝斑核痛反应神经元电活动的影响

[摘要] 目的 观察蓝斑核（LC）注射乙酰胆碱(ACh)后,蓝斑核（LC）中痛反应神经元的放电变化,研究ACh与LC在痛觉信息通路中的作用。 方法 以电脉冲刺激坐骨神经作为伤害性刺激,用玻璃微电极引导LC中痛反应神经元的电变化。结果 ① LC内注入ACh能够使大鼠LC中痛兴奋神经元（PEN）痛诱发放电频率增加、潜伏期缩短;痛抑制神经元（PIN）痛诱发放电频率减少、完全抑制时程延长;② LC内注入ACh 的M受体拮抗剂阿托品能够阻断ACh的上述效应。结论 ACh可使正常大鼠LC中痛反应神经元对伤害性刺激的反应增强,表现为致痛效应;揭示了ACh和LC在痛觉调制中具有非常重要的作用。     

CX36在KA注射致痫鼠脑组织中的表达及其意义

化值与甘珀酸组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05).KA致痫后大鼠的大脑皮层及海马CX36含量明显增多,且在海马中的变化比皮层明显,但无统计学意义(P>0.05).奎宁组及甘珀酸组CX36的表达量低于对照组(P<0.01),但奎宁组与甘珀酸组两组CX36的表达量无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 神经元上的南CX36组成的缝隙连接可能在癫痫发病初期占有主导地位.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Onset of action of antipsychotics in the treatment of mania

Introduction: An important consideration in treating acute mania is the promptness with which a chosen therapy can bring symptom amelioration. This article reviews the available published data from controlled, blinded studies regarding the latency of responses to antipsychotics in patients with acute mania.

Methods: Articles for this review were obtained from a search of the Medline database (1966–1999), using the following keywords and phrases: antipsychotic, atypical, bipolar disorder, mania, neuroleptic, typical. The bibliographic sections of articles gleaned from this search were used to direct further inquiries.

Results: Although information regarding the onset of action of antipsychotics is limited, we discovered data for four typical and three atypical antipsychotics. Drugs with the fastest onsets include haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine, with onsets appearing in 2–6 days. Chlorpromazine and thiothixene were at the slowest end of the continuum, with onsets of 2 weeks or longer. Data regarding pimozide are mixed, with some studies showing an onset equivalent to that of the 'fast' compounds and others showing one similar to that of the 'slow' compounds.

Conclusions: Choice of therapy should consider not only efficacy and safety, but also onset speed. Atypical antipsychotics appear to offer safer, faster, and more effective therapies.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

The origins of innervation of the esophagus of the dog

This study defined the origins of extrinsic efferent and afferent innervation of the normal canine esophagus. When all the layers of the wall of the 3 esophageal regions (cervical, thoracic and abdominal) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), labeled nerve cells were found in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and parasympathetic nucleus of X (PX) of the brainstem. Most labeled cells in the NA were located in the compact column (retrofacial nucleus) while labeled cells in the PX were located in separate rostral and caudal areas. There was no somatotopic organization in either the NA or PX. Labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons were found in the cranial cervical, middle cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic sympathetic trunk and celiacomesenteric ganglia. The HRP injection of the esophageal wall labeled sensory cell bodies in the glossopharyngeal, proximal and distal vagal, and C2-T6 spinal ganglia. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of labeled cells in the autonomic or sensory ganglia. When the HRP injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa layers of the thoracic esophagus, a small number of labeled cells were identified in the NA; however, no labeled cells were found in the NA when injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa of either the cervical or abdominal esophageal regions. With these confined injections, the labeled nerve cells appeared in the rostral part of the PX. Thus, it appeared that the internal tunics of the esophagus (i.e., the mucosa and submucosa) were innervated by neurons in the rostral PX while the muscular tunic was innervated by neurons in the caudal PX and the rostral NA. After mucosa-submucosa injections, labeled sympathetic neurons appeared in the same ganglia that were identified after whole wall injections and these had a similar random distribution. These injections also labeled neurons in the glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, and distal vagal ganglia, but unlike the whole wall injections there was no labeling in the spinal ganglia. This suggested that the labeled cells of the spinal ganglia seen after whole wall injections conveyed impulses from the tunica muscularis and serosa.