脑缺血预处理及HSP70表达对大鼠脑梗死的保护作用

目的建立局灶性可重复性大鼠脑缺血动物模型,探讨蛋白合成在脑缺血预处理(PC)诱导脑缺血耐受(IT)中的作用。方法应用改进的Longa’s法建立局灶脑缺血(MCAO)模型,短暂性脑缺血20min作为PC,PC 后24h给予永久性MCAO(PMCAO),并与未进行PC者比较。免疫印记法测量PC后24h及给予蛋白合成抑制剂放线菌酮后HSP70的变化,PMCAO24h后观察脑梗死的大小,神经功能评分;同时观察在PC前或PC后PMCAO 前给予蛋白合成抑制剂放线菌酮对上述指标的影响。结果 PC后24h行PMCAO,脑梗死体积明显减小(P<0．01), 神经功能评分减低(P<0．05);PC前给予放线菌酮消除了以上影响,但在PC后较长时间而在PMCAO之前给予则没有以上影响;HSP70在PC后24h明显表达,而在PC前30min给予防线菌酮抑制了HSP70的表达。结论 PC能够通过减少脑组织损伤和神经功能缺损对之后发生的脑缺血产生脑保护作用。PC诱导脑缺血耐受有赖于新蛋白的合成。     

局部脑缺血预处理对大鼠脑梗死的影响和HSP70的表达及mRNA的变化

目的建立局灶性可重复性大鼠脑缺血动物模型,研究短暂性局部脑缺血后再灌注不同时间对大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)的影响。方法应用改进的Longa's法,建立阻断左侧中动脉的局部脑缺血预处理模型。各组大鼠均经两次处理预处理(PC)组大鼠20min短暂脑缺血,分别在再灌注12h、1d、3d、5d、7d、14d后,造成MCAO;脑梗死组大鼠只在第二次处理造成大脑中动脉闭塞;短暂缺血组只在第一次处理时缺血20min,各组大鼠均在第二次处理后24h断头处死,检测以下指标神经功能缺失评分;TTC染色测量梗死范围HE染色观察组织结构变化;免疫印迹(原位杂交)和免疫组织化学染色观察HSP70的表达。结果PC后1d、2d、3d、5d、7d组与脑梗死组相比较,脑梗死范围,梗死周边区脑组织的缺血性损伤明显减轻了;短暂性脑缺血引起了轻微的神经细胞结构的改变并使缺血区HSP70的表达增加,MCAO后24hHSP70蛋白在缺血周边区出现了广泛表达。结论短暂局部缺血预处理可以诱导脑梗死后脑组织产生缺血耐受性,其保护作用出现再灌注后l~7d;缺血预处理引起HSP70的变化与缺血耐受的产生有一定联系。     

Overexpression of mitochondrial Hsp70/Hsp75 protects astrocytes against ischemic injury in vitro.

Mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 (mtHsp70/Hsp75/Grp75/mortalin/TRAP-1/PBP74) is an essential mitochondrial chaperone and a member of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family. Although many studies have shown the protective properties of overexpression of the cytosolic inducible member of the HSP70 family, Hsp72, few studies have investigated the protective potential of Hsp75 against ischemic injury. Mitochondria are one of the primary targets of ischemic injury in astrocytes. In this study, we analyzed the effects of Hsp75 overexpression on cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP levels, and viability during the ischemia-like conditions of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) or glucose deprivation (GD) in primary astrocytic cultures. We show that Hsp75 overexpression decreases ROS production and preserves mitochondrial membrane potential during GD, and preserves ATP levels and cell viability during OGD. These findings indicate that Hsp75 can provide protection against ischemia-like in vitro injury and suggest that it should be further studied as a potential candidate for protection against ischemic injury.     

Application of real-time polymerase chain reaction to quantitate induced expression of interleukin-1beta mRNA in ischemic brain tolerance

A short duration of ischemia (i.e., ischemic preconditioning) was shown to result in significant tolerance to subsequent ischemic injury. Since previous reports suggest that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) may be involved in both ischemic damage and neuroprotection, the present work examined the expression of IL-1beta mRNA in cortical brain tissue after an established preconditioning (PC) stimulus known to produce significant brain tolerance to focal stroke after 1-7 days. Significant induction of IL-1beta mRNA was observed in the ipsilateral cortex at 6 hr (87+/-9 copies of the mRNA per microgram of brain tissue compared to 16+/-5 copies in sham-operated samples, P < 0.001, n = 4) and 8 hr (46+/-4 copies, P < 0.01, n = 4) after PC by means of real-time Taqman polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The peak expression of IL-1beta mRNA after PC was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than that after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO), i.e., 87+/-9 and 546+/-92 copies of RNA per microgram tissue at peak levels for PC and focal stroke, respectively. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed a parallel induction of IL-1beta in the ipsilateral cortex after PC. The maximal expression of IL-1beta was observed during the first week post-PC, showing marked parallelism with the duration of ischemic tolerance. These data suggest that the significant but low levels of IL-1beta induction after PC may contribute to ischemic brain tolerance.     

缺血预处理（IPC）对大鼠局灶性脑梗死后HSP70和FOS表达的影响

目的 :研究缺血预处理 (IPC)对局灶性脑梗死后HSP70和FOS表达的影响 ,探讨IPC的脑保护作用机制。方法 :利用线栓法建立局灶性脑缺血 大脑中动脉闭塞模型 (MCAO)。MCAO 10min作为IPC ,IPC后 48h制作永久性大脑中动脉梗死 (PMCAO)模型。了解IPC对PMCAO后大脑神经功能和脑组织学损害的影响 ,免疫组化法研究PMCAO后 3hFOS表达变化以及 2 4h后HSP 70表达变化。结果 :IPC显著减轻PMCAO后大鼠神经功能损害和组织学损害 ,减少PMCAO后FOS、HSP 70的表达。结论 :IPC对其后PMCAO有明显的保护作用 ,能诱导脑缺血耐受 (IT)的产生 ,脑IT的神经保护作用与脑梗死后HSP 70和FOS表达改变密切相关。     

Hyperthermic induction of the 27-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp27) in neuroglia and neurons of the rat central nervous system

The 27-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp27) is constitutively expressed in many neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord, is strongly induced in glial cells in response to ischemia, seizures, or spreading depression, and is selectively induced in neurons after axotomy. Here, the expression of Hsp27 was examined in brains of adult rats from 1.5 hours to 6 days after brief hyperthermic stress (core body temperature of 42 degrees C for 15 minutes). Twenty-four hours following hyperthermia, Western blot analysis showed that Hsp27 was elevated in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brainstem. Immunohistochemistry for Hsp27 revealed a time-dependent, but transient, increase in the level of Hsp27 immunoreactivity (Hsp27 IR) in neuroglia and neurons. Hsp27 IR was detected in astrocytes throughout the brain and in Bergmann glia of the cerebellum from 3 hours to 6 days following heat shock. Peak levels were apparent at 24 hours, gradually declining thereafter. In addition, increases in Hsp27 IR were detected in the ependyma and choroid plexus. Hyperthermia induced Hsp27 IR in neurons of the subfornical organ and the area postrema within 3 hours and reached a maximum by 24 hours with a return to control levels 4-6 days after hyperthermia. Specific populations of hypothalamic neurons also showed Hsp27 IR after hyperthermia. These results demonstrate that hyperthermia induces transient expression of Hsp27 in several types of neuroglia and specific populations of neurons. The pattern of induced Hsp27 IR suggests that some of the activated cells are involved in physiological responses related to body fluid homeostasis and temperature regulation.     

脑缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠参附注射液干预后热休克蛋白70的表达

背景：参附注射液可通过改善微循环,增加组织血氧含量发挥对缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。 目的：观察参附注射液对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后热休克蛋白70表达的影响。 方法：将SD大鼠随机分为3组：假手术组、大脑中动脉闭塞缺血再灌注损伤模型组、参附注射液组。 结果与结论：应用参附注射液1 d后,改善了缺血再灌注大鼠脑部神经细胞的排列,减轻了胞体肿胀,核固缩等现象,应用3 d后改善更为明显,胞体结构已较清晰,核固缩、溶解程度显著减轻,胞体肿胀现象明显改善。参附注射液组治疗后1,3 d热休克蛋白70表达明显高于假手术组与模型组。提示参附注射液对脑缺血再灌注具有显著的保护作用,其作用可能是通过促进热休克蛋白70的表达来实现的。     

Induction of the 27-kDa Heat Shock Protein (Hsp27) in the Rat Medulla Oblongata after Vagus Nerve Injury

The 27-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp27) is constitutively expressed in motor and sensory neurons of the brainstem. Hsp27 is also rapidly induced in the nervous system following oxidative and cellular metabolic stress. In this study, we examined the distribution of Hsp27 in the rat medulla oblongata by means of immunohistochemistry after the vagus nerve was cut or crushed. After vagal injury, rats were allowed to survive for 6, 12, 24 h, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 30, or 90 days. Vagus nerve lesions resulted in a time-dependent up-regulation of Hsp27 in vagal motor and nodose ganglion sensory neurons that expressed Hsp27 constitutively andde novoinduction in neurons that did not express Hsp27 constitutively. In the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) and nucleus ambiguus, the levels of Hsp27 in motor neurons were elevated within 24 h of injury and persisted for up to 90 days. Vagal afferents to the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) and area postrema showed increases in Hsp27 levels within 4 days that were still present 90 days postinjury. In addition, increases in Hsp27 staining of axons in the NTS and DMV suggest that vagus nerve injury resulted in sprouting of afferent axons and spread into areas of the dorsal vagal complex not normally innervated by the vagus. Our observations are consistent with the possibility that Hsp27 plays a role in long-term survival of distinct subpopulations of injured vagal motor and sensory neurons.     

Hypoxic-preconditioning induces neuroprotection against hypoxia-ischemia in newborn piglet brain

Preconditioning-induced ischemic tolerance has been documented in the newborn brain, however, the signaling mechanisms of this preconditioning require further elucidation. The aims of this study were to develop a hypoxic-preconditioning (PC) model of ischemic tolerance in the newborn piglet, which emulates important clinical similarities to human situation of birth asphyxia, and to characterize some of the molecular mechanisms shown to be implicated in PC-induced neuroprotection in rodent models. One day old piglets were subjected to PC (8% O2/92% N2) for 3 h and 24 h later were exposed to hypoxia-ischemia (HI) produced by a combination of hypoxia (5% FiO2) for a period of 30 min and ischemia induced by a period of hypotension (10 min of reduced mean arterial blood pressure; ≤70% of baseline). Neuropathologic analysis and unbiased stereology, conducted at 24 h, 3 and 7 days of recovery following HI, indicated a substantial reduction in the severity of brain damage in PC piglets compared to non-PC piglets (P<0.05). PC significantly increased the mRNA expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and its target gene, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at 0 h, 6h, 24 h, 3 and 7 days of recovery. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that PC resulted in HIF-1α protein stabilization and accumulation in nuclear extracts of cerebral cortex of newborn piglet brain compared to normoxic controls. Protein levels of VEGF increased in a time-dependent manner in both cortex and hippocampus following PC. Double-immunolabeling indicated that VEGF is mainly expressed in neurons, endothelial cells and astroglia. Our study demonstrates for the first time the protective efficacy of PC against hypoxic-ischemic injury in newborn piglet model, which recapitulates many pathophysiological features of asphyxiated human neonates. Furthermore, as has been shown in rodent models of preconditioning, our results suggest that PC-induced protection in neonatal piglets may involve upregulation of VEGF.     

Expression of 27 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp27) in immature rat brain after a cortical aspiration lesion.

The 27 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp27) is a well-known member of the astroglial response to injury, playing a protective role against oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cytoskeletal destruction. Although several studies have been focused on the damaged adult brain, little is known about Hsp27 expression in the immature brain. In this work, we have examined the spatiotemporal pattern of Hsp27 expression in the normal postnatal rat brain following a cortical aspiration lesion at postnatal day 9. In the immature brain, Hsp27 is mainly observed in the internal capsule, although some scattered cells are also found in the ependyma, the corpus callosum, the septum, and hypothalamic glia limitans. In the internal capsule, Hsp27 expression is developmentally regulated, being significantly decreased from postnatal day 14. After a cortical aspiration lesion, de novo expression of Hsp27 is observed in cortical injured areas as well as in the secondary affected thalamus. In the cortex, expression of Hsp27 is first seen at day 1 postlesion (PL) surrounding the neurodegenerative area, becoming restricted to the glial scar at longer survival times. Although a pulse-like expression of Hsp27 is observed in some microglial cells at day 1 PL, most Hsp27-labeled cells are reactive astrocytes, which show GFAP overexpression and coexpress vimentin from day 3 PL. In the thalamus, astroglial Hsp27 expression is delayed, being first observed at day 5 PL. Thalamic Hsp27-labeled astrocytes do not show vimentin expression. Our observations demonstrate astroglial expression of Hsp27 in areas of tissue damage following postnatal traumatic injury, suggesting an involvement of this cytoskeleton-stabilizing protein in the remodeling processes following postnatal brain damage.