垂体腺瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨外科治疗垂体腺瘤显微手术方法的选择。方法对CT或MRI证实的65例垂体腺瘤，采用经蝶入路或经翼点入路两种手术方法，在显微镜下切除肿瘤。结果经蝶手术44例，全切除29例，次全切除15例；无1例死亡。经翼点入路显微手术21例，全切除13例，次全切5例，部分切除3例；死亡1例(死于多器官功能衰竭)。结论采用显微外科技术，针对肿瘤的特点选择不同的手术入路是提高垂体腺瘤全切率、降低死亡率的关键。     

显微外科治疗大及巨大垂体腺瘤手术入路的探讨

目的 探讨显微外科治疗大及巨大垂体腺瘤手术方法的选择。方法 对CT或MRI证实的56例大及巨大垂体腺瘤，采用经蝶入路或经颅入路两种手术方法，在显微镜下切除肿瘤。结果 经蝶手术18例，全切除12例，次全切除6例，无一例死亡。经颅采用翼点或经额入路显微手术治疗38例，经额手术25例，全切除22例，次全切2例，部分切除1例，其中1例死亡．原因不明；经翼点13例，全切除10例，次全切2例，部分切除1例，无一例死亡。结论 采用显微外科技术，针对肿瘤的特点选择不同的手术入路是提高垂体腺瘤全切率、降低死亡率的关键。     

影响巨大垂体腺瘤手术疗效的几个问题探讨

目的 介绍56例巨大垂体腺瘤显微外科手术治疗经验，探讨影响手术疗效的几个问题。方法 回顾性分析56例巨大垂体腺瘤病人的临床资料。据肿瘤的生长方向及部位分为四型，据此分别采用经蝶、经额下、额下经蝶、扩大经蝶、扩大额下硬膜外、额下一翼点等10种入路进行显微手术。重点介绍手术入路的选择及注意事项。结果 56例巨大垂体腺瘤全切29例，近全切20例，大部分切除7例，无死亡。结论 依据巨大垂体腺瘤的不同位置及生长方向选择适当的手术入路、掌握手术时机以及术后辅以放疗是提高手术疗效的重要手段。     

经蝶显微手术治疗垂体巨腺瘤

目的介绍1984年至2001年经蝶入路切除206例巨大垂体腺瘤的手术操作技术和经验。方法 206例巨大垂体腺瘤患，男性121例，女性85例，采用经蝶显微外科手术。结果 本组患肿瘤全切除137例，次全切除44例，大部切除25例，其中死亡2例。结论 对巨大垂体腺瘤而言，经蝶窦显微外科手术不但比经颅手术安全，而且切除范围也比经颅手术彻底，对视觉功能的改善更优于经颅手术。     

垂体肿瘤91例临床分析

目的 探讨垂体腺瘤外科手术治疗方法及经验。方法 对85例垂体腺瘤，据肿瘤的大小分别采用经蝶，经额下，经翼点三种手术入路，并在显微镜下实施手术治疗。结果 85例垂体腺瘤全切78例。近全切8例。大部切除2例；无死亡，术后一年随访，复发6例。结论 大型垂体腺瘤因部分质韧，与周围粘连，经翼点手术是提高全切率，降低复发率，减少副损伤及并发症的有效方法。     

内窥镜辅助经蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤

目的总结内窥镜辅助经蝶入路切除垂体腺癌的初步经验。方法内窥镜辅助下经蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤36例。结果24例全切除,12例次全切除,5例发生短暂性多尿,2例脑脊液漏,术后1～2周内恢复正常。结论内窥镜可以很好显露鞍内、鞍旁及鞍上肿瘤,可以更完全、更安全地切除肿瘤。     

大型垂体腺瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 研究大型垂体腺瘤的显微外科治疗结果,探讨其治疗方法和策略.方法 回顾2006年6月至2012年6月收治的垂体腺瘤病例,对56例直径超过3cm的垂体腺瘤的临床及影像学资料、手术入路及显微操作技术、辅助放疗和药物治疗结果进行分析总结.结果 经鼻蝶窦入路40例,经颅入路16例.肿瘤全切27例,次全切25例,部分切除4例.随访获得全切患者仅2例,2年后复发.未能全切除的29例患者中,动态观察无明显生长者9例,余20例行普通放疗者7例,伽玛刀治疗者13例,影像学复查肿瘤渐缩小或不增大.结论 多数大型垂体腺瘤可首选经鼻蝶窦入路显微外科手术治疗.能否全切取决于肿瘤的质地和是否侵袭海绵窦.广泛侵袭海绵窦的巨大、分叶、多方向生长的垂体腺瘤,分期手术或结合放射治疗、药物治疗为较佳选择.     

神经内窥镜及导航辅助下经单鼻蝶垂体腺瘤显微切除术(附27例临床分析)

目的探讨神经内窥镜和导航技术结合应用于垂体腺瘤显微切除的效果。方法在神经内窥镜和导航辅助下经鼻蝶入路显微切除27例垂体腺瘤,其中垂体微腺瘤2例,小腺瘤3例,大腺瘤18例和巨大腺瘤4例。结果肿瘤全切的17例,次全切7例,部分切除3例。结论神经内窥镜和导航技术结合应用于垂体腺瘤显微切除,术中定位准确,视野清晰,损伤小,提高了肿瘤的切除程度,术后恢复快,减少了手术的并发症,是垂体腺瘤手术治疗的较佳手段。     

非分泌性垂体腺瘤的显微外科手术策略

目的 探讨非分泌性垂体腺瘤治疗的显微外科手术策略。方法 回顾分析经手术证实的236例非分泌性垂体腺瘤的临床资料，采取四种显微手术策略：经蝶手术202例（85．59％），开颅手术15例（6．36％），经蝶＋开颅手术11例（4．66％），分次经蝶手术8例（3.39％）。结果 显微手术全切除171例（72．46％），次全切除65例（27．64％）。无同手术期严重并发症，视力视野改进占88．02%。甲状腺功能恢复正常占38．98％，血清催乳素水平恢复正常占70．63％。免疫组化研究提示促性腺激素细胞腺瘤占52．54％，裸细胞腺瘤占25．00％，大嗜酸粒细胞腺瘤占14．41％，静态促肾上腺皮质激素腺瘤占8．05％。结论 对于非分泌性垂体腺瘤，根据个性化的原则，采取不同的显微外科手术策略．可以取得满意的疗效。     

老年性垂体腺瘤50例临床分析

目的探讨老年性垂体腺瘤的临床诊断和手术治疗特点。方法回顾性分析8年间50例老年垂体腺瘤患者的手术资料,其中11例采用经额手术,39例采用经蝶手术。结果肿瘤全切23例,次全切除15例,大部切除12例。结论对于有视力障碍的老年垂体腺瘤病例应采用手术治疗,尤其是经蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤,具有良好的耐受,高龄已经不再是禁忌证。     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée ? Introduction à deux articles de E. Kandel

In two articles which appeared in the American Journal of Psychiatry and that were subsequently translated for Évolution Psychiatrique, E. Kandel examines the bases for a reinterpreted psychiatry that is prepared to confront the major challenge of the 3rd millenium: that of insight into the mind and brain. This requires a major reorganization of the discipline, which involves a reinvestment of the scientific approach and a critical  assessment of the data provided by psychoanalytical psychiatry and cognitive neurosciences. Seven concepts have therefore been proposed for interactive re-examination: consciousness, the unconscious, memory, emotion, development, desire, impulse. The dynamic relations existing between genetics and the environment allow one to see how evolutions are possible from actions at different levels, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological. Imaging and other techniques provide additional objective information to the process of human interaction which remains the basis of psychiatry. A common framework for psychiatry and the neurosciences, a reconsideration and renewal of the psychoanalytical approach are both possible and necessary.     

Opioids and the developing organism: A comprehensive bibliography, 1984–1988

A comprehensive bibliography of the literature concerned with opioids and the developing organism for 1984-1988 is presented. Utilized with companion papers (Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 6:439-479; 1982; 8:387-403; 1984), these articles cover the clinical and laboratory references beginning in 1875. For the years 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, a total of 877 citations were recorded. A series of indexes accompanies the citations in order to make the literature more accessible. These indexes are divided into clinical and laboratory topics, and subdivided into such topics as the type of opioid explored and the general area of biological interest (e.g., physiology).     

La biologie et le futur de la psychanalyse : un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée

The American Journal of Psychiatry has received a number of letters in response to my earlier “Framework” article (1). Some of these are reprinted elsewhere in this issue, and I have answered them briefly there. However, one issue raised by some letters deserves a more detailed answer, and that relates to whether biology is at all relevant to psychoanalysis. To my mind, this issue is so central to the future of psychoanalysis that it cannot be addressed with a brief comment. I therefore have written this article in an attempt to outline the importance of biology for the future of psychoanalysis.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Facteurs de risque environnementaux à la schizophrénie

Schizophrenia is currently a major concern, its prevalence being estimated at around 1% and its social consequences being severe. The elucidation of the pathophysiology of the disease is difficult due to the great variability of clinical expressions, the instability of the clinical symptoms during the evolution and the absence of reliable biological markers. The existence of a familial aggregation in schizophrenia is well known, the risk of presenting the disease for first-degree relatives of patients being 5 to 10 times higher than the risk observed in the general population. The genetic component was further confirmed by twin and adoption studies. Although the concordance for the disease is higher (40 to 70%) among monozygotic twins as compared with dizygotic twins (15%) it does not reach 100%, which implies that environmental factors modulate the effects of the genotype. However, the role of these factors and especially their interaction with genetic factors remain unclear but the implications of some specific environmental factors are well documented by recent research data. The current literature on sex differences in schizophrenia is consistent. Several studies have suggested that male and female patients may differ in age at the onset and expression of clinical symptoms. Complications during pregnancy or birth-giving may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The major complications are oxygen deprivation during pregnancy, bleeding, maternal malnutrition or infection (exposure to influenza, for example). A low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Psychoses are more common among people living in an urban environment and among those born during winter months. Schizophrenia is probably more prevalent in people who are living promiscuously, are subject to toxic abuse, poor nutrition and stress but here more precise data are needed. Moreover, immigrants have a higher risk of developing psychotic disorders. In addition, head traumas are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Though they are contentious, some studies suggest that substance abuse (cannabis use in European countries) is related to the development of schizophrenia, especially in people with genetic vulnerability. Moreover, substance misuse may worsen the symptoms. If the environment is sufficiently stressful, people with a high genetic vulnerability will develop some degree of mental illness, including schizophrenia. Conversely, a less stressful or a protective environment may decrease the risk of its onset in persons with a predisposition to schizophrenia.