免费师范生自伤行为与焦虑抑郁情绪的相关分析

目的探讨免费师范生自我伤害行为的一般现状及其与抑郁、焦虑情绪的关系。方法于2012年12月,随机抽取湖南第一师范学院470名免费师范生,采用青少年自伤行为量表、流调中心抑郁量表(CES-D)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)让其进行自陈式评估。结果①免费师范生自我伤害行为总检出率75.17%,自伤行为总分在是否独生子女和性别上差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。②免费师范生焦虑、抑郁情绪检出率分别为66.59%、40.89%。焦虑标准分(51.42±4.79)和抑郁总分(35.62±9.98)高于中国常模(P均0.001)。③自伤行为分与抑郁和焦虑分呈高正相关(r=0.418、0.422,P0.001)。结论免费师范生自我伤害行为发生率中,独生子女高于非独生子女;女生高于男生。对自我伤害行为的干预应同时处理焦虑、抑郁等负性情绪。     

抑郁和社会支持在留守青少年网络成瘾与自伤之间的作用研究

目的 探讨抑郁在留守青少年网络成瘾与自伤之间的中介作用和社会支持的调节作用。方法 采用分层整群抽样法，于2019年9—12月在重庆市某县8所乡镇初级中学选取1 945名留守学生作为研究对象。采用中学生网络成瘾诊断量表、自伤行为评定问卷、中文版患者健康问卷抑郁量表和青少年社会支持量表对其进行在线问卷调查。采用Pearson相关、点二列相关分析留守青少年网络成瘾与抑郁、社会支持、自伤的相关性。采用PROCESS V4.0插件分析抑郁在留守青少年网络成瘾与自伤之间的中介效应和社会支持的调节效应。结果 留守青少年自伤行为检出率为31.8%(619/1 945)。按照是否有自伤行为分为自伤组(n=619)及非自伤组(n=1 326)。两组留守青少年的家庭居住地比较，差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.153,P<0.05)。相关分析显示，留守青少年网络成瘾与抑郁、自伤呈正相关，与社会支持呈负相关，抑郁与自伤呈正相关(r=0.314、0.307、-0.203、0.371;P<0.01)。中介效应分析显示，抑郁在留守青少年网络成瘾与自伤行为间起部分中介作用，标准化的中介效应...     

高职学生自伤行为调查及功能性评估

目的了解高职学生自伤行为的现状及检出率,并对自伤行为进行功能性评估,为高职学生自伤行为的预防和干预提供参考依据。方法采用整群随机抽样方法抽取浙江省杭州市2014级900名新入校高职学生为调查对象,采用自编的大学生自伤行为问卷调查高职学生自伤行为时的想法、目的及功能。结果 853名高职学生有效完成调查,其中52.3%报告有自伤行为,6.4%经常自伤,自伤行为在性别方面差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.047,P=0.977)。67.6%的个体初次发生自伤行为是在12~15岁,19.5%是在16~20岁;自伤方式中,66.7%用手打玻璃或墙壁等硬物体,52.4%用手打脸或身体其它部位;自伤行为功能评估发现81.2%是宣泄情绪,69.4%是弥补过错或者惩罚自己,68.2%是获得关注,16.3%是获得某种快感,13.8%是鼓励或鞭策自己,2.5%是模仿崇拜或喜欢的人。结论高职学生自伤行为的检出率较高;自伤行为发生时间早,实施前考虑时问短,行为冲动;缓解不良情绪是个体自伤最常见的动机;早期创伤经验可能会增加个体自伤行为的发生。     

伴非自杀性自伤行为的青少年心境障碍患者自杀未遂发生现状及影响因素分析

目的 探讨伴非自杀性自伤行为(NSSI)的青少年心境障碍患者合并自杀未遂(SA)及其与临床特征的关系.方法 选取于2020年12月至2021年8月在首都医科大学附属北京安定医院住院的有NSSI史的80例13～19岁青少年心境障碍患者进行横断面调查.采用自编一般资料问卷、青少年NSSI问卷、简易应对方式问卷、中文版正性与...     

大学生非自杀性自伤与成人依恋的关系

目的 探讨大学生自伤行为与其依恋类型之间的关系。方法 选择北京市海淀区某高校 85 名存在自伤行为大学生（自伤行为组）及年龄、性别匹配的85 名无自伤行为的大学生（对照组）为研究 对象，采用亲密关系体验问卷修订版（ECR-R）、自伤行为调查表进行调查。结果 自伤行为大学生依恋 类型分布为安全型27 例（31.8%）、迷恋型19 例（22.4%）、淡漠型26 例（30.6%）和恐惧型13 例（15.3%）。自 伤行为组依恋类型与对照组分布差异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）。不同依恋类型的自伤大学生自伤行为 发生种类数差异有统计学意义（χ2=11.397，P＜ 0.05）。非自杀性自伤与不安全依恋相关。结论 有自 伤行为大学生中不安全依恋类型占多数，不安全依恋类型是大学生自伤行为发生的相关因素。     

具有心理咨询师资格的精神科护士职业倦怠与应对方式的关系

目的探讨具有心理咨询师资格的精神科护士职业倦怠和应对方式现状及其关系。方法采用Maslach工作倦怠通用量表(MBI-GS)和简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)分别对20名具有心理咨询师资格的精神科护士(心理咨询师组)及未取得心理咨询师资格的精神科护士(对照组)进行调查。结果心理咨询师组自我成就感、积极应对得分均高于对照组[(22.55±5.24)分vs.(16.32±4.51)分][(2.22±0.50)分vs.(1.69±0.46)分],差异有统计学意义(P0.05),积极应对与自我成就感呈正相关,消极应对与去个性化呈正相关(r=0.33、0.41,P0.05)。结论具有心理咨询师资格的护士职业倦怠状况可能好于未取得心理咨询师资格的护士,较多采用积极应对方式;积极的应对方式可能有助于提升自我成就感。     

青少年女性非自杀性自伤行为及相关因素北大核心CSCD

目的探讨青少年女性非自杀性自伤(non suicidal self-injury,NSSI)行为特点及相关因素。方法纳入64例存在《精神障碍诊断与统计手册第5版》中NSSI行为的青少年女性患者(NSSI组)和57名青少年女性健康对照(对照组)。NSSI组采用渥太华自伤量表(Ottawa self-injury inventory,OSI)评估NSSI情况,两组对象使用童年期创伤问卷-简版(childhood trauma questionnaire,CTQ-SF)、情绪调节困难量表(difficulties in emotion regulation scale,DERS)、Barratt冲动人格问卷(Barratt impulsiveness scale,BIS)评估NSSI行为的相关因素。结果NSSI组患者最早于7岁开始出现自伤行为,近1年中的自伤次数中位数为34(11,62)次。常见的自伤部位是前臂/腕部(81.3%)、头面部(57.8%)、手(50.0%),最常用的自伤方式为切割(75.0%)、搔抓(53.1%)、啃咬(48.4%)、击打(45.3%)。NSSI组患者暴露于躯体虐待(21.9%vs.0)、情感虐待(45.3%vs.1.8%)、情感忽视(60.9%vs.19.3%)和性虐待(12.5%vs.1.8%)的比例高于对照组(P<0.05),DERS各维度评分、BIS各维度评分高于对照组(P<0.01)。线性回归分析显示,饮酒史(β=77.31,P<0.01)、情感虐待(β=14.81,P<0.01)、情绪知觉(β=6.84,P=0.01)、情绪感受(β=3.07,P=0.04)、认知冲动(β=6.92,P<0.01)与NSSI组1年中的自伤频率呈正相关,文化程度(β=-61.31,P=0.04)、躯体虐待(β=-19.47,P<0.01)、行为冲动(β=-5.93,P<0.01)与NSSI组1年中的自伤频率呈负相关,该模型可以解释自伤频率43%的变异(F=3.36,P<0.01)。结论青少年女性患者常见的自伤部位是前臂/腕部、头面部和手,最常用的自伤方式为切割、搔抓、啃咬和击打,并且儿童期情感虐待、情绪调节和冲动与NSSI相关。     

行为抑制/激活系统与初中生非自杀性自伤的关系：抑郁的中介效应

目的 探讨初中生非自杀性自伤（NSSI）、抑郁情况,分析抑郁在行为抑制/激活系统（BIS/BAS）与NSSI之间的中介作用。方法 采用整群抽样法,于2022年6月选取山东省济宁市泗水县3所中学2 900名初中生为研究对象,采用青少年自伤行为问卷、BIS/BAS量表和抑郁自评量表（SDS）进行问卷调查。采用Pearson相关分析各变量之间的相关性。采用SPSS Amos 24.0软件构建结构方程模型并进行中介效应检验。本研究共发放问卷2 900份,回收有效问卷2 429份,有效回收率为83.76%。结果 2 429名初中生的NSSI年发生率为37.55%(912/2 429),抑郁发生率为32.73%(795/2 429)。根据是否有过NSSI行为分为有NSSI组（n=912）和无NSSI组（n=1 517）。有NSSI组初中生的青少年自伤行为问卷得分为（33.01±21.24）分。有NSSI组初中生的BIS、BAS-愉悦追求、SDS得分分别为（11.08±2.93）、（7.15±2.58）、（53.17±10.67）分,高于无NSSI组的（10.16±3.15）、（6.52±2.55）...     

重性抑郁障碍伴酒精使用障碍患者临床特征及应对方式研究

目的调查重性抑郁障碍伴酒精使用障碍患者的临床特征及应对方式。方法以诊断为重性抑郁障碍的住院患者为研究对象,根据是否伴酒精使用障碍分为共病组与非共病组。采用一般情况调查表调查患者的临床特征及冲动、外走、自杀、自伤行为,应对方式问卷调查患者的应对方式。结果纳入重性抑郁障碍患者162例,其中共病酒精使用障碍44例(27.2%)。共病组较非共病组的患者,男性居多,有嗜酒家族史者多,家庭关系不和睦,起病形式以亚急性为主,自伤及自杀行为更多,多采用自责的应对方式而较少采用求助的应对方式(均P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示男性(OR=8.636,P0.001)、家庭关系不和睦(以"一般"为参照,OR=6.043,P=0.007)、有自杀行为(OR=3.292,P=0.037)与共病酒精使用障碍相关联。结论重性抑郁障碍伴酒精使用障碍患者发生自杀行为风险更高,更多采用自责的应对方式,应引起临床医生重视。     

伴危险行为精神疾病患者家属心理压力和应对方式的调查

目的：调查伴危险行为精神疾病患者家属的心理压力状况和应对方式。方法选取2014年5月-12月在广州市民政局精神病院住院或门诊治疗的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准、存有危险行为精神疾病患者的家属50名,采用一般情况调查表、生活事件量表(LES)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)和压力感受量表(PSS)对家属进行调查。结果有16名(32%)家属存在健康危险性;不同病程、住院次数的患者其家属TCSQ积极应对评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同性别患者其家属TCSQ积极应对和消极应对评分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论伴危险行为精神疾病患者家属普遍存在着不同程度的心理压力。     

Videotape recording in psychiatry and psychopharmacology : REVIEW AND PRESENTATION OF A NEW METHOD

After a review of publications concerning the use of television in psychiatry a new method of audiovisual evaluation of psychotropic drugs is demonstrated: SAPE (Standardized Audiovisual Psychiatric Evaluation). The procedure requires a pre-treatment and post-treatment videotaped interview with each patient (15 min). These interviews are later rated and scored by 10 to 20 or more raters (using a Symptom Check List). Data are evaluated by a fully automated computer program in four steps. The main advantages of the method are: 1) Uniform homogeneous information available to all participating raters. 2) Reduced number of patients and shorter duration of trial. 3) Participation of as many raters as desired. 4) Better comparability and standardization than with usual methods. 5) Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability tests for every study possible. 6) Stabilized baseline values for each symptom. 7) Homogeneity of raters’assessments resulting from the increased number of raters participating. 8) Improved basis and conditions for the use of parametric statistical evaluation techniques. 9) Homogeneity of the rater evaluation for each subsequent control. 10) A statistical assessment of the homogeneity of a study as a whole is possible. 11) Double-blind method only for treating doctor (not video-rating), the nurses and patients but not for the television interviewer and raters (if contact with ward and patients is avoided).     

alpha-Bungarotoxin aggregates on radioiodination with chloramine-T but not with iodogen

The presence of polymer(s) of radioiodinated bungarotoxin (Bgt) in preparations iodinated with chloramine-T or with iodogen, was investigated by chromatography on Sephadex-G50. In addition to a monomeric peak (P2), chloramine-T preparations showed a high content of polymeric forms (16-43%) eluting in the void volume (P1), present only to the extent of 1-3% in iodogen preparations. In purified [125I]Bgt prepared by the iodogen method, the content of P1 increased on treatment with chloramine-T, in the absence of radioiodine. The nonspecific binding of [125I]Bgt to DE-81 filter discs was high in the case of chloramine-T preparations and proportional to the content of P1 in each batch. Purified P1 (polymer) but not P2 (monomer) showed a concentration-dependent high degree of binding to DE-81 discs.     

Antidepressant drugs in anergic schizophrenia. A double-blind cross-over study with maprotiline and placebo

Seventeen out of 20 inactive and emotionally withdrawn schizophrenic patients under long-term neuroleptic treatment completed a double-blind cross-over investigation of the possible activating effect of maprotiline, a relatively specific noradrenaline-reuptake inhibitor, compared with that of placebo. Each treatment phase lasted 8 weeks. No significant differences with respect to either the level of activity or schizophrenic symptoms were found between maprotiline (mean dose 138 mg/day) and placebo. Maprotiline provoked a slight psychotic exacerbation in one patient and sedation in another, four patients developed orthostatic hypotension, and two patients had an epileptic seizure. In the light of this and other studies, it must be concluded that antidepressant drugs do not represent any therapeutic advance in the treatment of inactive schizophrenic patients receiving neuroleptics.     

Immunohistochemical study with an anti-myelin serum a marker for all glial cells except ‘dark’ oligodendrocytes

The usefulness of an anti-myelin antiserum as a possible marker for glial cells and related structures was investigated using rat brain. As expected, the myelin fibers were heavily stained but the neuronal cells and their processes were unreactive. The oligodendrocytes, identified on electron microscopy, revealed labelling of only the light and medium types, but not the dark cells. These results indicate that the suggested morphological classification of oligodendrocytes may be based on varying amounts of myelin antigen synthesis. Astrocytes from all areas, Golgi epithelial cells, Bergmann fibers and some subependymal cells also reacted with this anti-myelin antiserum but the staining was abolished completely by preabsorption with kidney powder. In contrast, the myelin fibers and the light and medium oligodendrocytes could still be labelled. We conclude that this anti-myelin antiserum should prove useful in studies of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system.     

Erythrocyte COMT-activity in patients with affective disorders

COMT enzyme characteristics (K_m, V, ratio of meta/paramethylation) were determined in the red blood cells of 20 patients with endogenous depression, in 20 healthy controls matched as to age and sex, as well as in 10 patients with mania, and 10 patients with neurotic depression. Assessment was done twice, i.e. before and after remission in patients with endogenous depression and in the manic patients. If male and female patients are considered together there was no statistical difference between the COMT charateristics of these patients groups, either before or after remission. Only the bipolar patients showed a higher COMT-activity (V) than their individually matched controls. If, however, only the female patients are taken into consideration, COMT-activity of the patients with endogenous depression vs. controls is significantly increased by 60%. This difference can be demonstrated also after remission (“free interval”) though statistical significance is reached only for the unipolar group. Further in vitro experiments indicate that antidepressant drugs do not possess a relevant influence on COMT-activity. Ranking the mean COMT-values leads to the following order: matched controls < neurotic depression < unipolar depression < biopolar depression, which would be in good agreement with theoretical expectations based on the amine hypothesis of depression. Compared with normal male subjects COMT-activity of female controls is significantly lower. On the other hand, the female patients with endogenous depression show a significantly higher enzyme activity than the corresponding male patients.     

Psychopharmacological activity of anaphylatoxin C3a in rat hypothalamus

C3a anaphylatoxin injected into the perifornical hypothalamic region of sated rats increased the eating response to norepinephrine and the drinking response to carbamyl choline but had no effect on food or water intake in sated, saline control animals. This potentiation of drug-stimulated intakes was reversible by intrahypothalamic injection of catecholamine receptor antagonists haloperidol and phentolamine. We propose that C3a acts as a catecholamine agonist in the central nervous system. The results suggest that C3a may play a role in mediating the neuropsychiatric manifestations associated with immune complex formation or deposition in the central nervous system.     

Paranoid states of middle life:FAMILIAL OCCURRENCE AND RELATIONSHIP TO SCHIZOPHRENIA

Paranoid states beginning in middle life were selected from a case register. A search among the sibs of those probands uncovered no paranoid states and schizophrenia was no more common than in the general population. The implications for the asteiology of paranoid states and for the relationship between these and schizophrenia are discussed.     

Studies on the prolactin response induced by electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenics

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and simulated ECT (SECT)-induced prolactin response has been studied in 14 schizophrenic males. Cortisol, growth hormone, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) changes have been measured simultaneously. The prolactin rise was significantly higher after ECT than after SECT. Cortisol increase after ECT did not exceed significantly the elevation after SECT. Changes in growth hormone and TSH concentrations were inconsistent and non-significant. On the basis of the results it may be assumed that ECT-induced prolactin response is a consequence of specific transmitter changes in the CNS and not a result of stress reaction or generalized neuronal discharge. ECT-induced prolactin response was negligible in two cases. Both patients were chronically hospitalized schizophrenics resistant to therapy. Whether the prolactin response or its absence is of predictive value with respect to prognosis or effect of ECT remains to be seen.     

Incidence and prevalence of treated mental disorders: HEALTH CARE PLANNING IN A SMALL-TOWN-RURAL REGION OF UPPER BAVARIA

An analysis of those to be cared for and those destined to provide the care is necessary, in order to develop an effective system of mental health care. Such an analysis is given here for a rural-small-town region of Upper Bavaria with 424,000 residents. The treated incidence and prevalence are presented according to sex, age and diagnosis. The morbidity rates for patients from communities of various sizes and distances from the institution of treatment are discussed as an example of ecological analysis. The future planning for the research area should be based on varied community-centred possibilities for psychiatric care.     

Socio-demographic correlates of schizophrenia,affective psychoses and neuroses in a clinic in India

Of a total of 5,343 patients seen during four calendar years at the adult psychiatric outpatients’clinic of a teaching hospital in India, patients with schizophrenia, affective psychoses and neuroses were compared with one another regarding distribution of socio-demographic variables. Women with an urban background and higher socio-economic status were proportionately more numerous amongst neurotics. Schizophrenics were youngest and more often single. Patients with affective psychoses were older, usually married, had the lowest educational level and most often a rural background, and were from relatively lower socio-economic strata. Also the Sikh religion and Jat caste were significantly more preponderant amongst affective psychotics. This finding is consistent with the reported distribution of ABO blood groups in affective psychotics and in Jat Sikhs, and suggests a genetic basis for the greater representation of Jats and Sikhs amongst affective psychotics.