寰枕融合畸形患者寰枢侧块关节形态变化与寰枢椎脱位的三维特征

目的 分析寰枕融合畸形伴寰枢椎脱位时侧块关节的形态学变化与脱位的三维特征. 方法 寰枕融合畸形伴寰枢椎脱位患者36例行螺旋CT扫描后.数据以DICOM格式传送至三维可视化工作站.重建颅颈交界区三维模型,按照骨性畸形、寰齿关节、侧块关节的次序观察骨性畸形及寰枢椎脱位的三维特征. 结果 寰枢侧块关节呈关节滑脱者57侧(79%)、关节整体变形前倾者61侧(85%)和关节面分离者11侧(15%).对照两侧对称或不对称侧块关节的形态变化与脱位时寰椎与枢椎的三维位置关系,本组寰枢椎脱位的三维分型可归纳为三种:对称N(14/36例,39%),为两侧寰枢椎侧块关节呈大致对称的关节滑脱和关节整体变形前倾;旋转型(13/36例,36%),为两侧寰枢侧块关节呈显著不对称的关节滑脱和关节整体变形前倾;分离型(9/36例,25%),为至少一侧侧块关节出现关节面的完全分离. 结论 寰枕融合畸形时先天性的关节发育异常、继发的关节变形以及韧带的疲劳拉伸等多种因素及其相互作用是寰枢椎脱位发生的根本原冈.采用三维可视化方法直观地观察和分析寰枢椎脱位及寰枢侧块关节形态,对于手术决策和内固定方案选择等具有重要价值.     

Goel技术治疗颅底凹陷及寰枢椎脱位

目的 探讨应用寰椎侧块螺钉、枢椎椎弓峡部螺钉棒内固定术治疗颅底凹陷合并寰枢椎脱位的可行性及临床疗效.方法 回顾分析76 例颅底凹陷合并寰枢椎关节脱位患者临床诊断与治疗经过,其中合并寰椎枕骨化畸形的寰枢椎脱位50 例,未合并寰椎枕骨化畸形的寰枢椎失稳和脱位26 例(齿状突不连性或发育不良性寰枢椎脱位14 例、未合并脱位的颅底凹陷经前路切除齿状突减压所致医源性寰枢椎不稳12 例).全部病例均采用寰椎侧块螺钉和枢椎椎弓峡部螺钉棒或下关节突螺钉棒系统进行复位固定,髂后上嵴松质骨颗粒植骨.结果 74 例获得满意临床治疗效果,出院时日本骨科协会(JOA)评分(17 分法)由术前的9.43 ± 3.16 提高至13.80 ± 2.07(t = 4.063,P = 0.037),Odom 评级优19 例、良49 例、可7 例、差1 例.未合并寰枕融合者经后路固定手术均获得解剖学复位;50 例伴寰枕融合患者中15 例完全复位、35 例部分复位;其中26 例经口腔入路施行减压.共50 例获3 个月以上随访,JOA 评分由术前的8.90 ± 1.22 提高至14.72 ± 1.57(t = 4.914,P = 0.015),Odom 评级优18 例、良30 例、可2 例、差0 例.随访期间未出现断钉、断板现象,内固定稳固、植骨完全融合.1 例术后清醒拔管12 h 突发呼吸、心跳停止,复苏成功后深度昏迷,家属放弃治疗出院;1 例术后第6 天发生全身凝血机制障碍,随后出现四肢完全瘫痪,目前仍然在康复治疗中,肌力恢复至3 级;2 例术后发生呼吸衰竭;2 例出现切口延迟愈合.无一例发生感染和后组脑神经损伤并发症.结论 应用Goel 内固定技术行寰枢椎关节复位、固定及植骨融合治疗畸形寰枢椎脱位安全可行,疗效满意.     

一期前方咽后入路松解后路融合治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位

目的探讨一期颈椎前方高位咽后入路松解后路寰枢椎融合治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位的可行性及效果。方法本组共收治难复性寰枢椎脱位患者12例。入院后患者均常规行颅骨牵引术,常规行颈椎X线、MRI和CT三维重建检查评估寰枢椎脱位情况。所有患者采用前方高位咽后入路显露寰枢椎关节囊,去除寰枢椎之间的瘢痕、骨赘进行松解,一期在持续颅骨牵引下行后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉提拉复位、固定,并取髂骨植骨融合。采用日本骨科协会(JOA)评分评估术前和术后1年的神经功能。结果所有病例术后随访12～28个月,平均18个月。1例患者术后出现舌下神经麻痹,术后2个月恢复。无脑脊液漏及食道、神经和椎动脉损伤。JOA术前为(9.3±1.1)分,术后1年(15.6±1.2)分,两者相差显著(P<0.05)。所有患者均植骨融合、内固定位置良好。结论一期颈椎前方高位咽后入路松解后路寰枢椎融合是治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位的有效方法。     

齿状突游离小骨合并寰枢椎脱位的外科治疗临床经验

目的总结齿状突游离小骨合并寰枢椎脱位患者外科治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析唐都医院神经外科2010年8月~2015年12月治疗的9例齿状突游离小骨合并寰枢椎脱位患者的临床资料。所有患者均采用颈后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉或者枕颈螺钉内固定植骨融合术进行治疗,统计并比较术前术后影像学测量指标(改良寰齿前间距MADI,脊髓可用间隙SAC)及JOA评分评价手术疗效。结果 9例患者均成功实施手术,无手术相关并发症发生;术后患者的症状均明显改善,MADI明显缩小,SAC明显增加,颈髓角135°;手术前和手术后3个月时的JOA评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后3个月时复查寰枢椎均达到复位和骨性融合。结论对齿状突游离小骨合并寰枢椎脱位患者,采用术中寰枢椎复位,寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉或枕颈螺钉内固定术可以有效进行寰枢椎的融合,固定效果良好,缓解脊髓受压,改善了齿状突游离小骨及寰枢椎脱位导致的神经功能症状。     

自发性寰枢椎脱位病因和发生机制的研究现状

自发性寰枢椎脱位常合并多种骨关节畸形及其他病变。在其发病因素中，国人最常见的是寰枕融合和（或）C2.3融合。发生寰枢椎脱位的机制为寰枢关节活动的代偿性增加。而国外文献报道以类风湿性关节炎最常见，炎症造成的齿状突周围骨、韧带结构的破坏在寰枢脱位的发生中起很大作用。本文对自发性寰枢椎脱位的病因和发生机制的研究进行综述。     

寰-枕融合与自发性寰-枢椎脱位发生机制的有限元研究

目的利用寰-枕融合有限元模型,探讨自发性寰-枢椎脱位的发生机制。方法在枕-寰-枢复合体有限元模型的寰椎和枕骨之间添加单元模拟先天性寰-枕融合的力学状态,计算生理载荷、过度载荷和韧带损伤情况下生物力学的改变。结果寰-枕融合在生理载荷下并不直接导致寰-枢椎脱位,但是却可以造成寰-枢复合关节的应力发生复杂的改变,同时韧带受力增大。随载荷的增大,这些改变更为明显。单纯韧带损伤虽不足以导致寰-枢椎脱位的发生,但也会改变寰-枢关节的应力环境。结论寰-枕融合后寰-枢关节的应力环境改变和韧带受力增大是两个重要的生物力学特征,二者在自发性寰-枢椎脱位的发生中发挥协同作用。     

颅颈交界后路内固定技术进展

颅颈交界区的后路内固定术通常指寰枢椎内固定术和枕颈内固定术,主要应用于先天畸形、外伤、炎症以及肿瘤破坏等各种原因导致的颅颈交界区失稳。寰枢椎脱位是颅颈交界区失稳的关键病理变化,因此各种内固定技术主要针对寰枢椎加以固定和植骨,即寰枢椎内固定术。有时寰椎或枢椎不     

寰枢侧方关节撑开结合关节重塑技术治疗颅底凹陷合并寰枢椎脱位的临床疗效

目的观察寰枢侧方关节间撑开结合关节重塑技术治疗颅底凹陷合并寰枢椎脱位的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2019年10月至2021年9月首都医科大学三博脑科医院脊髓脊柱中心诊治的12例颅底凹陷合并寰枢椎脱位患者的临床资料。所有患者均合并寰枕融合, 斜坡枢椎角度均减小。术中均行关节间撑开松解侧方关节, 再进行关节重塑, 调整关节面的倾斜角度;然后置入融合器, 使寰椎向上及向后方旋转移动, 并进行固定。所有患者采用日本骨科协会(JOA)评分评估临床症状的改善情况;测量手术前后寰齿间距、齿状突超过钱氏线的距离、斜坡枢椎角度及延髓脊髓角度的变化, 评估寰枢椎复位及齿状突成角移位的矫正情况。结果所有患者均成功重塑关节面并置入螺钉, 均行枕骨-枢椎内固定。手术时长为(191.7±46.9)min, 术中出血量为(182.5±69.3)ml, 无一例患者发生椎动脉及硬脊膜损伤。术后1周内, 颈椎CT显示12例患者的寰枢椎脱位均获得复位, 其中齿状突超过钱氏线的距离由术前的(10.0±3.5)mm减少至术后的(4.2±2.3)mm, 寰齿间距由术前的(6.7±2.1)mm减少至术后的(1.4±0.8)mm;颈椎...     

合并寰枢椎脱位的复杂颅颈交界区畸形后路减压复位内固定术疗效初步观察

目的 总结合并寰枢椎脱位的复杂颅颈交界区畸形经后路减压复位内固定术的临床经验.方法 回顾分析18 例合并寰枢椎脱位的复杂颅颈交界区畸形患者(先天性寰枢椎脱位15 例、经口腔入路齿状突磨除术后症状加重致枕颈失稳1 例、外伤所致2 例)的临床资料.施行经后路减压复位钉棒内固定术,术中行体感诱发电位及肌电图监测,根据日本骨科协会(JOA)17 分评分系统和影像学改善程度评价手术疗效.结果 术后影像学检查显示,18 例中16 例钉棒内固定系统和寰枢椎复位良好,1 例复位不良;骨性融合良好16 例,欠佳1 例.术后临床表现均不同程度好转,1 例突发呼吸骤停死亡.术后平均随访6.62 个月(3 ~ 28 个月),JOA 平均评分为11.62 ± 3.23,与手术前评分(7.51 ± 3.82)相比,差异具有统计学意义(t = - 5.476,P = 0.004).结论 经后路减压、复位、钉棒内固定术治疗合并寰枢椎脱位的颅颈交界区畸形临床疗效良好,能够减少患者痛苦、避免再次手术,值得临床推广应用.     

重型颅脑损伤合并寰枢椎半脱位的诊断与治疗

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤合并寰枢椎半脱位的诊断和治疗方法。方法重型颅脑损伤137例患者中合并寰枢椎半脱位者17例。每例患者均行颅脑和寰枢椎CT扫描，必要时加做寰枢椎CT三维重建或MRI检查。在积极治疗颅脑损伤同时，均予以颈同固定制动、颌枕吊带或颅环弓牵引治疗。结果17例重型颅脑损伤合并寰枢椎半脱位患者经治疗后12例神志转清，5例植物生存。2例有脊髓损伤者完全恢复。无1例因寰枢椎半脱位而导致呼吸骤停或猝死，CT复查寰枢椎结构恢复正常。结论对重型颅脑损伤患者在颅脑伤诊治的同时，应常规行寰枢椎CT检查，以明确诊断，早期治疗，能有效预防并发症，改善预后。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]