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1.
抑郁症首次发病患者认知功能的研究   总被引:23,自引:1,他引:22  
目的探讨抑郁症首次发病(以下简称首发)患者的认知功能特点及其影响因素。方法采用韦氏成人智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)分别评定116例首发抑郁症患者(抑郁症组)和41名健康人(对照组)的认知状况,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(24项,HAMD)评定病情严重程度。对影响神经心理学测验成绩的临床症状进行逐步多元回归分析。结果(1)抑郁症组的长时记忆[(35.28±7.27)分]、短时记忆[(51.32±13.41)分]、记忆商数[(89.46±17.84)]、语言智商数[(110.96±13.72)]、操作智商数[101.90±15.98)]、智商数[(107.41±15.78)]均明显低于对照组[长时记忆(44.05±5.06)分,短时记忆(71.41±8.51)分,记忆商数(121.90±11.26),语言智商数(117.49±10.99),操作智商数(117.24±10.54),智商数[(118.98±10.95)],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。抑郁症组的WCST总测验数[(74.70±27.96)个]、持续错误数[(26.07±15.31)个]、随机错误数[(24.46±17.54)个]均明显高于对照组[WCST总测验数(60.15±23.05)个,持续错误数(17.56±11.44)个,随机错误数(17.73±14.27)个],差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或<0.05)。抑郁症组长时记忆成绩、短时记忆成绩和记忆商数低于对照组2个标准差。(2)逐步多元回归分析显示,抑郁症患者的长时记忆成绩及记忆商数与绝望感因子分均呈负相关(均P=0.00),短时记忆成绩和即刻记忆成绩与阻滞因子分均呈负相关(均P=0.00),语言智商与焦虑/躯体化因子分呈负相关(P=0.01),操作智商及智商与HAMD总分均呈负相关(均P=0.01),WCST总测验数和持续错误数与HAMD总分均呈正相关(P=0.01,P=0.02),随机错误数与阻滞因子分呈正相关(P=0.02)。结论首发抑郁症患者急性期的记忆、语言智商、操作智商和执行功能明显减退,临床症状严重程度影响认知功能的改变。  相似文献   

2.
目的探讨儿童期性虐待(CSA)受害者认知障碍的生化机制。方法对某职业学校成人服刑女犯21例CSA受害者(CSA组)和21例同校服刑女犯(对照组)进行威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和韦氏记忆测验,用放射免疫方法检测血浆神经肽Y(NPY)水平,并分析NPY与认知功能、创伤后应激症状(IES-R)的关系。结果(1)CSA组的IES-R总分及闯入因子、麻木/回避因子和高警觉因子3个因子分均高于对照组(P<0·01);(2)CSA组在顺数、倒数、积累、图片、再生、联想、触摸、长时记忆、短时记忆、记忆商数等的评分均低于对照组,而总试验次数和随机错误数则多于对照组(P<0·01和P<0·05);(3)CSA组血浆NPY水平[(73±56)NG/L]低于对照组[(134±53)NG/L;P=0·001];(4)NPY水平与记忆商数(R=0·354)、短时记忆(R=0·385)、再生(R=0·340)、触摸(R=0·328)呈正相关(P<0·05和P<0·01),与WCST各测验分数和IES-R总分无相关(P>0·05)。结论儿童期性虐待受害者的执行功能和记忆明显受损,血浆NPY水平下降可能是其记忆损害的生化机制之一,而创伤后应激症状与血浆NPY水平下降无关。  相似文献   

3.
目的比较文拉法辛缓释剂与盐酸氟西汀对首发抑郁症患者认知功能的影响。方法80例首发抑郁患者接受12周文拉法辛缓释剂(A组,n=40)或盐酸氟西汀(B组,n=40)治疗。治疗前和治疗12周末采用17项汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD17)和汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定疾病严重程度,韦氏记忆量表(WMSRC)、韦氏成人智力量表(WAISRC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评定患者神经心理学测验成绩,采用NicoletSpiritCA-1000型脑诱发电位仪对2个治疗组和正常对照组进行认知电位P300测试。结果①经配对t检验,治疗后A组和B组的记忆商数、长时记忆、短时记忆、瞬间记忆、语言智商、作业智商、智商均比治疗前明显改善(P<0.05或P<0.01),A组的WCST总数和持续错误数明显减少(P<0.05);A组P300波幅明显提高(P<0.05),B组P300潜伏期明显缩短(P<0.05)。②经OnewayANOVA检验,治疗前与对照组(n=36)比较,2组患者P300潜伏期均显著性延迟,P300波幅显著降低(P<0.05)。治疗后A组P300潜伏期和波幅与对照组无统计学差异(P>0.05),B组P300波幅仍显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。③经方差分析,治疗后A组重度患者(n=22)的HAMD17总分、睡眠分、HAMA总分、精神焦虑分均显著低于B组(n=29)(P<0.05或P<0.01);短时记忆分和操作智商均显著高于B组(P<0.05),WCST总数低于B组(P<0.05);治疗后A组重度患者(n=17)P300波幅显著高于B组重度患者(n=23)(P<0.05)。④经多元逐步回归分析,重度患者的记忆商数变化和短时记忆分变化均与睡眠分变化呈负相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),操作智商变化和智商变化均与药物治疗组呈负相关(P<0.05),P300波幅的变化与HAMA精神焦虑分改变呈负相关(P<0.01)。中度患者的语言智商变化与HAMA躯体焦虑分变化呈负相关(P<0.01),WCST分类数变化与HAMD17睡眠分变化呈正相关(P<0.05),P300潜伏期变化与HAMD17睡眠分变化呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论文拉法辛缓释剂和盐酸氟西汀治疗首发抑郁症均能改善患者的认知功能,文拉法辛缓释剂缓解重度抑郁症患者的临床症状、改善神经心理学成绩和提高P300波幅的作用比氟西汀明显。  相似文献   

4.
抑郁首次发作患者感觉门控P50的研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
目的研究抑郁首次发作(以下简称首发)患者的感觉门控P50特点。方法对39例符合国际疾病分类第10版抑郁发作诊断标准的首次抑郁发作患者(患者组)采用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD17)评定病情严重程度,并进行感觉门控P50检测,与40名健康志愿者(对照组)进行比较。结果(1)患者组P50测试刺激波(S2-P50)的波幅[(2.30±1.04)μV]低于条件刺激波(S1-P50)波幅[(3.48±1.66)μV],但高于对照组S2-P50波幅[(1.54±1.26)μV;P<0.01];患者组的S2/S1波幅比值[(70±23)%]高于对照组[(42±26)%;P<0.01],而S1-S2波幅绝对差值[(1.19±1.48)μV]却低于对照组[(2.17±2.16)μV;P<0.05];患者组P50抑制度[(29±23)%]也低于对照组[(57±26)%;P<0.01]。(2)经Pearson相关分析,患者组HAMD17量表评分与P50各指标无相关(P>0.05)。结论抑郁症首发患者感觉门控抑制存在明显缺损,不能有效滤过无关信息。  相似文献   

5.
目的探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平及N5,N10-亚甲四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因多态性与老年期抑郁症发病的关系.方法采用毛细管电泳-紫外检测法、聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术测定60例老年期抑郁症患者(抑郁症组)和80名正常人(对照组)的血浆总Hcy水平和MTHFR基因多态性.患者入组时评定汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD),治疗第6周末评定疗效(HAMD减分率≥50%为有效,<50%为无效).结果 (1)抑郁症组的血浆Hcy水平[(17±6)μmol/L]明显高于对照组[(12±4)μmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).<60岁首次发病(以下简称首发)患者(n=30)的血浆Hcy水平[(16±5)μmol/L]与≥60岁首发患者[n=30,(19±6)μmol/L]的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);单次发作患者(n=17)的血浆Hcy水平[(18±6)μmol/L]与反复发作患者[n=43,(17±5)μmol/L]的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);伴心脑血管疾病患者(n=27)的血浆Hcy水平[(19±6)μmol/L]与不伴心脑血管疾病患者[n=33,(16±5)μmol/L]的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗有效患者(n=40)的血浆Hcy水平[(18±5)μmol/L]与治疗无效患者 [n=20,(17±6)μmol/L]的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).(2)抑郁症组治疗前后HAMD评分的减分率与血浆Hcy水平无显著相关性(P>0.05).(3)MTHFR C677T基因型有3种,即纯合子突变型(T/T)、杂合子突变型(T/C)和野生型(C/C).抑郁症组的基因型及等位基因频率与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).抑郁症组患者的首发年龄、发病次数、是否伴发心脑血管疾病及抗抑郁药治疗第6周末的疗效与MTHFR C677T基因型分布均无关联(P>0.05).(4)不同基因型的受试者(不论是抑郁症组还是对照组)血浆Hcy水平的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论血浆Hcy水平升高可能是老年期抑郁症发病的一个独立危险因素.  相似文献   

6.
目的 探讨平衡仪治疗 2 0次对注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD)患儿认知功能的影响。方法 采用Neurocom公司生产的BalanceMaster平衡仪 ,对 2 0例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版诊断标准、年龄在 10~ 15岁的ADHD患儿进行治疗 ,于治疗前后测试韦氏记忆量表、中国韦氏儿童智力量表 (C WISC)、数字划消、持续操作性测试 (CPT)、动态学习能力测试 (DLM)等项。结果 治疗后 ,患儿韦氏记忆量表的短时记忆 [(6 2± 7)分 ]和记忆商分值 [(10 4± 10 )分 ]以及C WISC中注意 /不分心因子分 [(10 9± 14 )分 ]均高于治疗前 [分别为 (5 7± 8)分、(98± 10 )分和 (10 0± 15 )分 ],差异具有非常显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;在数字划消测试中 ,第一段的净分 (36分 )高于治疗前 (32分 ) ,失误率下降(治疗前后分别为 12 %和 8% ;P <0 0 1) ;CPT测试中的错误率有所下降 ,但差异未达显著性 (P =0 0 8) ,平均反应时及正确率无明显变化 ;在DLM测试中 ,总错误数 (41个 )低于治疗前 (15 7个 ;P <0 0 0 1) ,操作分类 (2级 )高于治疗前 (3级 ;P <0 0 0 1)。结论 平衡仪治疗对改善儿童认知功能有一定疗效 ,特别是在提高注意力、记忆力及冲动控制等方面的疗效较好。  相似文献   

7.
文拉法辛缓释剂治疗抑郁症的开放性研究   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10  
目的观察文拉法辛缓释剂(商品名:怡诺思)治疗抑郁症16周的疗效和不良反应。方法采用开放性多中心研究方法,对350例符合国际疾病分类第10版抑郁障碍诊断标准的住院或门诊患者,进行可变剂量文拉法辛缓释剂治疗,共16周。分别于治疗前和治疗后第2,4,8,12和16周末评定17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD17)、14项汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA14)和临床疗效总评量表(CG I)及药物疗效,记录治疗中出现的不良反应。结果321例完成16周治疗。(1)从治疗第2周末至第16周末,HAMD17总分和各因子分均低于治疗前[基线和第16周末的HAMD17总分分别为(28.0±7.9)分和(4.2±3.9)分;P<0.001]。治疗第16周末,HAMD17总分减分率达85%,216例(67.3%)患者达到临床治愈(HAMD17总分≤7分),315例达到治疗有效,有效率(HAMD17减分率≥50%的例数占所完成研究例数的比例)为98.1%。(2)反复发作者的药物剂量自第2~16周均明显高于单次发作者(P<0.05),病程<1年的患者其疗效[抑郁因子分为(1.72±1.91)分]优于病程≥1年的患者[(2.00±2.26)分;P<0.05]。(3)73例(20.8%)患者出现不良反应,多为中枢神经系统和消化系统反应,如头晕,多汗和恶心等。治疗前后患者的血压无明显改变。结论文拉法辛缓释剂是一种较为安全有效的抗抑郁药,适合长期治疗以预防抑郁症的复发。  相似文献   

8.
目的比较氯米帕明、穴位刺激加行为疗法(以下简称调控法)、氯米帕明和调控法联合应用治疗强迫性障碍的临床疗效差异。方法将91例强迫性障碍患者分为三个治疗组,其中氯米帕明(125~200MG/D)组30例,调控法(其中穴位刺激劳宫穴和内关穴)组31例,调控法加氯米帕明(75~100MG/D)组30例,共治疗8周。以YALE-BROWN强迫症量表(Y-BOCS)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应。结果(1)治疗后三组疗效差异无统计学意义(Χ2=1·98,P>0·05),其中氯米帕明组痊愈率为27%,显效率为30%;调控法组痊愈率为39%,显效率为35%;调控法加氯米帕明组痊愈率为43%,显效率为33%。(2)治疗后氯米帕明组Y-BOCS强迫思维[(7·87±3·22)分]、总分的减分值[(14·40±6·49)分]与调控法加氯米帕明组[分别为(9·93±3·47)分和(18·17±6·79)分]的差异有统计学意义(P<0·05)。(3)氯米帕明组、调控法组和调控法加氯米帕明组在HAMD减分值[分别为(12·37±3·62)分、(15·74±5·69)分和(15·50±7·17)分]的差异有统计学意义(P<0·05)。(4)氯米帕明组、调控法组、调控法加氯米帕明组不良反应发生率分别为73%、22%和47%,差异有统计学意义(P<0·01)。结论三种疗法总体疗效近似,调控法加氯米帕明疗法能更好地改善强迫思维,调控法和调控法加氯米帕明治疗法能更好地改善抑郁症状;调控法或调控法加小剂量氯米帕明疗法副作用较小,安全性较好。  相似文献   

9.
电针与氟西汀治疗抑郁症疗效的对照研究   总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24  
目的 对比电针与氟西汀治疗抑郁症的疗效。方法 将 95例抑郁症患者随机分为电针组 ( 31例 )、氟西汀组 ( 32例 )及安慰剂组 ( 32例 )。电针组采用智能电针仪治疗 ,用抗抑郁波型 ,以毫针针刺百会、印堂穴 ,强度 2~ 3V ,4 5min/次 ,1次 /d ,每周 5次 ,同时服安慰剂 ;氟西汀组予氟西汀胶囊 2 0mg/d ,并接受模拟电针 ;安慰剂组用安慰剂并接受模拟电针 ;疗程 6周。于治疗前及治疗中每 2周评定 1次汉密尔顿抑郁量表 (HAMD)、Asberg抗抑郁药副作用量表、抑郁自评量表 (SDS)、临床总体印象量表 (CGI)。结果 治疗第 6周末 ,电针组的HAMD总分 [( 10 19± 5 88)分 ]低于安慰剂组[( 13 88± 8 2 9)分 ;P <0 0 5 ],SDS评分 [( 5 3 0 2± 9 6 7)分 ]亦低于安慰剂组 [( 6 0 0 0± 12 89)分 ;P <0 0 5 ];安慰剂组CGI中的病情严重程度 [( 3 16± 1 32 )分 ]重于电针组 [( 2 4 2± 1 0 3)分 ]和氟西汀组[( 2 5 6± 1 13)分 ;P <0 0 5 ],总体进步分 [( 2 84± 1 2 7)分 ]低于电针组 [( 2 10± 0 94 )分 ;P <0 0 1]和氟西汀组 [( 2 2 5± 1 0 8)分 ;P <0 0 5 ];电针组与氟西汀组各项评分的差异均无显著性。三组Asberg量表评分差异无显著性。结论 电针与氟西汀治疗重性抑郁症的疗效基本相同  相似文献   

10.
目的比较利培酮和氯氮平对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法对64例首发精神分裂症采用随机对照研究法观察12周,利培酮组33例,平均有效治疗剂量(4.5±1.2)mg/d,氯氮平组31例,平均有效治疗剂量(269.4±133.3)mg/d。于治疗前后行阴性和阳性症状量表(PANSS)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)和事件相关电位P300检测。结果首发精神分裂症患者在长时记忆、短时记忆、瞬时记忆及记忆商数(MQ)受损较为明显,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。P300电位成分中P2、N2及P3潜伏期明显延长,P2及P3波幅明显降低,与对照组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。经过12周治疗利培酮和氯氮平组PANSS总分、阳性症状分、阴性症状分及一般精神病理症状分均降低,2组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。利培酮组的WMS的再认、联想及记忆商(MQ)明显高于氯氮平组;2组治疗前后P300各指标均无显著性差异。结论首发精神分裂症患者存在着认知功能障碍,利培酮对首发精神分裂症认知功能的改善明显优于氯氮平。两药均不能改善患者的P300。  相似文献   

11.
Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.  相似文献   

12.
Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Robert J. Gumnit 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S3):S9-S13
Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.  相似文献   

13.
Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy   总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2  
Eileen P.G. Vining 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S2):S18-S22
Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.  相似文献   

14.
B. J. Wilder 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S2):S1-S7
Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.  相似文献   

15.
Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.  相似文献   

16.
Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.  相似文献   

17.
Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
G. Trube  R. Netzer 《Epilepsia》1994,35(S5):S62-S67
Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.  相似文献   

18.
Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs   总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1  
Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.  相似文献   

19.
Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.  相似文献   

20.
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.  相似文献   

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