癫痫儿童合并注意缺陷-多动障碍的治疗进展

注意缺陷/多动障碍(attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是指一种以注意缺陷、多动、冲动的行为表现为主要特征的精神病理障碍.目前将ADHD分注意缺陷型、多动-冲动型和混合型,癫痫合并ADHD的发病率普遍高于正常儿童,约为正常儿童的2.5倍[1].国外流行病学资料显示:ADHD在癫痫儿童中的检出率为12%～39%;其中注意缺陷型(ADHD-I)占24%,多动/冲动型(ADHD-HI)占2%,而混合型(ADHD-C)占11% [2].同时ADHD在癫痫发作中和控制良好中的检出率又有很大差异,前者为31%,而后者为6%[3].癫痫合并ADHD的发病机制尚不明确,诊断标准及治疗仍未达成共识.     

注意缺陷多动障碍临床亚型认知特点的比较

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)不同临床亚型患儿认知特点的异同.方法根据美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)对门诊ADHD患儿进行临床分型,分为注意缺陷为主型(ADHD-I;22例)、多动-冲动为主型(ADHD-HI;11例)、混合型(ADHD-C;22例),对3组患儿及正常对照组(18名)进行认知功能评定,并进行组间比较.结果与对照组相比,ADHD各亚型在韦氏儿童智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、数字划消测验、瑞文标准推理测验和Stroop测验的大部分项目中的表现较差,差异具有显著性(P<0.05);但ADHD各亚型之间在以上测验中的组间差异无显著性.结论各临床亚型ADHD患儿的认知特点没有明显差异,但其智力、记忆力、注意力及计划、选择性抑制的执行功能均较正常儿童受损.     

上海市闸北区5～15岁儿童注意缺陷多动障碍患病率及其影响因素的研究

目的了解上海市闸北区5~15岁儿童注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的患病率特征及其影响因素。方法采用一般情况调查表和注意缺陷及多动症状调查表对上海市闸北区5~15岁儿童进行整群-分层抽样调查。共回收有效问卷9 900份,以美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第4版ADHD的诊断标准对可疑患儿及其家长进行诊断性访谈,将ADHD患者分为注意缺陷为主型（ADHD-I）、多动-冲动为主型（ADHD-HI）和混合型（ADHD-C）,并分析ADHD的影响因素。结果 ADHD患病率为4.6%,其中ADHD-I型为2.4%,ADHD-HI型为0.4%,ADHD-C型为1.8%。男童患病率为6.6%,女童患病率为2.7%,男女患病率之比为2.41∶1。各年龄组ADHD各型的患病率存在差异,7~10岁组患病率最高（6.3%）。外地户籍儿童的患病率高于本市户籍儿童患病率。父母间的不同文化程度和人均月收入水平比较,其儿童的ADHD患病率差异有统计学意义。儿童月龄、性别及母亲低文化程度（初中及以下）是ADHD患病的影响因素。结论 ADHD-I型发病率高,7~10岁组患病率最高,儿童月龄、性别及母亲低文化程度影响ADHD患病率。     

ADHD学生的校园干预策略

注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disor-der,ADHD)俗称多动症,根据DSM-Ⅳ诊断标准,美国有3%-5%的儿童患ADHD,其中男孩是女孩的3倍以上[1]。ADHD有3个主要症状:注意缺陷、多动和冲动;DSM-Ⅳ诊断标准将ADHD分为3种亚型:以注意缺陷为主的ADHD-Ⅰ型、以多动冲动为主的ADHD-H型及混合以上症状的ADHD-C型[1]。ADHD学生不但受主要症状的困扰,而且还有大量共患问题,50%～60%的共患破坏性行为障碍,如对立违抗障碍(oppositional defiant disorder,ODD)、品行不良(conduct disorder,CD)[2]。ODD学生主要表现为违…     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童事件相关电位P300特征分析

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童事件相关电位(event related potential,ERP)P300的特点。方法:对100例ADHD患儿(研究组)[注意缺陷为主型(ADHD-I)34例、多动/冲动为主型(ADHD-HI)24例、混合型(ADHD-C)42例)]和100名正常儿童(对照组)前额区(Fz)、中央区(Cz)两个脑区的ERP P300潜伏期及波幅进行检测,比较分析研究组与对照组、ADHD各亚型及不同SNAP-Ⅳ评分分组(1.6~2.0为中度组、2.0为重度组)的P300潜伏期及波幅的差异。结果:1与对照组比较,研究组靶刺激在前额区(Fz)及中央区(Cz)P300潜伏期显著延长,波幅降低,差异具有统计学意义(P均0.01);2ADHD各亚型组间P300潜伏期与波幅差异无统计学意义(P0.05);3不同SNAP-IV评分组间,P300潜伏期与波幅差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:ADHD患儿P300的潜伏期显著延长,波幅降低,提示ADHD患儿对信息加工处理的速度减慢,注意力、记忆力缺陷及认知加工能力不足。     

成人注意缺陷多动障碍的诊断现状

注意缺陷多动障碍(Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disor- der,ADHD)是指一种以注意缺陷、多动、冲动的行为表现为主要特征的精神障碍(APA,1994)。尽管注意缺陷多动障碍是儿童期常见的一种广泛性发展障碍,但很少有随访研究那些儿童期被诊断为ADHD的个体进入成年期(Young,2000)后的情况。成人ADHD的概念于1980年在DSM-Ⅲ中首次得到公认。ADHD成人与儿童一样,均有三种初级特征,包括注意缺陷、活动过多以及冲动等。除了初级特征之外,成人ADHD还存在多种次级特征,包括物质滥用、学习困难、频繁迁居、车祸、监禁、工作记录不稳定以及赌博等。一般认为,30%至50%的儿童ADHD症状会持续进入成年期。Barkley认为追踪研究表明,持续症状学评估的变化为10%到70%,这取决于研究类型及研究者对这一障碍的定义。     

注意缺陷多动障碍与家庭因素

近年来,儿童注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的研究在国内外受到广泛关注.美国儿科协会临床指南指出学龄儿童ADHD的患病率为4％～12％,是一种最常见的儿童心理行为疾病[1].我国选用DSM-Ⅳ的注意缺陷多动障碍诊断标准,近年调查学龄儿童检出率为3.94％～6.3％[2-4],调查数据普遍低于国外的数据,但总体呈上升趋势.儿童ADHD核心症状为注意力不集中、多动与冲动,它的病因目前仍不清楚,一般认为是由遗传和环境因素引起的一种心理行为性疾病.近年经许多回顾研究表明,ADHD儿童的不良行为与家庭环境因素和养育方式等具有一定的相关性,现在对此作一综述.关键词：注意缺陷多动障碍;家庭环境;教养方式;依恋     

注意缺陷/多动障碍诊断标准的研究☆

目的使用DSM-Ⅳ中注意缺陷/多动障碍(AD/HD)诊断标准对一组多动综合征和一组无多动的儿童进行诊断,探讨DSM-Ⅳ的分布特征及在我国的适用性.方法多动组为就诊的多动症儿童,符合临床诊断和ICD-10诊断标准,共92例.对照组无多动的学校儿童96名.由家长填DSM-Ⅳ诊断表.结果在188名儿童中,符合DSM-ⅣAD/HD诊断99例,多动组87例(94.57%),对照组12例(12.5%),后者包括单纯注意障碍、学习障碍、情绪障碍及无问题的儿童.如以临床诊断/ICD-10为金标准,DSM-Ⅳ的诊断灵敏度为94.57%,特异度87.50%,诊断一致性为0.91.结论中国多动症儿童的多动/冲动症状难以达到DSM-Ⅳ的标准;DSM-Ⅳ标准扩大了诊断范围,主要是注意障碍为主型.在使用DSM-Ⅳ诊断时应考虑民族、文化、年龄、性别因素.     

学龄前儿童注意缺陷多动障碍共患对立违抗障碍执行功能的研究北大核心CSCD

目的 探讨学龄前儿童注意缺陷多动障碍（attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ADHD）及共患对立违抗障碍（oppositional defiant disorder,ODD）儿童执行功能情况,分析ADHD症状和ODD症状与执行功能的关系.方法 纳入符合DSM-5和婴幼儿诊断性访谈ADHD和ODD诊断标准的患儿234例,其中单纯ADHD191例（ADHD组）,ADHD共患ODD43例（ADHD＋ODD组）以及105名健康儿童（对照组）,采用学龄前儿童执行功能行为评定问卷（父母版）（Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function-Preschool Version,BRIEF-P）及中文版注意缺陷多动障碍SNAP-Ⅳ评定量表-父母版（Chinese Version of Swanson Nolan and Pelham,Version Ⅳ Scale-parent Form,SNAP-Ⅳ）评估学龄前儿童的执行功能、ADHD症状和ODD症状,使用协方差和偏相关分析ADHD症状、ODD症状与执行功能的关系.结果 学龄前ADHD共病ODD比率为18.4％（43/234）,其中男36例占18.6％,女7例占17.5％,男女共患ODD的比率差异无统计学意义（x2=0.03,P＞0.05）.3组年龄差异无统计学意义,性别（x2=22.33,P＜0.01）与总智商（F=15.87,P＜0.05）差异有统计学意义;控制性别、智商和注意缺陷及多动冲动得分,3组之间BRIEF-P中除工作记忆和元认知指数因子外,其余各因子及总分ADHD＋ODD组高于ADHD组,差异有统计学意义;ODD症状与BRIEF-P各因子得分和总分,除工作记忆外呈低至中度相关（r=0.11 ～ 0.49,均P＜0.01）.控制智商、性别和ODD症状后,ADHD症状与BRIEF-P各因子得分和总分呈中至高度相关（r=0.16～ 0.70,均P＜0.01）.结论 学龄前单纯ADHD及共患ODD儿童的执行功能均受损,且共患ODD儿童执行功能受损程度较单纯ADHD儿童更严重.学龄前儿童ADHD症状和ODD症状与执行功能具有明显的相关性.     

成人注意缺陷多动障碍临床特点的初步分析

目的初步分析我国成人注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患者的症状特点、共病及社会功能情况。方法对6～16岁曾就诊于我院的88例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)的ADHD患儿在≥18岁时采用DSM-IV配套的定式会谈工具进行再评估,以满足成人ADHD诊断标准者59例为研究组,对照组为29例不满足ADHD诊断标准且GAF评分70分者,比较两组临床特点的不同。结果成人ADHD临床分型以ADHD-I为主,占86.4%(51/59);"经常"出现的症状依次是:"组织事情有困难"(98.3%)、"逃避需要大量持续用脑的任务"(96.6%)、"不能注意细节"(94.9%)、"很难遵从指令且完不成工作"(96.6%)、"注意持续时间短"(88.1%)和"因外界刺激而分心"(72.9%)。成人ADHD中共患任何一种DSM-Ⅳ轴Ⅰ或轴Ⅱ障碍者66.1%(39/59),其中39.0%(23/59)至少共患一种轴Ⅰ精神障碍,49.2%(29/59)至少共患一种轴Ⅱ障碍。成人ADHD组功能大体评定量表得分明显低于对照组(t=12.96,P0.001),74.6%(44/59)出现轻或中度社会功能损害。结论成人ADHD的临床表现以注意缺陷型为主,共患其他精神障碍及人格障碍较多,总体社会功能相对较差。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

The origins of innervation of the esophagus of the dog

This study defined the origins of extrinsic efferent and afferent innervation of the normal canine esophagus. When all the layers of the wall of the 3 esophageal regions (cervical, thoracic and abdominal) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), labeled nerve cells were found in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and parasympathetic nucleus of X (PX) of the brainstem. Most labeled cells in the NA were located in the compact column (retrofacial nucleus) while labeled cells in the PX were located in separate rostral and caudal areas. There was no somatotopic organization in either the NA or PX. Labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons were found in the cranial cervical, middle cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic sympathetic trunk and celiacomesenteric ganglia. The HRP injection of the esophageal wall labeled sensory cell bodies in the glossopharyngeal, proximal and distal vagal, and C2-T6 spinal ganglia. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of labeled cells in the autonomic or sensory ganglia. When the HRP injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa layers of the thoracic esophagus, a small number of labeled cells were identified in the NA; however, no labeled cells were found in the NA when injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa of either the cervical or abdominal esophageal regions. With these confined injections, the labeled nerve cells appeared in the rostral part of the PX. Thus, it appeared that the internal tunics of the esophagus (i.e., the mucosa and submucosa) were innervated by neurons in the rostral PX while the muscular tunic was innervated by neurons in the caudal PX and the rostral NA. After mucosa-submucosa injections, labeled sympathetic neurons appeared in the same ganglia that were identified after whole wall injections and these had a similar random distribution. These injections also labeled neurons in the glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, and distal vagal ganglia, but unlike the whole wall injections there was no labeling in the spinal ganglia. This suggested that the labeled cells of the spinal ganglia seen after whole wall injections conveyed impulses from the tunica muscularis and serosa.     

Impact of our understanding of the genetic aetiology of epilepsy

A genetic contribution to aetiology is estimated to be present in up to 40% of patients with epilepsy. It is useful to categorise genetic epilepsies according to the mechanisms of inheritance into Mendelian disorders, non-mendelian or ‘complex’ disorders, and chromosomal disorders. Over 200 Mendelian diseases include epilepsy as part of the phenotype, and the genes for a number of these have been identified recently. These include autosomal recessive progressive myoclonic epilepsies such as Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Lafora disease and the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, and three autosomal dominant idiopathic epilepsies. The last named have been shown to arise from mutations in ion channel genes. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is caused by mutations in CHRNA4, benign familial neonatal convulsions by mutations in KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, and generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus by mutations in SCN1B. ‘Complex’, familial epilepsies are more difficult to analyse, but evidence has been obtained for loci predisposing to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy on chromosome 6p and 15q. Lastly, the genes underlying several spike-wave epilepsies in mice have been cloned, and three of these encode sub-units of voltage-gated calcium channels. Received: 29 September 1999/Accepted: 7 December 1999