中药自拟方治疗非典型抗精神病药致体质量增加的临床研究

目的 探讨中药治疗抗精神病药物所致体质量增加的疗效.方法 将60例患者随机分为研究组和对照组各30例,两组在原抗精神病药物治疗基础上,研究组合并中药自拟方及行为干预方法,对照组仅合并行为干预方法,观察12周,于治疗前及治疗后第4、8、12周末测定身高、体质量、腰围、空腹血糖（FBG）,计算体质量指数（BMI）并比较两组各指标差异.结果 治疗后第4、8、12周末研究组体质量、BMI、腰围、FBG较治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05）.治疗后第4、8、12周末对照组FBG较治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05）;治疗后第12周末对照组体质量、BMI较治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05）.治疗后第4、8、12周末研究组体质量、BMI显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;治疗后第8、12周末腰围、FBG研究组显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论 中药自拟方合并行为干预方法治疗抗精神病药物所致体质量增加有效,且优于单用行为干预方法.     

二甲双胍对抗精神病药所致精神分裂症患者肥胖及糖脂代谢的影响

目的:观察二甲双胍对抗精神病药所致精神分裂症患者肥胖及糖脂代谢的影响。方法:122例长期服用抗精神病药所致肥胖的精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组62例和对照组60例,两组维持原有抗精神病药治疗不变,研究组加用二甲双胍1.0 g/d,疗程6个月。两组分别于基线及治疗后1、3、6个月测定空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PBG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)及体质量指数(BMI)。结果:在治疗后1~3个月,研究组FBG、2 h PBG、TC、TG、LDL、HDL及BMI各项指标均逐步下降,并低于对照组(t=2.03~2.35,P均0.05);治疗6个月,研究组除HDL外,LDL、BMI、FBG、2 h PBG、TC、TG均明显低于对照组(t=2.08~4.47,P0.05或P0.01)。结论:二甲双胍可降低抗精神病药所致肥胖者的血糖、血脂水平及体质量。     

奥氮平合并齐拉西酮及行为干预对精神分裂症患者体质量和糖脂代谢的影响

目的:探讨奥氮平单用或合并齐拉西酮及行为干预对精神分裂症患者体质量和糖脂代谢的影响。方法:83例精神分裂症患者随机分为干预组(41例)及对照组(42例),两组在奥氮平治疗的基础上,干预组合并小剂量齐拉西酮和行为干预。分别于治疗前及治疗4、8、12周进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)及治疗过程中出现的症状量表(TESS)评分,并测量体质量、体质量指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FG)、胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)。结果:治疗后两组PANSS评分较治疗前明显下降(P均0.01),两组间差异无统计学意义。与治疗前比较,治疗8~12周干预组FG水平明显增高(P均0.05);对照组治疗8~12周体质量及BMI、治疗后4~12周FG、TC、TG水平明显增高(P均0.05);治疗后两组各项代谢指标差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义。结论:联合小剂量齐拉西酮及行为干预能有效预防奥氮平治疗引起的糖脂代谢紊乱及体质量增加。     

奥氮平合并不同剂量二甲双胍对精神分裂症患者体质量和糖脂代谢的影响

目的:探讨二甲双胍早期干预对精神分裂症患者体质量和糖脂代谢的有效性和安全性。方法:150例首发精神分裂症患者分为治疗组(奥氮平联合二甲双胍)和对照组30例(奥氮平单药),治疗组根据联合二甲双胍不同剂量(即奥氮平10～20 mg/d+二甲双胍250 mg/d、500 mg/d、750 mg/d)分为治疗1组(30例)、治疗2组(30例)及治疗3组(28例)。分别于治疗前和治疗4、8及12周测定体质量指数(BMI)及空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA 1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL);采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)治疗前后评定疗效,并记录不良事件评定安全性。结果:治疗12周,各组体质量及BMI均较治疗前显著增加,治疗3组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.138,t=2.905;P0.01);各组TC、TG、LDL、对照组及治疗1组FBG、HbA 1c较治疗前增加(P均0.05)、HDL较治疗前降低(P0.05);各组间比较,治疗2组和治疗3组TC、TG、HDL、LDL与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);治疗3组胃肠道不适症状较多。结论:早期合并二甲双胍(500 mg/d)干预奥氮平所致的体质量增加和糖脂代谢紊乱的效果有限。     

雷尼替丁防治奥氮平所致体重增加及糖代谢障碍的研究

目的探讨H2受体拮抗剂雷尼替丁防治奥氮平所致体重增加的效果及对血糖的影响。方法将68例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组(35例)和对照组(33例),在奥氮平单药治疗的基础上,研究组合并雷尼替丁,对照组合并安慰剂,疗程10周;于治疗前及治疗后2、4、6、8、10周测定体重、体质量指数(BMI)、腰围、腰臀比等体重指标;治疗前及治疗10周后测定空腹血糖,并评定阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)。结果研究组和对照组之间治疗10周后BMI、腰围、腰臀比及体重变化的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中研究组治疗6～8周及8～10周期间体重变化量明显低于对照组(P<0.01);2组治疗后血糖均显著高于治疗前(P<0.05),但尚在正常范围;2组间PANSS减分率、TESS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论初步结果提示,雷尼替丁可早期预防抗精神病药物奥氮平所致的体重增加,且不影响抗精神病治疗的疗效及耐受性。     

降糖药联合行为干预治疗非典型抗精神病药所致代谢综合征的研究

目的 验证降糖药二甲双胍与行为干预联合治疗非典型抗精神病药所致代谢综合征的疗效.方法 将抗精神病药所致体质量增加≥10%的128例精神分裂症患者随机分为四组:二甲双胍(750 mg/d)联合行为干预组(以下简称A组,32例);二甲双胍(750 mg/d)组(以下简称B组,32例);行为干预联合安慰剂组(以下简称C组,32例);安慰剂对照组(以下简称D组,32例);治疗观察期均为12周.结果 A、B、C组患者治疗后的体质量、BMI、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素及IRI均明显低于治疗前(P(0.05);D组患者的体质量、BMI、腰围、空腹胰岛素、IRI治疗后均明显高于治疗前(P<0.05).结论 二甲双胍与行为干预单一或联合治疗均能有效减轻非典型抗精神病药所致的代谢综合征,二甲双胍联合行为干预的疗效最好.     

奎硫平单用与合并阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者体质量的影响

目的:探讨奎硫平与阿立哌唑合用及单用奎硫平对精神分裂症患者体质量、腹围及体质量指数(BMI)的影响. 方法:将63例精神分裂症患者随机分为阿立哌唑合并奎硫平组31例(研究组)及单用奎硫平组32例(对照组).在治疗前及治疗6周,用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,并进行体质量、腹围及BMI的测定. 结果:治疗6周两组PANSS评分差异无统计学意义(t=1.35,P＞0.05);研究组治疗后腹围值增加明显(t=7.76,P＜0.05),对照组体质量、腹围及BMI值均增加明显(P＜0.05);组间变化值的比较体质量、腹围及BMI增加值均较对照组小(P＜0.05). 结论:合用阿立哌唑能够明显减轻奎硫平对精神分裂症患者体质量增加的影响     

阿立哌唑治疗奥氮平所致精神分裂症患者体质量增加的随机双盲对照研究

目的:探讨阿立哌唑干预奥氮平所致体质量增加的有效性及安全性。方法:将服用单一奥氮平治疗所致体质量增加≥7%的入组对象72例随机分为A组(加服阿立哌唑10 mg组,36例)及B安慰剂组(36例),入组时、治疗4周及8周分别测定体质量、体质量指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及高密度脂蛋白(HDL),并用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神症状。结果:两组治疗前体质量、BMI、FG、TC、TG、LDL、HDL,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与治疗前比较,治疗8周,A组体质量、BMI、FG均明显下降(P0.05或P0.01),而HDL有明显增高(P0.05);B组体质量、BMI、FG均明显增高(P0.05或P0.01)。治疗4周体质量、BMI的变化值、治疗第8周体质量、BMI、FG、HDL的变化值,两组均差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:阿立哌唑能有效减轻奥氮平所致体质量增加和糖脂代谢紊乱。     

托吡酯与二甲双胍治疗抗精神病药致肥胖的疗效的对照研究

目的:探讨托吡酯与二甲双胍治疗抗精神病药致肥胖的作用及安全性。方法:随机将62例抗精神病药致肥胖、且病情稳定的精神分裂症患者分为托吡酯组及二甲双胍组;在原抗精神病药种类、剂量治疗的基础上分别给予托吡酯及二甲双胍。分别于干预前、干预后进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估,测量体质量、体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR),并进行安全性评价。结果:(1)与基线比较,托吡酯组在第4、8、12周时体质量、BMI、WHR,第12周时PANSS总分及一般病理分差异有统计学意义(P均0.01);二甲双胍组在第4、8、12周时WHR,在第8、12周时体质量、BMI,第12周时PANSS总分差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。(2)干预后,托吡酯组各时间点体质量变化率,第4、8周WHR明显高于二甲双胍组(P0.05或P0.01),PANSS总分、阴性症状分、一般病理分明显低于二甲双胍组(P均0.01);体质量下降7%的比例两组比较差异无统计学意义。(3)干预38周后两组体质量、BMI与基线相比差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论:托吡酯、二甲双胍辅助治疗降低抗精神病药致肥胖患者的体质量的近、远期作用显著,安全性好;且托吡酯的作用更优,改善患者阴性症状。     

行为干预对氯氮平所致代谢紊乱的疗效分析

目的探讨行为干预治疗氯氮平所致体质量增加及糖、脂代谢紊乱的临床疗效。方法对口服氯氮平的235例精神分裂症患者随机分为行为干预组103例和对照组132例,行为干预组患者给予生活方式干预,治疗观察期限为6个月。所有患者于入组时及治疗6个月末测定体质量指数（BMI）、腰臀比率（WHR）、血压、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、空腹血糖（FBG）,并进行比较。结果基线两组患者临床和实验室检查各指标间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。干预6月后,行为干预组的BMI、腰围、空腹血糖、TC及收缩压与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论行为干预可改善氯氮平所致的体质量增加及糖、脂代谢异常。     

沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用

本文目的是对沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用进行综述,以期为地中海贫血患儿的心理康复提供参考。地中海贫血是以珠蛋白生成障碍为主要特征的遗传性疾病,由于长期输血治疗,患儿存在较多的心理和行为问题。沙盘游戏疗法作为一种有效、实用的儿童心理治疗方法,对提高地中海贫血患儿的康复效果、改善生存质量有重要的临床意义。     

癫痫共病抑郁的机制及临床诊疗

本文目的是探讨癫痫共病抑郁的可能机制及临床诊疗。癫痫是一种常见的、慢性的、致残性的神经疾病,癫痫患者生活质量下降,存在明显的负性情绪,常伴发各种精神疾病。癫痫与抑郁具有共同的神经生物学基础,可能存在共同的发病机制。本文从癫痫共病抑郁的发病机制、临床诊断及治疗方面予以总结归纳。     

Cultural Identity and Experiences of Prejudice and Discrimination of Afghan and Iranian Immigrant Youth

In culturally diverse and immigrant receiving societies, immigrant youth can be subject to prejudice and discrimination. Such experiences can impact on immigrant youth’s cultural identity and influence their psychosocial outcomes. This paper presents findings of a study that examined cultural identity and experiences of prejudice and discrimination among Afghan (N = 9) and Iranian (N = 17) immigrant youth in Canada. The study had a prospective, comparative, longitudinal qualitative design. Data was gathered through focus groups, interviews, journals and field logs. Four main themes emerged on participants’ experiences of prejudice and discrimination: (a) societal factors influencing prejudice; (b) personal experiences of discrimination; (c) fear of disclosure and silenced cultural identity; and (d) resiliency and strength of cultural identity. Drawing from Rosenberg’s (Conceiving the self, Basic Books, New York, 1979) self-concept framework and Romero and Roberts (J. Adolesc., 21:641–656, 1998) distinction between prejudice and discrimination, results indicated that youth’s extant and presenting cultural identity were affected. Inclusive policies and practices are needed to promote youth integration in multicultural and immigrant receiving settings.

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

小胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞前体的培养和鉴定

目的 探讨新生大鼠脑组织小胶质细胞(MG)和少突胶质细胞(OL)前体的分离和体外培养方法 . 方法 取新生2 d SD大鼠脑组织,体外原代培养混合胶质细胞7 d后,分别采用"改良振荡伴差速贴壁"法和"营养缺失伴振荡"法纯化培养MG和OL前体,并分别应用免疫荧光染色异凝集素-B4(IB4)和OL前体标记物(O4)进行鉴定.结果 混合胶质细胞培养7 d后呈明显三层增长,其中MG位于上层,星型胶质细胞位于底层,两者之间为2型少突星型(O2A)祖细胞.纯化培养后OL前体胞体呈小圆形,有双极或三极突起,MG则以阿米巴形、圆形居多,或边缘呈毛刺状.免疫荧光染色IB4显示绿色荧光,MG纯度达到90%以上.免疫荧光染色O4显示棕黄色荧光,OL前体纯度达到95%以上. 结论 采用"改良振荡伴差速贴壁"法以及"营养缺失伴振荡"法分别成功获取大量纯度高、活力好的MG和OL前体.     

发作性睡病与异态睡眠的诊治

本文目的是探讨发作性睡病与异态睡眠的诊断与治疗。发作性睡病被漏诊和误诊的几率较高,危害较大,共患异态睡眠比例高。文章从发作性睡病临床特征、REM睡眠的作用、发作性睡病与异态睡眠(睡眠瘫痪、睡眠幻觉、快眼动睡眠期行为障碍)共病特征及治疗这四个方面进行了讨论。     

Effects of Agonists and Antagonists of Cholecystokinin on Contractile and Myoelectric Activity of Isolated Muscle of Colon and Ileum in the Dog and Guinea Pig

This study evaluates the effects of agonists and antagonists of cholecystokinin (CCK) on contractile and myoelectrical activity in isolated longitudinal muscle strips from colon or ileum of guinea pigs or beagle dogs. Caerulein and CCK-8 caused a dose-dependent increase of contractile and myoelectrical spike activity in both species with maximal effects seen between 10⁻⁸ and 3 × 10⁻⁸ M. The dose responses were identical for both CCK agonists and species. The dose-related effects of CCK compounds on colonic muscle were slightly shifted to the right when compared to ileum in both species. All antagonists, the proglumide-derivatives CR1409, CR1392, and CR1505, as well as the nonpeptide substances asperlicin and L-364,718, caused a parallel rightward shift of CCK's dose-dependent motor activity response, indicating the competitive nature of inhibition. The antagonists displayed a rank order of potency in antagonizing CCK's action on intestinal motility similar to their ability to antagonize CCK's action on pancreas and gallbladder. L-364,718 was the most potent antagonist, followed by CR1409, CR1505, CR1392, asperlicin, and proglumide. The antagonists did not affect contractile or myoelectrical responses to acetylcholine, histamine, motilin, or substance P. Thus compounds that have been described as CCK antagonists for pancreas and gallbladder also act as specific and competitive antagonists of CCK's action on contractile and myoelectrical activity of Heal and colonie muscle.     

The neuroendocrinology of stress and the pathophysiology and therapy of depression and anxiety

Clinical and preclinical studies have gathered substantial evidence that stress response alterations play a major role in the development of major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The stress response, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) system and its modulation by corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH),corticosteroids,and their receptors, and the roles of natriuretic peptides and neuroactive steroids are described. We review the role of the HPA system in major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder and its possible relevance for treatment. Impaired glucocorticoid receptor function in major depression is associated with an excessive release of neurohormones such as CRH, to which a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of depression can be ascribed. In panic disorder, a role of central CRH in panic attacks has been suggested. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is causally involved in sodium lactate-induced panic attacks. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical data on its anxiolytic activity suggest that nonpeptidergic ANP receptor ligands may be potentially useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a peripheral hyporesponsive HPA system and elevated CRH concentrations in the CSF. This dissociation is probably related to an increased risk of this disorder. We further review recent data that describe an important role of GABA(A)-receptor modulatory,3 alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in major depression, anxiety, and its treatment. Antidepressants are effective in both depression and anxiety disorders and have major effects on the HPA system,especially on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Normalization of HPA system abnormalities is a strong predictor of the clinical course, at least in major depression and panic disorder. Currently,CRH-R1 or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and ANP receptor agonists are being studied and may provide future treatment options more closely related to the pathophysiology of these disorders.     

Neurological and neuropsychological consequences of electrical and lightning shock:review and theories of causation

Injuries from lightning and electrical injuries involve multiple systems of the body, however neurological symptoms are very widely reported. A disabling neuropsychological syndrome is also noted.This paper presents a comprehensive review of neurological and neuropsychological symptoms. Partial theories of causation for these injuries have been advanced, however, there is no convincing explanation for both delay in onset of symptoms and also the genesis of the neuropsychological syndrome. A theory of causation is proposed which satisfies both these constraints.This theory suggests circulating hormones such as cortisol, together with nitric oxide and oxidant free radicals from glutamatergic hyper-stimulation, act on tissues remote from the injury path including the hippocampus.This theory opens a research path to explore treat-ment options.     

Design and pharmacological activity of glycinamide and N-methoxy amide derivatives of analogs and constitutional isomers of valproic acid

A series of glycinamide conjugates and N-methoxy amide derivatives of valproic acid (VPA) analogs and constitutional isomers were synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. Of all compounds synthesized and tested, only N-methoxy-valnoctamide (N-methoxy-VCD) possessed better activity than VPA in the following anticonvulsant tests: maximal electroshock, subcutaneous metrazol, and 6-Hz (32-mA) seizure tests. In mice, the ED₅₀ values of N-methoxy-VCD were 142 mg/kg (maximal electroshock test), 70 mg/kg (subcutaneous metrazol test), and 35 mg/kg (6-Hz test), and its neurotoxicity TD₅₀ was 118 mg/kg. In rats, the ED₅₀ of N-methoxy-VCD in the subcutaneous metrazol test was 36 mg/kg and its protective index (PI = TD₅₀/ED₅₀) was > 5.5. In the rat pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model, N-methoxy-VCD demonstrated full protection at 200 mg/kg, without any neurotoxicity. N-Methoxy-VCD was tested for its ability to induce teratogenicity in a mouse strain susceptible to VPA-induced teratogenicity and was found to be nonteratogenic, although it caused some resorptions. Nevertheless, a safety margin was still maintained between the ED₅₀ values of N-methoxy-VCD in the mouse subcutaneous metrazol test and the doses that caused the resorptions. On the basis of these results, N-methoxy-VCD is a good candidate for further evaluation as a new anticonvulsant and central nervous system drug.