失眠症患者的第一晚效应及其相关因素分析

目的探讨失眠症患者第一晚效应（ｆｉｒｓｔ ｎｉｇｈｔ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ,ＦＮＥ）我多导睡眠图表现及其相关因素。方法对２５例非器质性失眠症患者进行了连续两液的多导睡眠图记录和一系列量表的评定。结果第一晚的多导睡眠图显示,失眠症患者的睡眠总时间减少,睡眠潜伏延长,ＲＥＭ睡眠的潜伏期延长、时间缩短、百分比减少;完全正常（或逆转）的ＦＮＥ较少,正常ＦＮＥ较逆转ＦＮＥ更常见。患者的主观评价与上述改变基本一致,发     

强迫性神经症的睡眠实验研究

目的探索建立强迫症的睡眠图模式。方法对３０例强迫性神经症患者的多导睡眠图和血小板５羟色胺（５ＨＴ）含量进行测试，并与３０名正常受试者进行对照。结果强迫症组多导睡眠图改变主要有快眼动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠潜伏期缩短，ＲＥＭ活动度、ＲＥＭ强度和ＲＥＭ密度增高，以及第１次ＲＥＭ睡眠时间（ＦＲＴ）及其百分比（ＦＲＴ％）增高等；强迫症组血小板５ＨＴ含量明显高于对照组，并与ＦＲＴ、ＦＲＴ％呈正相关。结论ＲＥＭ睡眠指标的改变可能代表了强迫症患者的某些生物学特征。     

脑梗死患者记忆减退与快速眼动睡眠的关系

目的：探讨脑梗死患者记忆减退与快速眼动睡眠的关系。方法；对４０例脑梗死患者进行记忆测定和多层睡眠图能宵描记，分析有关睡眠参数并与２２名正常人比较。结果：脑梗死患者睡眠潜伏期长，醒转次数增多，总睡眠时间减少，睡眠效率低，ＲＥＭ时间减少，ＲＥＭ活动度和密度均降低，其记忆减退与ＲＥＭ减少具有相关性。结论；脑梗死患者不但有睡眠量的减少而且有睡眠质的改变，尤其ＲＥＭ睡眠减少与记忆减退有密切关系。     

脑卒中后抑郁状态的多导睡眠图研究

目的：探讨脑卒中后抑郁状态患者的睡眠图异常改变及与抑郁症之间的差异。方法：采用多导睡眠图对６２例脑卒中和３０例抑郁症患者进行整夜睡眠描记，并与对照组比较。结果：卒中后抑郁组与对照组和非抑郁组比较多项睡眠指标均有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）；卒中后抑郁组的ＲＥＭ睡眠时间和密度明显低于抑郁症组，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：卒中后抑郁状态病人除具有睡眠障碍在多导睡眠图改变外，ＲＥＭ睡眠时间和密度是一个较为特征性的改变，卒中后抑郁状态的发生可能与脑内５－ＴＨ递质改变有关。     

抑郁症及其亚型的睡眠脑电图研究

目的 探讨抑郁症患者睡眠脑电图的异常改变以及抑郁闰不同亚型之间的差异。方法 采用日本光电ＲＭ－６０００多导生理记录仪,对１８例抑郁症患者和１９名健康人进行睡眠脑电图检查。结果 与对照组比较,抑郁症组出现明显的醒觉时间增多、睡眠总时间减少、晒起时间增加、睡眠效率下降、睡眠维持率下降、第一阶段睡眠百分比增加、快速眼球运动（ＲＥＭ）潜代期缩短和ＲＥＭ密度增加,经统计学处理差异均有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

抑郁症和精神分裂症的快眼动睡眠研究

目的探讨抑郁症与精神分裂症的快眼动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠特征。方法用睡眠实验技术对正常受试者、抑郁症和精神分裂症患者各３０例进行多导睡眠图的通夜描录，并结合临床指标，对三组受试者的９项ＲＥＭ睡眠指标进行对照分析。结果抑郁症和精神分裂症有着不同的ＲＥＭ睡眠特征。抑郁症ＲＥＭ睡眠潜伏期（ＲＬ）缩短，ＲＥＭ活动度、强度、密度增高和睡眠次数增多，汉米尔顿抑郁量表分与ＲＬ呈负相关。精神分裂症ＲＥＭ睡眠指标个体间差异大，１０例患者睡眠图的觉醒阶段中发现ＲＥＭ睡眠的插入现象。结论研究抑郁症有异常ＲＥＭ睡眠指标，而ＲＬ则为反映抑郁程度的特殊指标；ＲＥＭ睡眠的插入代表了部分精神分裂症患者的电生理特征     

脑梗死和失眠症患者的多导睡眠图对照研究

为探讨脑梗死和失眠症患睡眠参数改变的生物学特点，对30例脑梗死和30例失眠症患及22名正常人，采用多导睡眠图进行通宵睡眠描记，对照分析相关睡眠参数。结果，脑梗死组和失眠症组均有睡眠潜伏期延长，夜间觉醒次数多，总睡眠时间减少，深睡眠和REM睡眠及REM活动度降低的特点（P＜0．05－0．01），脑梗死组和失眠症组有关睡眠参数比较也具有差异性（P＜0．05－0．01）。提示，脑梗死组和失眠症组两睡眠参数皆有特征性改变，这些改变特点是脑梗死和失眠症睡眠障碍的病理生理学基础。     

情感性精神障碍患者的睡眠脑电图试验研究

目的 探讨情感性精神障碍患者睡眠脑电图的特点。方法 对１０例躁狂中层得、１０例抑郁症患者的睡眠脑电图进行全夜测试,并与１６名正常受试者进行对照。结果 与对组相比,抑郁症组睡眠脑电图改变主要有快动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠潜伏期缩短等;躁狂症组实际睡眠时间秒,睡眠效率下降。两组比较,抑郁症组比躁狂症组ＲＥＭ潜伏期更短。而躁狂症组比抑郁症组实际睡眠时间更少。结论 睡眠脑电图中的ＲＥＭ指标有可能是情感性精神障碍患者     

抑郁症、神经衰弱和正常人的睡眠障碍研究

对３０例抑郁症患者、３０例神经衰弱患者以及１５例境遇性失眠者的多导睡眠图进行研究。结果显示：三组具有失眠主诉的受试者均有某些睡眠指标的异常，同时其失眠症状也与自身的主观体验有明显的关系。与３０例正常受试者对照，抑郁症组快眼动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠潜伏期缩短，ＲＥＭ活动度、强度和密度增高，ＲＥＭ睡眠次数增加，这些改变可能反映了抑郁症的电生理特征。神经衰弱组ＲＥＭ睡眠潜伏期、活动度、强度和密度与抑郁症组相应指标有类似的变化趋势，显示这两种疾病之间有着某种内在联系，其意义有待进一步探讨。     

抑郁症,神经衰弱和正常人的睡眠障碍研究

对３０例抑郁症患者，３０例神经衰弱患者以及１５例境遇性失眠者的多导睡眠图进行研究。结果显示：三组具有失眠主诉的受试者均有某些睡眠指标的异常，同时其失眠症状也与自身的主观体验有明显的关系。与３０例正常试者对照，抑郁症组快眼动（ＲＥＭ）睡眠潜伏期缩短，ＲＥＭ活动度，强度和密度增高，ＲＥＭ睡眠次数增加，这些改变可能反映了抑郁症的电生理特征。神经衰弱与抑郁症相应指标有类似的变化趋势，显示这两种疾病之间有着     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

The organization of the connections between the cortex and the claustrum in the monkey

The distribution of labelled cells and of extracellular granules in the claustrum has been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase in several areas of the neocortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are related to the anterior and posterior halves respectively of the claustrum, and the occipital and temporal cortex to the posterior and inferior margins. Parts of the claustrum related to areas of the cortex in the frontal lobe overlap considerably in the antero-posterior dimension with parts related to widely separated but interconnected areas of the parieto-temporal cortex. Areas of cortex within one lobe which are interconnected are related to parts of the claustrum which overlap in the dorsoventral dimension.     

A projection to the striatum from the medial subdivision of the posterior group of the thalamus in the cat

Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase in the lateral part of the caudate nucleus or the putamen of the cat result in retrograde thalamic cell-labeling in the rostral extension of the medial subdivision of the posterior group (POM). Autoradiography after [³H]amino acid injection of POM reveals a dense and discontinuous distribution of axons in the lateral half of the caudate and putamen concentrated at their middle rostrocaudal levels. This newly discovered thalamostriatal projection of POM may account for somatosensory activity observed in striatal cells.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Evidence for the collateral innervation of the esophagus and the heart from neurons in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus of the rat

We investigated whether the heart receives collateral projections from the neurons which innervate the esophagus with a retrograde double-labeling method using two fluorescent tracers. Following injections of True Blue (TB) into the esophagus and Diamidino Yellow (DY) into the heart, about 21.9% of the labeled esophageal motoneurons in the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus (AmC) were retrogradely double labeled. No single-labeled cardiac motoneurons were found in the AmC. The present results provide anatomical substrates for the esophagocardiac reflex.     

Role of the paraventricular nucleus in the projection from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the olfactory bulb

Electrophysiological experiments were performed on anesthetized rats to determine the effects of lesions of the paraventricular nucleus on the amplitude of evoked potentials recorded in the periglomerular layer of the olfactory bulb after nucleus of the solitary tract electrical stimulation. Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus enhance the amplitude of both the positive and negative components of the evoked potential in the olfactory bulb. The pathway from the paraventricular nucleus to the olfactory bulb seems to exert a suppressive influence over the projection from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the olfactory bulb under these conditions.     

On the origin of the serotonergic input to the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary

Single stimulations of the vagina and cervix were performed between proestrus and the first day of diestrus with a stimulator designed to grade the intravaginal penetration of a rod. The percent incidence of pseudopregnancy after this stimulation was exponentially related to the extent of intravaginal penetration and was also affected by the stage of the cycle at which the stimulation was performed. At 10.00 h on proestrus, an exponential increase in the incidence of pseudopregnancy was observed with shallow penetrations, while an exponential decrease was found when deeper penetrations were applied. Such negative exponential correlation had disappeared at 22.00 h on proestrus. At that time, also, some responses were elicited by very shallow penetrations (17 mm) and all the animals responded to penetrations of 20 mm or more. Sensitivity to cervicovaginal stimulation at 10.00 h on estrus was lower than that at 22.00 h on proestrus and it was even lower at 10.00 h on the first day of diestrus. The response to 18 mm of penetration was studied every 3 h between 10.00 h on proestrus and 10.00 h on estrus, and then every 12 h until 10.00 h on the first day of diestrus. This stimulation was usually ineffective to induce pseudopregnancy, except for a brief period encompassing the night between proestrus and estrus, when a peak in the incidence of responses was reached. This peak sensitivity could be advanced following the s.c. administration of 250 and 500 ng of LH-RH at 11.00 h on proestrus. Other doses were ineffective. The peptide (500 ng) was unable to induce pseudopregnancy in rats that received no cervicovaginal stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Projections from the five divisions of the orbital cortex to the thalamus in the rat

The orbital cortex (ORB) of the rat consists of five divisions: the medial (MO), ventral (VO), ventrolateral (VLO), lateral (LO), and dorsolateral (DLO) orbital cortices. No previous report has comprehensively examined and compared projections from each division of the ORB to the thalamus. Using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, we describe the efferent projections from the five divisions of the ORB to the thalamus in the rat. We demonstrated that, with some overlap, each division of the ORB distributed in a distinct (and unique) manner to nuclei of the thalamus. Overall, ORB projected to a relatively restricted number of sites in the thalamus, and strikingly distributed entirely to structures of the medial/midline thalamus, while completely avoiding lateral regions or principal nuclei of the thalamus. The main termination sites in the thalamus were the paratenial nucleus (PT) and nucleus reuniens (RE) of the midline thalamus, the medial (MDm) and central (MDc) divisions of the mediodorsal nucleus, the intermediodorsal nucleus, the central lateral, paracentral, and central medial nuclei of the rostral intralaminar complex and the submedial nucleus (SM). With some exceptions, medial divisions of the ORB (MO, VO) mainly targeted “limbic-associated” nuclei such as PT, RE, and MDm, whereas lateral division (VLO, LO, DLO) primarily distributed to “sensorimotor-associated” nuclei including MDc, SM, and the rostral intralaminar complex. As discussed herein, the medial/midline thalamus may represent an important link (or bridge) between the orbital cortex and the hippocampus and between the ORB and medial prefrontal cortex. In summary, the present results demonstrate that each division of the orbital cortex projects in a distinct manner to nuclei of the thalamus which suggests unique functions for each division of the orbital cortex.