急性脑梗死超早期尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗体会

目的观察中等剂量尿激酶在急性脑梗死超早期静脉溶栓治疗的有效性和安全性。方法选择发病在6h内的急性脑梗死患者47例,随机分为治疗组23例,对照组24例,治疗组一次性应用尿激酶75万～100万U静脉溶栓治疗。观察溶栓后1d、7d、14d2组神经功能缺损评分（NIHSS）变化。以溶栓后出血转化、24h内再梗死及死亡等作为安全指标。结果 2组治疗前后NIHSS评分比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,治疗组24h内出血转化1例,对照组再梗死1例,死亡1例。结论中等剂量尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗超早期急性期脑梗死临床疗效显著、安全。     

rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效分析

目的研究发病4.5h内的急性脑梗死患者使用rt-PA静脉溶栓的疗效。方法 2015-06—2016-12收治的发病4.5h内急性脑梗死患者125例,分为溶栓组65例和对照组60例。溶栓组给予rt-PA静脉溶栓及脑梗死常规治疗,对照组给予阿司匹林及其他常规治疗。2组分别在治疗前和治疗后24h和7d进行NIHSS评分。结果治疗前后溶栓组的NIHSS评分改善明显,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急性脑梗死患者发病在4.5h内应用rt-PA静脉溶栓有显著临床疗效。     

rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗50例急性脑梗死疗效及安全性分析

目的探讨重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的临床效果及安全性。方法选择发病在4.5h内,平均2.86±0.8h内急性脑梗死患者73例,分为两组,溶栓组50例患者给予rt-PA 0.9mg·kg-1·d-1静脉溶栓,常规治疗组23例患者采用抗血小板聚集药物等治疗,比较溶栓和常规治疗后24h、7d及14d美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分并记录不良反应。结果溶栓组治疗后24h、7d及14d时,NIHSS评分较溶栓前及对照组均明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);溶栓后头颅MRI/CT及临床表现提示未出现症状性脑出血。结论 rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗发病4.5h内脑梗死是安全有效的。     

阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及安全性

目的研究重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(rt-PA)静脉给药溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的临床效果。方法回顾性分析发病在4.5h内,具有溶栓指征的急性脑梗死患者105例,其中对照组56例仅给予抗血小板聚集、调脂稳定斑块等常规治疗方案,观察组49例给予rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗,24h后若无明显出血,开始给予脑梗死常规治疗。比较2组治疗后90d美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、Barthel指数(BI)评分及改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分改善情况,以评价rt-PA治疗急性脑梗死临床疗效。结果 2组治疗前NIHSS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05),观察组溶栓后2h、24h、7d时NIHSS评分显著低于对照组(P0.05);观察组90d时mRS评分显示预后良好的患者较对照组明显增多,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组比较,观察组90d时Barthel指数评分明显升高(P0.05)。虽然观察组总体出血事件较对照组增高(P0.05);但2组症状性脑出血比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论发病4.5h以内,静脉给予rt-PA溶栓治疗急性脑梗死具有显著的临床疗效,且安全性较高,值得临床推广应用。     

急性脑梗死患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓前后的血液动力学改变

目的 观察急性脑梗死患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（recombinant tissue plasminogen activator，rt-PA）超早期静脉溶栓治疗后脑血液动力学变化及临床转归。方法 2002年9月至2006年4月发病3h以内的急性脑梗死患者，符合美国国家神经疾病和卒中研究National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke，NINDS）溶栓入选标准，用rt-PA 0.9 mg/kg（最大剂量不超过90 mg）溶栓治疗。同时用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）于患者溶栓前、溶栓中、溶栓后24 h、3 d、2周和1个月分别监测其病变血管血液动力学变化。结果 18例患者进行了脑血液动力学监测。男15例、女3例，平均年龄（65±9）岁。溶栓前美国国立卫生院卒中量表（National Institures of Health Stroke Scale，NIHSS）评分6～16分，平均（11.4±2.8）分。溶栓前TCD检查TIBI 0级1例，1级3例，2级8例，3级3例，4级2例（大脑中动脉严重狭窄），5级1例（腔隙性脑梗死）。从发病至开始溶栓的时间2～3 h，平均（2.80±0.20）h。闭塞动脉在溶栓过程中再通2例，溶栓后1 h内再通1例，24 h内再通4例，溶栓再通4 h后再闭塞1例，其余无变化。溶栓前与溶栓后24 h、3 d、2周、1个月的NIHSS评分及TIBI分级均有统计学差异，NIHSS评分与TIBI存在明显的负相关关系。结论 溶栓前后脑血液动力学改变与神经功能变化明显相关，脑血液动力学监测有助于深入了解卒中的发病机制和溶栓疗效。     

基层医院rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死临床分析

目的探讨基层医院rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的溶栓流程及临床疗效。方法以2011-02—2013-07我院收治的41例急性脑梗死患者为研究对象,随机分为溶栓组和对照组,分别进行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗和常规治疗,比较2组临床疗效、溶栓前、溶栓后12h、7d、14d2组NIHSS评分、不良反应及病死率。结果溶栓组17例,总有效率94.12%;对照组24例,总有效率83.33%。2组疗效比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。溶栓前,2组NIHSS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。溶栓后12h、7d、14d2组NIHSS评分均明显降低,且组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组泌尿道出血及牙龈出血差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组非症状性灶内出血差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论基层医院使用rtPA静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死疗效显著,患者NIHSS评分得到明显改善,安全性高。     

rt-PA与尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗不同时间窗急性脑梗死的疗效分析

目的探讨rt-PA与尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗不同时间窗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法选取重庆医科大学附属永川医院神经内科2018年1月-2018年12月期间收治的急性脑梗死患者143例,按照溶栓使用药物分为重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)组和尿激酶组,按照发病到静脉溶栓时间(time,简称t)可分为6组:分别为t≤1 h、1 t≤2 h、2 t≤3 h、3 t≤4 h、4 t≤5 h、5 t≤6 h。所有纳入研究的患者均在时间窗内给予了静脉溶栓治疗,记录溶栓治疗前、溶栓后24 h、溶栓后7±2 d的NIHSS评分和溶栓后患者并发症的发生情况。结果在溶栓治疗前,rt-PA组与尿激酶组的NIHSS评分比较差异无统计学意义,溶栓后24 h、溶栓后7±2 d的NIHSS评分均不同程度减低,差异有统计学意义,但rt-PA组与尿激酶组溶栓疗效及合并并发症比较,差异无统计学意义;发病时间t≤1 h、1 t≤2 h、2 t≤3h、3 t≤4 h、4 t≤5 h、5 t≤6 h等6组溶栓效果及合并并发症个数的比较中,差异有统计学意义。结论发生急性脑梗死时,不管是用尿激酶还是rt-PA,都应尽快给予静脉溶栓治疗,且溶栓越早,疗效越好,合并的并发症越少。     

r-PA治疗超急性期脑梗死的疗效观察

目的观察急性期脑梗死患者使用瑞替普酶(reteplase,r-PA)治疗过程中不同血压对疗效的影响。方法 39例超急性脑梗死患者,符合溶栓条件,美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)≥4分,采用r-PA 36~54mg行静脉溶栓治疗。动态观察患者溶栓过程中血压变化及NIHSS评分。比较2组入院时、溶栓24h、溶栓2周后NIHSS评分和临床疗效。结果患者溶栓24h及2周后NIHSS评分无明显差异,平均动脉压越高出血风险越大。Logistic回归分析显示,患者溶栓过程中平均动脉压≥105mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)是脑梗死溶栓出血的危险因素(OR=10.833,95%CI=1.974~59.461)。结论 r-PA治疗超急性期脑梗死安全有效,能有效控制患者血压。     

25例急性脑梗死患者静脉溶栓治疗

目的 观察重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)早期静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及安全性.方法 25例发病时间＜3 h的急性脑梗死患者接受rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗,剂量(0.6～0.9)mg/kg.溶栓前及溶栓后2 h、24 h及7 d接受美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,3个月接受改良Rankin评分,并观察安全性.结果 溶栓后7 d的NIHSS评分较基线值显著改善(P=0.04),20例完成3个月MRS评估者中,0～1分6例(30%),死亡2例(10%).症状性脑出血患者2例.基线NIHSS评分高(P=0.002)及完全前循环梗死型(P=0.01)者易发生症状性脑出血.结论 早期静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死能改善患者的远期预后.     

低剂量尿激酶与重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效

目的比较低剂量尿激酶(UK)与重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的有效性和安全性。方法选择发病<6h的急性脑梗死患者42例,分为rt-PA(0.9mg/kg)静脉溶栓组23例,低剂量UK(50万~70万IU)静脉溶栓组19例,对2组治疗前、治疗后24h、10d的神经功能缺损(NIHSS)评分及治疗前与治疗后10d的日常生活(barthel)指数评分进行比较,同时观察2组溶栓后出血等不良反应。结果 (1)rt-PA组及UK组治疗后24h、10d的NIHSS及Barthel评分与溶栓治疗前相比均有显著改善(P<0.05);2组间溶栓治疗前及治疗后24h、10d的NIHSS、Barthel评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)rt-PA组治疗后总有效率为95.7%,UK组为78.9%,rt-PA组总有效率较UK组高,但2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。UK<3h组总有效率92.3%,UK3~6h组总有效率50.0%,rt-PA治疗组总有效率与UK3~6h组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)溶栓后rt-PA组脑出血2例,均为非症状性,UK组无脑出血,2组均无其他系统出血并发症。结论低剂量尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗3h内急性脑梗死与rt-PA相比同样有效,且安全性更好。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Onset of action of antipsychotics in the treatment of mania

Introduction: An important consideration in treating acute mania is the promptness with which a chosen therapy can bring symptom amelioration. This article reviews the available published data from controlled, blinded studies regarding the latency of responses to antipsychotics in patients with acute mania.

Methods: Articles for this review were obtained from a search of the Medline database (1966–1999), using the following keywords and phrases: antipsychotic, atypical, bipolar disorder, mania, neuroleptic, typical. The bibliographic sections of articles gleaned from this search were used to direct further inquiries.

Results: Although information regarding the onset of action of antipsychotics is limited, we discovered data for four typical and three atypical antipsychotics. Drugs with the fastest onsets include haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine, with onsets appearing in 2–6 days. Chlorpromazine and thiothixene were at the slowest end of the continuum, with onsets of 2 weeks or longer. Data regarding pimozide are mixed, with some studies showing an onset equivalent to that of the 'fast' compounds and others showing one similar to that of the 'slow' compounds.

Conclusions: Choice of therapy should consider not only efficacy and safety, but also onset speed. Atypical antipsychotics appear to offer safer, faster, and more effective therapies.     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

The origins of innervation of the esophagus of the dog

This study defined the origins of extrinsic efferent and afferent innervation of the normal canine esophagus. When all the layers of the wall of the 3 esophageal regions (cervical, thoracic and abdominal) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), labeled nerve cells were found in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and parasympathetic nucleus of X (PX) of the brainstem. Most labeled cells in the NA were located in the compact column (retrofacial nucleus) while labeled cells in the PX were located in separate rostral and caudal areas. There was no somatotopic organization in either the NA or PX. Labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons were found in the cranial cervical, middle cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic sympathetic trunk and celiacomesenteric ganglia. The HRP injection of the esophageal wall labeled sensory cell bodies in the glossopharyngeal, proximal and distal vagal, and C2-T6 spinal ganglia. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of labeled cells in the autonomic or sensory ganglia. When the HRP injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa layers of the thoracic esophagus, a small number of labeled cells were identified in the NA; however, no labeled cells were found in the NA when injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa of either the cervical or abdominal esophageal regions. With these confined injections, the labeled nerve cells appeared in the rostral part of the PX. Thus, it appeared that the internal tunics of the esophagus (i.e., the mucosa and submucosa) were innervated by neurons in the rostral PX while the muscular tunic was innervated by neurons in the caudal PX and the rostral NA. After mucosa-submucosa injections, labeled sympathetic neurons appeared in the same ganglia that were identified after whole wall injections and these had a similar random distribution. These injections also labeled neurons in the glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, and distal vagal ganglia, but unlike the whole wall injections there was no labeling in the spinal ganglia. This suggested that the labeled cells of the spinal ganglia seen after whole wall injections conveyed impulses from the tunica muscularis and serosa.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。