氯氮平与氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症的对照研究

为进一步验证氯氮平在治疗精神分裂症中的地位。方法对病程＜５年的１２２例首次住院的精神分裂症患者，采用分层随机法分为两组，分别首选氯氮平和氯丙嗪进行８周治疗。以ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ、ＳＡＮＳ评定疗效，以ＴＥＳＳ评定副反应。结果治疗前后比较，两组ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ分均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＳＡＮＳ分氯氮平组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），氯丙嗪组无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；疗后氯氮平组的ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ、ＳＡＮＳ总分均明显低于氯丙嗪组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＴＥＳＳ总分氯氮平组亦低于氯丙嗪组，且无锥体外系副反应。结论氯氮平确是一种十分有效且药物副反应并不多见的抗精神病药。在严密监测血象的情况下，氯氮平实际上可作为一个可供选择的治疗精神分裂症的第一线药使用。     

氯氮平对精神分裂症阴性、阳性症状的疗效分析

用氯氮平治疗表现为阴性、阳性症状的精神分裂症病人１３１例，根据阴性症状量表（ＳＡＮＳ）、阳性症状量表（ＳＡＰＳ）评分分为两组，阴性症状组６１例，阳性症状组７０例。分别在治疗前、治疗后２、４、８周使用简明精神病量表、ＳＡＮＳ、ＳＡＰＳ、临床总体印象量表和副反应量表进行盲式评分。结果显示：氯氮平对两组症状均有较好和同等疗效（Ｐ＜０．０１）。对氯氮平的疗效、作用机制、临床应用、副作用及对难治性病例的疗效进行了讨论。     

氯氮平对精神分裂症阴性,阳性症状的疗效分析

用氯氮平治疗表现为阴性、阳性症状的精神分裂症病人１３１例，根据阴性症状量表（ＳＡＮＳ）、阳性症状量表（ＳＡＰＳ）评分分为两组，阴性症状组６１例，阳性症状组７０例。分别在治疗前、治疗后２、４、８周使用简明精神病量表、ＳＡＮＳ、ＳＡＰＳ、临床总体印象量表和副反应量表进行盲式评分。结果显示：氯氮平对两组症状均有较好和同等疗效（Ｐ＜０．０１）。对氯氮平的疗效、作用机制、临床应用、副作用及对难治性病例的疗效     

氯氮平药代动力学影响因素及血药浓度与临床效应的关系

为了探讨吸烟与性别对氯氮平药代动力学及稳态浓度的影响，以及氯氮平、去甲氯氮平稳态浓度与疗效、不良反应的关系，对３０例（吸烟男性１０例，不吸烟男性和女性各１０例）精神分裂症病人进行氯氮平药代动力学研究，对５８例精神分裂症病人于治疗第２、４、６、８周测定氯氮平和去甲氯氮平浓度，并评定简明精神病症状评定量表（ＢＰＲＳ）、阳性和阴性症状量表（ＳＡＰＳ、ＳＡＮＳ）及副反应量表（ＴＥＳＳ），分析血药浓度与疗效、不良反应的相关性。结果显示，吸烟者的氯氮平半衰期、达峰浓度和稳态浓度明显低于非吸烟者（Ｐ＜０．０１）。氯氮平、去甲氯氮平浓度和二者总浓度与ＴＥＳＳ呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１），与ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ和ＳＡＮＳ无显著相关，但有效组血药浓度高于无效组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。认为氯氮平血药浓度监测有一定临床意义，血药浓度以３５０～６００μｇ／Ｌ为宜     

利培酮治疗氯氮平无效的难治性精神分裂症

目的：探讨利培酮对氯氮平治疗无效的难治性精神分裂症是否有效。方法：对３１例氯氮平治疗无效的难治性精神分裂症住院患者改用得培酮治疗。结果：第８周末，阴性与阳性症状量表（ＰＡＮＳＳ）总分较疗前下降≥２０％者１９例（６１．３％）；≥５０％者１２例（３８．７％）。ＰＡＮＳＳ总分、阳必 状和一般精神病理学症状分量表积分的平均秩和于第２周末较疗前显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０５～０．０１）；阴性症状分量表积分于第４周末     

氯氮平台并利培酮与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的对照研究

目的 比较氯氮平合并利培酮与氯氮平对精神分裂症阴局限性症状的疗效。方法 ６０例长期住院的精神分裂症患者，分别接受氯氮平合并利培本呼氯氮平治疗，疗程８周，用ＢＰＲＳ，ＳＡＮＳ，ＳＡＰＳ，ＴＥＳＳ评定疗效和副反应。结果 氯氮平合并利培酮组在治疗后４周、８周ＳＡＮＳ评分较治疗前均有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）；氯氮平组在治疗后８周ＳＡＮＳ评分与治疗前比较也有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。两组在治疗后４周、８周时     

精神分裂症患者氯丙嗪治疗前后血小板聚集功能观察

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者血小板聚集功能及氯丙嗪治疗对血小板聚集功能的影响。方法 对３３例首次住院的男性精神分裂症患者氯丙嗪治疗前后进行ＢＰＲＳ评定及肾上腺素致聚下的血小板聚集功能检测，并与５５名正常对照相比较。结果 精神分裂症患者血小板１分钟聚集率（ＰＡＲ１）、５分钟聚集率（ＰＡＲ５）显著高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５，Ｐ〈０．０１）；用氯丙嗪治疗１个月后，患者临床症状缓解，ＢＰＲＳ评定分值下降（Ｐ〈０．０１），血小板聚集功能ＰＡＲ１无显著性改变（Ｐ〉０．０５），ＰＡＲ５明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论 精神分裂症患者血小板聚集功能增强；氯丙嗪治疗可导致血小板的激活状态。     

氯氮平及其联合舒必利治疗精神分裂症的双盲对照研究

目的 比较氯氮平及其联合舒必利治疗精神分裂症的疗效和副反应。方法 ４１例精神分裂症患者,采用随机双盲法进行６周治疗观察,用ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ、临床疗效、ＴＥＳＳ评定疗效和副反应。结果 氯氮平组和氯氮平联合舒必利组ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ评分在治疗末均显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０１）,联合组于疗后３周ＳＡＮＳ７总分即有显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０５）;疗末联合组ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ评分与氯氮平组相比具有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０     

急性脑血栓形成不同时期一氧化氮含量的变化

探讨急性脑血栓形成不同时期一氧化氮（ＮＯ）含量的变化。测定３０例急性脑血栓形成患者发病不同时期血清中ＮＯ、ＳＯＤ、ＭＤＡ的含量。另选２８例性别、年龄组成相似的健康人作为正常对照。结果表明，脑血栓形成期，ＮＯ、ＳＯＤ含量显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＭＤＡ含量显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；脑水肿期，ＮＯ含量较前显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）达正常水平（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＳＯＤ含量进一步降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＭＤＡ含量进一步增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；进入稳定期后，ＮＯ较前稍降低（Ｐ＞０．０５）仍在正常水平（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＳＯＤ含量增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）仍低于正常（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＭＤＡ含量较前下降（Ｐ＜０．００１）仍高于正常（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：急性脑血栓形成早期ＮＯ含量降低与脑缺血损伤有关，脑水肿期ＮＯ参与脑损伤。     

精神分裂症患者脑脊液促甲状腺激素水平研究

目的比较Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型精神分裂症患者治疗前、后脑甲状腺功能状态及其中枢调节方面的差异。方法电抽搐治疗（ＥＣＴ）Ⅰ型精神分裂症、氯氮平治疗Ⅱ型精神分裂症；在治疗前、后测定促甲状腺激素（ＴＳＨ）含量、简明精神病评定量表（ＢＰＲＳ）、阳性症状评定量表（ＳＡＰＳ）、阴性症状评定量表（ＳＡＮＳ）。结果Ⅰ型精神分裂症患者脑脊液ＴＳＨ值略高于Ⅱ型；ＥＣＴ对Ⅰ型患者脑脊液ＴＳＨ水平有双向调节功能，调节效应好；氯氮平对Ⅱ型患者脑脊液ＴＳＨ水平的调节功能和效应低下；治疗前后脑脊液ＴＳＨ增（减）值Ⅰ型较Ⅱ型大（Ｐ＜００１）。结论提示精神分裂症患者Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型脑甲状腺功能状态及其中枢调节不同     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.