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1.
重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(recombinant tissue plasminogen activator alteplase,rt-PA)是目前急性缺血性卒中时间窗内静脉溶栓最有效的治疗药物,然而,静脉溶栓也伴随着出血转化、症状性颅内出血风险的增加,导致患者预后不良,甚至死亡。因此,研究静脉溶栓治疗及预后的影响因素,提高静脉溶栓治疗的有效性及安全性,对急性缺血性卒中患者的预后有着重大意义。  相似文献   

2.
目的探讨不同剂量重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(reconstructive tissue plasminogen activator,rt-PA,阿替普酶)静脉治疗合并房颤的急性缺血性卒中的安全性与疗效。方法选择2017-01-2019-11在河南科技大学第一附属医院神经内科接受rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗的70例合并心房颤动的急性缺血性脑卒中患者为实验组,选择同时期未给予rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗的38例合并心房颤动的急性缺血性脑卒中患者为对照组。将实验组患者随机分为低剂量组(0.6 mg/kg,A组)与标准剂量组(0.9 mg/kg,B组)。记录实验组溶栓前和溶栓后7 d NIHSS评分,记录对照组入院时和入院7 d NIHSS评分,记录3组患者7 d内的颅内出血发生情况和90 d病死率,采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)对各组患者90 d预后进行分析。结果低剂量组和标准剂量组患者溶栓后7 d较溶栓前NIHSS评分改善率均较对照组增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。rt-PA静脉治疗后,低剂量组颅内出血发生率和90 d病死率均低于标准剂量组,但组间比较无显著性差异(P0.05);低剂量组与标准剂量组90 d预后良好率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于合并心房颤动的急性缺血性脑卒中患者,低剂量rt-PA与标准剂量rt-PA在功能恢复方面相比无显著性差异,但具有潜在较低的脑出血率及病死率。  相似文献   

3.
静脉溶栓治疗是急性缺血性脑卒中超早期治疗的首选方法,重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)是目前临床上广泛应用的静脉溶栓药物。既往静脉溶栓将80岁以上高龄患者排除在外,现年龄因素不再是应用排除标准。现对高龄缺血性脑卒中患者应用rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗有效性、时间窗、剂量、颅内出血并发症等相关研究进行综述,以对高龄患者应用rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗提供临床参考依据。  相似文献   

4.
目的探讨多学科团队协助模式在脑卒中静脉溶栓诊疗中的应用,为急性脑梗死的诊疗提供参考。方法选取2017年1~12月行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗的113例急性缺血性脑卒中患者为对照组,另选取流程改进后(2018年1~12月)行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗的120例急性缺血性脑卒中患者为观察组,分析就诊至完善影像学检查时间、就诊至溶栓开始时间(DNT)时间、静脉溶栓治疗前后美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分、Barthel指数变化、有无出血并发症等影响因素。结果观察组CT至完成头颅MRI时间、MR至静脉溶栓时间、DNT时间均较对照组缩短(P 0. 05);两组溶栓后24 h NIHSS评分改善差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05),观察组溶栓后7、30和90 d NIHSS评分、mRS评分、Barthel指数改善均优于对照组(P 0. 05);静脉溶栓过程中牙龈出血及症状性颅内出血两组比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论多学科团队协助模式可有效缩短急性缺血性脑卒中患者的就诊时间、检查时间及DNT时间,促进患者的神经功能恢复。  相似文献   

5.
目的 探讨CT灌注成像(CTP)在rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的价值.方法 25例急性缺血性脑卒中(发病时间<3h)患者行CTP检查组15例:见缺血半晴带应用rt-PA静脉溶栓组(见IP)10例,无缺血半暗带常规治疗组(无IP)5例.未行CTP检查应用rt-PA静脉溶栓组(对照组)10例.评价CTP指导下见IP组、无IP组和对照组患者疗效和预后.结果 见IP组rt-PA静脉溶栓后各时间段NIHSS评分与治疗前相比均有明显改善(P<0.001),而对照组NIHSS评分于24h、7d均无明显变化,直到30d后明显改善(P<0.01),而两组相比于24h后见IP组NIHSS评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05).见IP组未出现颅内出血及死亡病例,且Barthel指数明显高于对照组.对照组颅内出血率44%,死亡率11%.无IP组常规抗栓治疗NIHSS评分于24h、7d均无明显变化,30d后明显改善(P<0.01),与对照组相比无明显差异(P>0.05).结论 急性缺血性脑卒中在发病3h内,经CTP检查见IP者应用rt-PA溶栓安全、效果可靠;无IP者不予溶栓治疗而给予常规抗栓治疗,即能避免盲目溶栓所带来的出血及死亡风险,还能取得较好的远期疗效.  相似文献   

6.
目的溶栓后出血性转化(hemorrhagic transformation,HT)是重组组织型纤维蛋白溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的一个重要安全指标。HT有不同的亚型,而不同亚型的预后也不尽相同。我们对急性缺血性脑卒中患者rt-PA静脉溶栓后出现的特殊型HT进行分析。方法对发病3zh内的98例缺血性卒中患者用rt-PA(剂量0.6 mg/kg,最大剂量5 0 mg)进行静脉溶栓治疗,溶栓前后行头颅CT、MRI或数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查判断是否有HT,并判定这种HT与责任病灶的关系。结果溶栓后经CT或MRI检查发现4种特殊的远端HT类型,1例发生蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH),1例梗死部位的对侧出现明显占位效应的脑实质出血,1例出现梗死灶对侧的侧脑室出血,1例出现梗死部位对侧的腔隙性出血。这4例患者所引起的4类HT在临床上均为无症状,预后好。结论对急性缺血性脑卒中的溶栓治疗要坚持动态观和平衡观,对症状性出血性转化的诊断要慎重,充分考虑HT的分型和程度,从而正确判断HT对预后的影响。  相似文献   

7.
目的探讨分析影响阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗急性后循环缺血性卒中患者的预后的相关因素。方法选取发病0~4.5 h急性后循环缺血性卒中患者,分为阿替普酶静脉溶栓组和非静脉溶栓组,记录患者的一般人口学资料及基本资料、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分,溶栓组记录发病至溶栓时间及溶栓后24 h NIHSS评分下降。结局指标采用90 d改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,m RS)评分、症状性颅内出血(symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage,SICH)及患者死亡率,应用Logistic回归模型分析卒中患者90 d不良结局的相关因素。结果急性后循环缺血性卒中患者共116例,其中成功给予阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗的患者84例,非静脉溶栓32例。静脉溶栓组3个月预后良好53例(63.1%),预后不良31例(36.9%),其中发生出血转化6例(7.1%),症状性颅内出血3例(3.5%),死亡3例(3.5%)。非静脉溶栓组3个月预后良好12例(37.5%),预后不良20例(62.5%),其中发生出血转化5例(15.6%),症状性颅内出血3例(9.3%),死亡3例(9.3%)。静脉溶栓组经多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、发病至溶栓时间、基线NIHSS评分、高血压与90 d不良预后相关(P0.05)。静脉溶栓组和非静脉溶栓组相比,静脉溶栓组有更好的临床预后及更低的死亡率,两组在症状性颅内出血发病率方面并无明显差异。结论对于急性后循环缺血性卒中患者,尽早实施静脉溶栓对改善近期预后有一定临床意义。  相似文献   

8.
急性缺血性脑卒中是卒中最常见的形式之一,目前其主要的治疗方式是再灌注治疗,包 括静脉溶栓治疗和血管内治疗。急性缺血性卒中发病时间 6 h 内给予静脉溶栓可改善预后,然而静脉溶 栓同时也存在出血转化的风险,可能对患者早期神经功能改善和远期预后产生不利影响。目前的研究 认为,炎症反应主要参与急性缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓后出血转化的生理病理机制。现对炎症反应 与静脉溶栓后出血转化的相关性风险预测因素进行综述,旨在为溶栓后出血转化的早期识别和预防提 供依据。  相似文献   

9.
目的系统评价合并大脑中动脉高密度征(HMCAS)的急性缺血性卒中患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗的有效性和安全性。方法以hyperdense middle cerebral arterysign/HMCAS/hyperdense artery sign/hyperdense cerebral artery sign、ischemic stroke/cerebral infarction/brain infraction/cerebral embolism、thrombolysis/thrombolytic therapy/rt-PA/recombinant tissue plasminogenactivator,以及大脑中动脉高密度征/致密动脉征/大脑中动脉致密征/脑动脉高密度征、缺血性脑卒中/缺血性卒中/脑梗死/脑梗塞/脑栓塞、溶栓治疗/rt-PA/重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂等中英文词组为检索词,计算机检索1994年1月-2014年12月美国国立医学图书馆生物医学信息检索系统、荷兰医学文摘、Cochrane临床对照试验中心注册库,以及中国生物医学文献数据库等收录的关于rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗合并HMCAS的急性缺血性卒中随机或非随机对照临床试验;分别采用Newcastle-Ottawa量表和Rev Man5.2统计软件行文献质量评价和Meta分析。结果经剔除重复和不符合纳入标准者,166篇英文文献中最终纳入8项非随机对照临床试验共11 373例患者[2455例合并HMCAS(rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗2316例、安慰剂治疗139例)、8918例未合并HMCAS]。Meta分析显示:rt-PA静脉溶栓组患者不良预后风险低于安慰剂组(OR=0.360,95%CI:0.150~0.850;P=0.020),但症状性颅内出血发生率组间差异无统计学意义(OR=1.640,95%CI:0.380~7.040;P=0.500);合并HMCAS患者rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗不良预后风险高于未合并者(OR=2.830,95%CI:2.550~3.150;P=0.000),但症状性颅内出血发生率组间差异无统计学意义(OR=1.090,95%CI:0.500~2.410;P=0.820)。结论尽管rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗合并HMCAS的急性缺血性卒中患者安全、有效,但发病3个月时易出现不良预后,而发生症状性颅内出血风险较低。  相似文献   

10.
目的 明确脑白质高信号(WMHs)的严重程度与急性缺血性卒中患者静脉重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)溶栓后的出血转化以及3个月后神经功能结局之间的关系.方法 连续收集就诊于我科并接受静脉rt-PA溶栓治疗的急性缺血性卒中患者144例,分析其临床资料,利用改良Schelten量表评定脑白质高信号严重程度,出血转化根据欧洲协作性急性卒中研究Ⅲ(ECASSⅢ)标准评定,改良Rankin评分≥2分定义为神经功能结局不利.结果 144例接受静脉rt-PA溶栓治疗的患者年龄为(66.6±12.6)岁,女性46例(31.9%),发病至溶栓时间为(241.9 ±88.4) min,溶栓前NIHSS为(12.31±5.98)分,脑白质高信号评分为(7.81±4.93)分.共28例(19.4%)影像学表现为溶栓后出血转化,其中18例(12.5%)为出血性梗死(HI)型,10例(6.9%)为脑实质出血(PH)型.经多元Logistic回归分析提示,WMHs严重程度不增加HI型风险(OR=1.017,95% CI0.919 ~1.126,P =0.744),对PH型风险亦无增加(OR=1.025,95%CI0.895 ~1.175,P=0.716).二元Logistic回归分析提示,脑白质高信号严重程度是神经功能结局不利的独立危险因素(OR=1.135,95% CI1.036 ~1.244,P=0.007).结论 严重WMHs不增加急性缺血性卒中静脉rt-PA溶栓后的出血转化风险,但与卒中后不利神经功能结局有关.  相似文献   

11.
Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.  相似文献   

12.
Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Robert J. Gumnit 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S3):S9-S13
Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.  相似文献   

13.
B. J. Wilder 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S2):S1-S7
Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.  相似文献   

14.
Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy   总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2  
Eileen P.G. Vining 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S2):S18-S22
Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.  相似文献   

15.
Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.  相似文献   

16.
Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.  相似文献   

17.
Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
G. Trube  R. Netzer 《Epilepsia》1994,35(S5):S62-S67
Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.  相似文献   

18.
Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs   总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1  
Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.  相似文献   

19.
Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.  相似文献   

20.
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.  相似文献   

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