普拉克索治疗原发性不宁腿综合征的疗效和安全性观察

不宁腿综合征(RLS)是一种感觉运动性疾病,其主要特征是:患者在静息状态下出现难以名状的腿部不适感,迫使其活动肢体以缓解症状.疾病可引起入睡困难和睡眠中断,严重影响患者的睡眠质量,使患者在白天出现困倦、注意力不集中、记忆力下降,甚至使其生活缺乏动力,出现抑郁和焦虑[1].     

不宁腿综合征1家系报告

不宁腿综合征(restless legs syndrome,RLS)是一种常见的神经系统感觉运动障碍性疾病,对健康无威胁,但严重影响患者睡眠,降低生活质量.不宁腿综合征分为原发性和继发性.原发性不宁腿综合征约50%～92%有阳性家族史,为常染色体单基因显性遗传.因家族性不宁腿综合征报道不多,故将我院确诊的不宁腿综合征1家系报道如下.     

妊娠期妇女睡眠常见问题及处理

妊娠期间,大多数妇女都受到睡眠改变的困扰[1].她们的睡眠结构随着生理改变而变化,这些生理变化是产生觉醒次数增多和睡眠障碍如睡眠呼吸紊乱、不宁腿综合征、周期性肢体运动障碍的危险因素.本文阐述了妊娠妇女常见的睡眠问题,包括睡眠结构的改变、失眠、不宁腿综合征、周期性肢体运动障碍和睡眠呼吸紊乱[2],与有害妊娠结局的关系,以及处理这些睡眠障碍的方法.     

不宁腿综合征的临床分析

目的 讨论不宁腿综合征的临床表现、诊断与治疗.方法 回顾分析不宁腿综合征8例. 结果不宁腿综合征以双下肢感觉异常为突出表现,静息时出现或加重,活动及被动运动症状缓解或消失,夜间症状突出而导致睡眠障碍,不宁腿综合征常常被误诊为其他疾病. 结论不宁腿综合征诊断主要依据特征性的临床表现,左旋多巴制剂及多巴胺受体激动剂疗效肯定.     

帕金森病伴不宁腿综合征临床研究

目的 分析帕金森病伴不宁腿综合征的发病率及临床特征,以探讨帕金森病与不宁腿综合征之间的关系.方法 107例帕金森病患者,14例(13.08%)伴不宁腿综合征,93例(86.92%)不伴不宁腿综合征,对其运动功能、日常生活活动能力、疾病严重程度、抑郁及睡眠质量进行评价.结果 帕金森病伴不宁腿综合征患者年龄低于不伴不宁腿综合征者(t=2.199,P=0.028),而病程、运动功能、日常生活活动能力、疾病严重程度、抑郁、睡眠质量及抗帕金森病药物剂量,组间差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).帕金森病伴不宁腿综合征患者帕金森病睡眠量表第4项(t=2.051,P=0.018)和第12项(t=1.954,P=0.046)评分均低于不伴不宁腿综合征者.两组Epworth嗜睡量表评分异常者比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.376).结论 不宁腿综合征在帕金森病患者中的发病率高于正常人群,二者之间存在一定的联系,可能具有共同的发病机制.不宁腿综合征是加重帕金森病患者睡眠障碍的重要原因之一.     

不宁腿综合征的临床分析

目的讨论不宁腿综合征的临床表现、诊断与治疗。方法回顾分析不宁腿综合征8例。结果不宁腿综合征以双下肢感觉异常为突出表现，静息时出现或加重，活动及被动运动症状缓解或消失，夜间症状突出而导致睡眠障碍，不宁腿综合征常常被误诊为其他疾病。结论不宁腿综合征诊断主要依据特征性的临床表现，左旋多巴制剂及多巴胺受体激动剂疗效肯定。     

帕金森病与不宁腿综合征

帕金森病为慢性进行性神经系统变性疾病，典型临床症状包括运动迟缓、静止性震颤、强直以及姿势平衡障碍。不宁腿综合征（restless legs syndrome，RLS）系指出现在腿部的不适感导致难以控制的移动下肢的冲动，多发生在夜间并由此而产生睡眠障碍。早在19世纪，《震颤麻痹》一书中就已首次提出帕金森病患在夜间会出现频繁的肢体运动。近年来不断有研究报道，帕金森病患不宁腿综合征的发病率高于普通人群，提示二之间可能存在某种联系。[第一段]     

不宁腿综合征铁剂治疗研究进展

不宁腿综合征(RLS)是临睡眠时出现移动腿的冲动、常伴有腿部不适感为特征的睡眠障碍;可以导致日间困倦、生活质量下降、注意力缺陷、记忆力障碍、抑郁、焦虑和体力下降[1].人群中RLS的发病率为0.01％ ～ 18.3％[2],并随年龄增长逐渐增高[3].原发性RLS患者部分具有家族遗传性,继发性RLS患者常伴有缺铁性贫血[4]、叶酸和维生素B12缺乏及妊娠[5]等.铁替代疗法已应用于RLS的治疗,现将此疗法的研究进展综述如下.     

帕金森病与不宁腿综合征

帕金森病为慢性进行性神经系统变性疾病，典型临床症状包括运动迟缓、静止性震颤、强直以及姿势平衡障碍。不宁腿综合征（restless legs syndrome，RLS）系指出现在腿部的不适感导致难以控制的移动下肢的冲动，多发生在夜间并由此而产生睡眠障碍。早在19世纪，《震颤麻痹》一书中就已首次提出帕金森病患者在夜间会出现频繁的肢体运动。近年来不断有研究报道，帕金森病患者不宁腿综合征的发病率高于普通人群，提示二者之间可能存在某种联系。     

不宁腿综合征的进展

不宁腿综合征(restless legs syndromes RLS)又称多动腿或不安腿综合征.1685年Thomas Willis首次描述该病的临床特点,1945年Ekbom将其正式命名为不宁腿综合征[1].但迄今为止,人们(包括临床医生)对此病了解甚少.近10年来,众多专家学者基于临床研究和实践相继发表了一些建设性见解,1999年AASM(美国睡眠医学协会)对此作了详尽概述,NIH(美国国立卫生研究院)又发表了专题评述,旨在改善RLS的诊断和治疗.本文就RLS的流行病学、病因和发病机制、临床表现、诊断及治疗作简要综述.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.     

Une phénoménologie de la dépendance à l'alcool. Une expérience primordiale de la « nostrité »

The phenomenological approach to alcoholism interestingly focuses on specific dynamics of interpersonal relationships displaying the founding of the Self from a primary “us” and its original basis in the human feast. Priorities for treatment intervention recommend to involve social setting and relationships of the patients, reaching their active participation to a motivational and long term group treatment, underlying the specific therapeutic effect of world exchanges. Biopsychosocial determination of alcoholism could be primarily based on components of interpersonal relationships. Regarding social background, drinking is one of the most famous supports for the achievement of the feast, a founding marker of present time. Taking an existential point of view, the feast appears as the heart of mankind because it presents a primary “us”, a plural state which indicates the beginning and founding of the Self from the others. During the feast, we regularly have to reach our Self from the “us” while avoiding two main dangers, drunkenness, an increase in the dizziness of upright verticality, and addiction, an opposite vertical surrender to alcohol and falling into in the alcoholic relapse, both situations imply a spatial domination and the disappearance of others. Treatment programs of alcohol addicts need to integrate the necessity of reaching the existential basic trust from the support of a group to the appropriation of the community which can be defined as an original “usness”.