顽固性癫痫的组合手术治疗

目的对部分顽固性癫痫病人，在严格充分的术前评价之后．依据结果将几种手术方式适当的组合使用，并对其临床效果进行评价。方法对同济大学东方医院神经外科收治的116例顽固性癫痫中的25例病人施行联合手术的治疗方法。发作形式为全身强直一阵挛性发作、复杂部分性发作及失神发作等，其中有14例存在两种发作形式。术前均服过多种抗癫痫药．病程后期同时服用2～3种抗癫痫药。25例病人术前均行24h脑电监测及头颅MRI检查．有19例术前行硬膜下皮层电极和深部电极检测，其中1例行头颅PET检查。手术在皮层脑电及深部电极监测下进行。13例行额颢开颅，颞前叶及海马、杏仁核切除＋额部部分区域的软膜下横切术（MST），其中7例附加胼胝体前部切开术；11例行额部开颅，额部软化灶切除＋运动区MST，其中2例附加胼胝体前部切开术；1例行双侧枕顶部开颅，左枕叶萎缩皮层切除＋胼胝体后部切开＋右侧顶枕的MST。结果术后无死亡及严重并发症。术后抗癫痫药物使用减少，术后23例服用一种抗癫痫药，2例服用两种抗癫痫药。术后随访6～12个月，17例手术效果为Engel 1级，4例为Engel2级，4例为Engel3级。40岁以下的患者手术后癫痫控制的可能性显著大于40岁以上者（P〈0．05）；病程在10年以下的患者术后癫痫无发作的可能性显著大于10年以上者（P〈0．05）。头颅MRI上有无明显的结构异常对病人的预后没有影响（P〉0．05）。结论在严格术前评价的前提下，尤其是在有精通神经电生理知识的神经外科医生综合分析下，采用多种手术方式组合治疗顽固性癫痫效果显著。     

多种手术方法联合治疗顽固性癫痫的疗效观察

目的：对顽固性癫痫病人，将几种手术方法联合作用，并对其临床疗效进行评价以探讨不同类型顽固性癫痫最佳的治疗方案。方法：手术治疗顽固性癫痫患31例。单纯部分性发作6例，复杂部分性发作12例，部分发作发展至全身发作10例，强直－阵挛性发作3例。术前均行头皮脑电视频连续监测及头MRI检查，其中14例行SPECT检查。局部致癫痫病灶切除术6例，局部致癫痫病灶切除术＋皮层软膜下横纤维切断术3例，局部致癫痫病灶切除术＋皮层热灼术3例，局部致癫痫病灶切除术＋皮层热灼术＋胼胝体切开术2例，前颞叶切除术＋皮层热灼术10例（海马切除8例，杏仁核切除6例），立体定向核团毁损术6例，迷走神经刺激术1例。结果：31例病人无手术死亡及术后并发症。随访3－12个月，手术总有效率87．1％，优良率为67．7％。结论：多种手术联合治疗顽固性癫痫病人安全有效。     

难治性癫痫的外科治疗(附36例临床分析)

目的探讨难治性癫痫的致病灶定位和术式选择。方法回顾分析36例难治性癫痫患者的临床资料,术前均行视频脑电监测(VEEG)和CT/MR检查,结合临床症状定位致痫灶。采用颞前叶及海马、杏仁核切除+广泛致痫皮层低功率电凝热灼25例;额叶癫痫+周围皮层低功率皮层热灼术5例,病灶及周围皮层切除+低功率皮层热灼术4例,行单侧病灶切除+胼胝体前部切开+致痫皮层低功率电凝热灼2例。结果经6个月至3年的随访,满意29例,显著改善5例,良好2例。结论部分性发作的癫痫患者,最可靠的治疗方法是致痫灶的切除,但对于全面性发作的病人,其致痫区往往比较广泛而无法切除,联合皮层热灼术可以减少发作频率、减轻发作程度和改变发作形式,提高治疗效果。准确定位致病灶,选择恰当的手术方式是外科治疗难治性癫痫取得良好效果的关键。     

胼胝体切开联合皮层热灼术治疗难治性癫痫(附82例回顾分析)

目的 探讨胼胝体切开联合皮层热灼术治疗难治性癫痫的手术方式与治疗效果.方法 82例难治性癫痫行胼胝体切开术治疗,其中18例行单纯胼胝体切开、33例行胼胝体切开 致痫皮层低功率电凝热灼、31例行单侧致痫灶切除 胼胝体切开 致痫皮层低功率电凝热灼.术后随访6个月～2年.结果 11例(13.4%)癫痫发作完全消失;41例(50%)癫痫发作次数显著减少;16例(19.5%)癫痫发作程度减轻;8例(9.8%)无明显改善;6例(7.3%)发作略有加重;无死亡病例.手术后疗效以Wilsion标准评判,优良率为83%.结论 部分性发作的癫痫患者,最可靠的治疗方法是致痫灶的切除,但对于全面性发作的病人,其致痫区往往比较广泛而无法切除,胼胝体切开可以阻断两侧半球间痫样放电的传播,联合皮层热灼术可以减少发作频率、减轻发作程度和改变发作形式,提高治疗效果.     

皮层脑电图监测下切除有癫痫症状的脑肿瘤

目的 探讨皮层脑电图监测下切除或热灼伴有癫痫症状的脑肿瘤的手术效果。方法 16例伴有癫痫症状的脑肿瘤患者，术中通过皮层脑电图确定癫痫灶，切除肿瘤后，切除或热灼可疑癫痫灶。术后随访患者的癫痫发作情况。结果 16例患者切除肿瘤前均可通过皮层脑电图探及痫波，肿瘤及痫灶完全切除后，痫波消失者15例，1例功能区患者虽多次皮层热灼，仍可见偶发棘波。术后15例未再有癫痫发作，1例有部分性发作，用抗癫痫药可控制。结论 术中皮层脑电图监测切除或热灼癫痫灶是一种有效控制肿瘤切除术后癫痫发作的方法。     

选择性多脑叶切除联合致痫皮层热灼术治疗Sturge-weber综合征1例

目的 探讨多脑叶切除治疗Sturge-weber综合征.方法 结合国内外文献,分析1例采用右额颞顶枕开颅选择性多脑叶切除联合致痫皮层热灼术治疗Sturge-weber综合征.结果 术后随访6个月有一次癫痫小发作,无功能障碍.结论 Sturge-weber综合征药物治疗无效,手术治疗是唯一有效的方法.大脑半球切除术最为有效,但并非所有类型的都适合,有的病例导致严重的功能障碍.我科首例行选择性多脑叶切除 致痫皮层热灼术,效果满意.     

胼胝体切开加病灶切除治疗顽固性全身性癫痫

外科手术是治疗癲痫的一种新方法。我科自1987年至1989年为15例病人作了胼胝体切开加病灶切除术,对手术方式及疗效进行了探讨。本组共15例,男8例、女7例,均为顽固性全身性大发作、且经内科药物治疗无效的患者。术前均作EEG检查,及CT或ECT检查,拟发现病灶,结果表明ECT检出率较高,本组多数病例发现病灶。手术时均采用全麻,4例采用跨中线开颅,11例采用旁中线开颅,后者由于出血少较理想;本组单纯划开胼胝体前部6例,切开胼胝体前部加额叶切除5例,胼胝体后部切开加枕叶病灶切除3例,胼胝体前部切开加顶叶畸形血管切除1例。疗效评定是通过观察癲痫发作情况、随诊、神经心理检查、脑电图及参照Wilso等制订的标准来进行。结果表明短期疗效显著,达到优者8例,达到良者6例,优良占90％以上,有效率达100％;本组术后无病情不变或加重者。作者认为胼胝体切开加病灶切除术是治疗顽固性全身性癫痫的理想方法,比单纯胼胝体切开更优秀,它既切除了癫痫发作的病灶,又打断了其发作的通路。手术疗效与术前的准确定位及合理的切除有关。至于本术式治疗顽固性全身癫痫的远期疗效及多灶性或弥漫性癫痫的疗效有待进一步研究。     

外伤性癫痫治疗的临床探讨

目的探讨外伤性癫痫的高危因素、临床特征、预防及治疗方法等。方法我科自2000年1月到2006年3月收治86例外伤性癫痫患者,均常规给予抗癫痫药物治疗,其中手术治疗21例。手术患者采取致痫灶切除术6例,致痫灶切除 多处软膜下横切术(MST)/热灼术11例,前颞叶、杏仁核-海马切除2例,选择性杏仁核-海马切除1例,胼胝体切开 MST 皮层热灼1例。结果随访6～58月,65例保守治疗者中,28例在服药治疗两年以上后逐步减药直至停药,未见癫痫明显发作;其余患者仍继续口服药物治疗,8例仍时有发作。21例手术治疗患者,术后癫痫控制满意9例(42.7%),显著改善8例(38.1%),良好2例(9.6%),效果较差1例(4.8%),无改善1例(4.8%)。无手术死亡及永久性并发症发生。结论外伤性癫痫的预防首先应去除诱因,对有高发风险者可予以预防性抗癫痫药物治疗。准确的术前评估、术中ECoG监测、多种术式的联合应用可提高外伤后癫痫患者的手术疗效。     

应用多种手术方式治疗顽固性癫(癎)的临床研究

目的针对不同类型的顽固性癫癎病人,评估单独应用癫癎病灶切除术与联合应用多种手术方式治疗癫癎临床效果。方法手术治疗顽固性癫癎病人80例,其中53例采用几种术式结合的方法;每个病人术前均经过2年以上的正规系统的抗癫癎药物治疗,仍不能控制癫癎发作,每月发作3~4次以上;癫癎发作形式为单纯部分性发作,复杂部分性发作,强直-阵挛性发作以及伴失神发作;采用的手术方式:术中均进行皮层脑电描记(EcoG);局部致癎灶切除术27例,局部致癎灶切除术 多处软膜下横纤维切断术(MST)11例,局部致癎癎灶切除术 MST 皮层热灼术9例,局部致癎灶切除术 胼胝体前部切开术 颞前叶及海马切除术 MST33例。结果80例手术病人术后无死亡,术后2例脑水肿,1例颅内出血,1例肾功能衰竭;术后均服用一种抗癫癎药物,随访6~24个月,51例癫癎临床发作完全消失(63.8%),12例较术前显著改善(15.0%),8例有效(10.0%),6例效果差(7.5%),3例无效(3.8%);手术总有效率为88.8%,优良率为78.8%。结论应用多种手术方式治疗顽固性癫癎有满意疗效。     

手术治疗癫痫28例分析

手术治疗癫痫２８例分析张汝林，吴明新，雷武明，魏剑波，熊富贵我科从１９９１年１月至１９９３年９月，对２８例难治性（或顽固性）癫痫病人进行手术，其中在皮层电极监测下行颞前叶切除（包括杏仁核、海马）１７例，其它皮层痫灶切除６例，胼胝体大部离断术５例，现将...     

Outcome and long term follow-up after corpus callosotomy in childhood onset intractable epilepsy

Introduction Epilepsy surgery is a standard of care in the treatment of medically intractable epilepsy. Twenty five percent of patients with intractable epilepsy in childhood can be candidates for epilepsy surgery. Corpus callosotomy is a surgical treatment option for patients with potentially injurious drop attacks and disabling generalized seizures. Postoperative improvement of cognition and speech are important gains after epilepsy surgery particularly during childhood. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of corpus callosotomy for the treatment of childhood onset medically intractable epilepsy in a developing pediatric epilepsy surgery center.Method We report 16 patients who underwent two thirds anterior corpus callosotomy for treatment of refractory seizures in childhood.Results All patients had drop attacks or multiple types of seizures, yet some showed focal onset with secondary generalization on electroencephalogram (EEG). One patient was seizure free (class 1 outcome), five had class 2A outcome, five had class 2B outcome, and five had class 3 outcome. Overall 11/16 (69%) of our patients improved significantly after anterior callosotomy.Conclusion Corpus callosotomy remains to be a fairly good choice of surgical treatment for childhood onset medically intractable epilepsy in selected patients.     

功能区外伤性癫痫的临床分析及综合手术治疗

目的总结功能区外伤性癫痫的临床特征及将几种术式联合治疗的效果。方法根据术前对32例病人的临床分析和痫灶定位检查,术中采用皮质脑电图监测,术式包括疤痕松解术、致痫灶切除术、前颞叶切除术、前颞叶及海马切除术、胼胝体切开术和多处软膜下横纤维切断术,术后随访2～3年。结果17例癫痫发作完全消失;9例癫痫发作显著减少,效果良好;4例疗效差;无明显改善2例,手术总有效率达81.25%(26/32)。结论选择适当的手术方式治疗功能区外伤性癫痫可取得较好的疗效。     

顽固性癫癎的外科联合手术治疗

目的探讨联合手术治疗顽固性癫癎的方法和临床疗效。方法对45例顽固性癫癎患者行联合手术治疗。手术方式:多处软脑膜下横切术(multiplesubpialtransection,MST)+致癎病灶切除+胼胝体前部切开术3例;MST+胼胝体前部切开术11例;MST+致癎病灶切除19例;MST+立体定向杏仁核海马毁损术12例。术中进行皮层电极及深部电极监测。结果术中进行皮层电极检测定位更精确。患者术后随访3-28个月,发作完全控制17例(37.78%),显著改善24例(53.33%),良好2例(4.44%),效差2例(4.44%),术后神经功能均保存完好。结论联合手术治疗顽固性癫癎是一种安全有效的方法。     

Focal resection for malignant partial seizures in infancy

There is little experience with excisional surgery for drug-resistant partial seizures in very young patients. We describe our experience with 5 infants under 1 year of age with malignant partial seizures and deteriorating developmental status. All were experiencing frequent daily seizures that did not respond to 1st-line antiepileptic medications at high therapeutic serum levels and considerable medication toxicity. Three infants had complete resection of epileptic tissue (frontal corticectomy and prefrontal lobectomy) and are seizure-free. Two underwent partial resection (lateral temporal lobectomy, frontal corticectomy with anterior callosotomy) and have experienced a significant reduction in seizure frequency. Surgery did not result in any significant neurologic deficit or lead to compromise of developmental status. From these data, we tentatively conclude that excisional surgery can be performed safely in selected infants with medically uncontrolled malignant partial seizures and may significantly improve long-term seizure status. Referral to a tertiary center specializing in early childhood epilepsy surgical evaluation may be considered in these circumstances.     

难治性癫痫的偶极子定位手术治疗

目的：探讨利用偶极子三维颅内癫痫病灶定位系统对难治性癫痫病患者致痫灶定位，进行外科手术治疗的效果。方法：对1999年8月至2001年6月在我院实施的259例难治性癫痫患者运用偶极子三维颅内癫痫病灶定位系统对难治癫痫患者致痫灶进行术前精确定位，指导采用相应多种方式手术治疗，并探讨其疗效及随访结果。结果：随访6-22月者180例，疗效满意112例，显著改善（发作减少75%以上）36例，良好（发作减少50%以上）22例，疗效差10例。总有效率为94%。显效率82%，未发现任何远期功能损害。结论：偶极子三维颅内癫痫病灶定位系统是目前用于明确癫痫病灶定位较为先进的方法，准确指导手术，可明显提高手术效果，并减少并发症的产生。     

Surgical treatment for intractable epilepsy]

Epilepsy surgery can be divided into two categories, resective and disconnective procedures. The former includes lesionectomy, corticectomy, and lobectomy. The latter comprises MST (multiple subpial transection), corpus callosotomy, and hemispherotomy. In this presentation, the preoperative diagnosis and surgical outcomes of temporal lobectomy and MST will be illustrated. Temporal lobe epilepsy is one of the most common seizures in adult intractable epilepsy. Noninvasive preoperative evaluation, including analysis of seizure semiology, repetitive scalp EEG, and MR imaging, can definitely localize the seizure focus, without depending on invasive monitoring, in 70% of the cases. Seizure outcome after temporal lobectomy is generally satisfactory, with 70% seizure-free and > 90% significantly improved. However, verbal amnesia is an unavoidable sequela when the focus is on the speech-dominant side and preoperative MRI reveals little or no hippocampal atrophy. MST is an epoch-making surgical technique by which surgical treatment of eloquent cortex has become possible. In cases with neocortical epilepsy treated by MST alone or combined with corticectomy, 80% showed significant improvement, that is compatible with reported outcomes of corticectomy. MST can be also applied to treatments of extensive epileptic foci, Rasmussen's encephalitis, or Landau-Kleffner syndrome.     

Response of Multiple Seizure Types to Corpus Callosum Section

Twenty-four patients (16 men, 8 women) underwent corpus callosum section specifically for improvement of control of atonic or tonic seizures that resulted in falls and injuries. All patients suffered from multiple seizure types, including complex partial (CP) and tonic-clonic (TC) seizures, in addition to the tonic or atonic episodes. Preoperative seizure frequency was quantified for all types for 1 year immediately before surgery and for the most recent year since the procedure; average monthly counts were obtained for each seizure type. The period of follow-up since surgery averaged 43 months (range, 23-79 months). Statistically significant improvements were documented, not only for the atonic/tonic seizures (p less than 0.0001) for all patients, but also for TC seizures (17 patients; p less than 0.001) and CP seizures (20 patients; p less than 0.02). Six patients experienced an exacerbation of CP seizures postoperatively, and three developed new simple partial (SP) seizures. In all of the CP group and all three of the SP group, ictal video and EEG features suggested that the new seizures were an aborted expression of the previously generalized seizures. From these data, we conclude that callosotomy is an effective treatment for tonic, atonic, and TC seizures intractable to anticonvulsant medications. Three patients became seizure free. The procedure may also be useful for certain specific subgroups of CP epilepsy, but further studies are required before expanding callosotomy to intractable CP seizures not amenable to focal resection.     

Hypermotor seizures in patients with temporal pole lesions

Hypermotor seizures are considered to be characteristic of frontal lobe epilepsy, with only rare occurrence in temporal lobe epilepsy. After noting hypermotor seizures in several patients with lesions involving the pole of the temporal lobe, we investigated whether temporal pole lesions were associated with hypermotor seizures. We systematically reviewed medical records, MRI images and pathological findings in consecutive patients who underwent epilepsy surgery over the preceding 10 years in our institution and identified eight patients with temporal pole lesions and intractable complex partial seizures. We analyzed all recorded seizures for semiology, classifying seizures as hypermotor or typical "psychomotor." Four patients exhibited hypermotor seizure semiology and four patients manifested typical psychomotor seizure characteristics. In patients with hypermotor seizures, scalp EEG tended to demonstrate lateral anterior temporal ictal onset, with lesser involvement of the sphenoidal electrode, while the patients with psychomotor seizures had initial inferomesial temporal rhythmic theta activity. Two patients with hypermotor seizures had implanted frontal and temporal subdural grids demonstrating orbitofrontal spread before hypermotor behavior. Patients underwent either anterior temporal lobectomy or lesionectomy. All improved considerably, with six patients seizure-free since surgery. We conclude that hypermotor seizures occur frequently in patients with temporal pole lesions. A search for temporal pole pathology is recommended for patients with hypermotor seizures and temporal epileptiform discharges. Modification of the surgical approach to include this region should be considered in patients who exhibit hypermotor seizures.     

Surgical resection for intractable epilepsy in "double cortex" syndrome yields inadequate results

PURPOSE: To analyze the results of surgical treatment of intractable epilepsy in patients with subcortical band heterotopia, or double cortex syndrome, a diffuse neuronal migration disorder. METHODS: We studied eight patients (five women) with double cortex syndrome and intractable epilepsy. All had a comprehensive presurgical evaluation including prolonged video-EEG recordings and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: All patients had partial seizures, with secondary generalization in six of them. Neurologic examination was normal in all. Three were of normal intelligence, and five were mildly retarded. Six patients underwent invasive EEG recordings, three of them with subdural grids and three with stereotactic implanted depth electrodes (SEEG). Although EEG recordings showed multilobar epileptic abnormalities in most patients, regional or focal seizure onset was recorded in all. MRI showed bilateral subcortical band heterotopia, asymmetric in thickness in three. An additional area of cortical thickening in the left frontal lobe was found in one patient. Surgical procedures included multiple subpial transections in two patients, frontal lesionectomy in one, temporal lobectomy with amygdalohippocampectomy in five, and an additional anterior callosotomy in one. Five patients had no significant improvement, two had some improvement, and one was greatly improved. CONCLUSION: Our results do not support focal surgical removal of epileptogenic tissue in patients with double cortex syndrome, even in the presence of a relatively localized epileptogenic area.