慢性硬膜下血肿手术方法比较

目的 比较钻单孔冲洗引流术和钻双孔冲洗引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的疗效及并发症发生率。方法 对80例慢性硬膜下血肿患者随机分两组，一组采用钻单孔冲洗引流术，另一组采用钻双孔冲洗引流术。术后48～72h复查头颅CT，对颅内积气、蛛网膜损伤发生率、血肿复发率、术后平均住院日进行比较。结果 两组所有患者均治愈出院，蛛网膜损伤发生率、血肿复发率、颅内积气发生率、平均住院日均无明显差异。结论 钻孔冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿疗效满意，钻单孔可取代钻双孔。     

慢性硬膜下血肿手术方法比较

目的 比较钻单孔冲洗引流术和钻双孔冲洗引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的疗效及并发症发生率。方法 对80例慢性硬膜下血肿患者随机分两组,一组采用钻单孔冲洗引流术,另一组采用钻双孔冲洗引流术。术后48～72h复查头颅CT,对颅内积气、蛛网膜损伤发生率、血肿复发率、术后平均住院日进行比较。结果 两组所有患者均治愈出院,蛛网膜损伤发生率、血肿复发率、颅内积气发生率、平均住院日均无明显差异。结论 钻孔冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿疗效满意,钻单孔可取代钻双孔。     

改良钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿40例分析

目的 介绍一种改良钻孔引流术(BHID)治疗慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH),减少术后并发症的发生。方法 采用高位单孔钻颅,扩大硬脑膜切口,硅胶管前端置入血肿腔后极低处,然后注水使水流由低处向高处涌泉式冲洗,术后利用虹吸作用从后极低处进行引流。将80例CSDH病人随机分成两组,各40例,分别采用传统和改良方法钻孔引流治疗。对两组病人术后并 发症进行比较性研究。结果 传统组血肿复发8例,继发颅内血肿5例,颅内积气18例,张力性气颅6例,死亡1例;改良组血肿复发1例,继发颅内血肿1例,颅内积气3例(P<0.05),张力性气颅为0,全部治愈出院。结论 这种改良钻孔引流术,治愈率高,并发症少,是对传统钻孔引流术的有益改进。     

微创穿刺持续冲洗引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿30例

慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)是一种缓慢性硬膜下出血,症状隐匿,往往颅内已形成巨大血肿时才被发觉.目前微创穿刺引流术可作为CSDH的首选治疗方法[1],但是仍可导致颅内积气(气颅)、蛛网膜损伤后积液甚至血肿复发、脑损伤继发血肿等并发症[2].笔者自2004-06开始应用微创穿刺持续冲洗引流术治疗CSDH,疗效显著,并与常规治疗方法进行对比分析,现报道如下.     

钻孔虹吸引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的疗效分析

目的探讨钻孔虹吸引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2006~2016年采用钻孔虹吸引流治疗的98例CSDH的临床资料。结果术后48 h复查颅脑CT显示,87例血肿完全清除,6例有少量血肿残留,5例有少量颅内积气;术后,所有病人临床症状明显好转,中线移位有不同程度恢复。术后1周复查颅脑CT示残留血肿、颅内积气完全吸收。结论钻孔虹吸引流术治疗CSDH并发症少,疗效确切。     

慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术中持续冲洗的临床效果

目的 探讨持续冲洗在慢性硬膜下血肿（CSDH）钻孔引流术中的临床效果。方法 自2009年3月至2013年9月采用钻孔引流术治疗CSDH患者269例,术中采用持续冲洗。结果 术后随访6个月,血肿复发11例,长期残留少量积液15例,243例硬膜下积液、积气均逐渐吸收至完全消失。结论 CSDH钻孔引流术中采用持续冲洗可减少术后颅内积气、降低血肿复发率。     

改良免接触钻孔引流术在治疗慢性硬膜下血肿中的应用

目的比较改良免接触钻孔引流术和传统钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的术后蛛网膜损伤和气颅的发生率。方法将70例慢性硬膜下血肿患者分为2组,A组采用改良免接触钻孔引流术治疗,B组采用传统钻孔引流术治疗。结果A组蛛网膜损伤未发生,B组蛛网膜损伤6例(蛛网膜损伤以术后最大日引流量超过200mL,持续2d以上为标准),其中2例复发,经再次钻孔引流术后治愈。A组1例发生气颅(气颅以超过5mL为计入标准),积气量11mL;B组17例发生气颅,积气量最少15mL,最多85mL。2组均无颅内感染、颅内急性出血、脑挫伤发生。2组蛛网膜损伤和气颅的发生率差异有统计学意义。结论改良免接触钻孔引流术能明显减少蛛网膜损伤和气颅的发生率,从而降低风险,改善预后。     

一种新型封闭式钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的临床疗效初步观察

目的观察慢性硬膜下血肿（CSDH）患者行单骨孔封闭冲洗及骨膜下引流术的疗效。 方法选取江阴市人民医院神经外科自2017年1月至2019年6月收治的CSDH患者106例，分为常规单骨孔钻孔引流术组（常规组）和单骨孔封闭冲洗及骨膜下引流术组（封闭组），对2组患者的手术疗效及并发症进行统计分析。 结果2组患者的手术疗效比较差异无统计学意义（Z=0.262，P>0.05）；封闭组术后颅内积气量明显低于常规组，差异有统计学意义（Z=3.963，P<0.05）；2组患者术后症状性气颅、脑损伤、切口脑脊液漏、癫痫发作、血肿复发的发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论单骨孔封闭冲洗及骨膜下引流术治疗CSDH能明显降低术后颅内积气，是一种简单、有效、安全的治疗手段。     

高位颅骨钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿

目的 探讨高位颅骨钻孔置管冲洗引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH) 的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析279例CSDH患者经高位颅骨钻孔引流术治疗的临床资料。结果 279例患者血肿清除引流充分彻底,无明显并发症,平均置管引流时间为2.68 d,平均住院时间6.97 d,全部治愈。随访3~18个月,未见血肿复发及明显并发症,神经功能恢复良好。结论 高位颅骨钻孔置管冲洗引流术治疗CSDH为局麻下微创手术,病人体位舒适依从性好,双侧手术时无须变换体位,易于操作,引流管易放置无成角折屈,血肿冲洗清除充分,引流通畅,颅内压力,相对平稳、无明显手术并发症,疗效确切。     

微创穿刺术和钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的对比研究

目的 比较微创穿刺术(MPO)与钻孔引流术(TDO)治疗慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)的疗效.方法 本院收治64例慢性硬膜下血肿患者随机分为微创组30例,钻孔组34例,对两组患者术后并发症、术后3d及7d血肿清除率和术后1月复发率进行比较,并进行统计学分析.结果 微创穿刺术后气颅的发生率低于钻孔引流术,分别为6.6％和29.4％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组术后新鲜出血、颅内感染、深部脑组织损伤、术后3d及术后7d血肿清除率和术后1月复发率两者比较无明显差别(P＞0.05).结论 微创穿刺术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿优于钻孔引流术,具有术后气颅发生率低、创伤轻微等优点.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.