血清瘦素与抗精神病药源性肥胖及糖尿病的相关性研究

目的　调查和探讨长期使用抗精神病药患者血瘦素水平及其与服用抗精神病药后体重 增加、肥胖及糖尿病之间的关系。方法　对符合入组标准的308例长期服用抗精神病药的精神分裂症 患者分为对照组、肥胖组、糖耐量减低组及糖尿病组,比较血清瘦素水平、胰岛素抵抗指数、血清甘油三 酯及总胆固醇水平。结果　(1)肥胖组、糖耐量减低组及糖尿病组患者的血清瘦素水平、胰岛素抵抗指 数、血清甘油三酯及总胆固醇水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。(2)长期应用抗精神病药患者血瘦 素水平与体重指数、简易胰岛素抵抗指数、空腹血糖、血甘油三酯及胆固醇均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01 ～0.0001),而与餐后2h血糖水平及用药时间无相关性。结论　长期应用抗精神病药患者血瘦素水 平在肥胖、糖耐量降低及糖尿病患者中显著升高,且与体重指数、简易胰岛素抵抗指数、空腹血糖水平等 均呈显著正相关,提示高血清瘦素水平是长期应用抗精神病药所致的代谢紊乱综合征的重要指征之一。     

长期使用抗精神病药患者血清游离脂肪酸水平与有关因素研究

目的:探讨长期(1年以上)使用抗精神病药患者的血清游离脂肪酸(FFAs)水平,及其与空腹血糖和胰岛素抵抗之间的关系. 方法:调查308例长期使用抗精神病药住院患者,用比色法检测患者空腹血清FFAs,用放射免疫法测定患者血清胰岛素和瘦素. 结果:与长期使用抗精神病药有关的体质量(体重)增加或肥胖、糖耐量降低和糖尿病患者的血清FFAs水平显著高于对照组(P值分别为0.04, 0.01和0.022),且与空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗均呈显著正相关(P值分别为0.005和0.04). 结论:长期使用抗精神病药的精神分裂症患者的高血清FFAs水平影响患者的糖代谢,并参与胰岛素抵抗乃至糖尿病的发生,是代谢紊乱综合征的重要特征之一.     

氯氮平和经典抗精神病药的长期治疗对患者体重、糖代谢及血脂的影响

目的 探讨长期应用氯氮平和经典类抗精神病药(APS)对精神分裂症患者体重、血糖和血脂等代谢指标的影响及其可能的相关因素.方法 共调查使用APS≥5年的精神分裂症患者271例,分别测量其身高和体重,检测空腹和餐后2h血糖、空腹血清游离脂肪酸、血清胰岛素和瘦素水平.按药物使用情况将患者分为氯氮平组、经典APS单一治疗组(经典组)或联合用药组进行比较.结果 [1]联合用药组体质量指数、空腹血糖、血甘油三酯和血游离脂肪酸水平均显著高于经典组(P＜0.05);血胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗指数也均显著高于经典组和氯氮平组(P＜0.05).[2]氯氮平组和联合用药组糖耐量降低和2型糖尿病发生率均明显高于经典组(P＜0.05).[3]患者体质量指数与其空腹血糖、血清瘦素、血甘油三酯、胆固醇水平以及与胰岛素抵抗指数均呈正相关(P均小于0.05);患者血清瘦素水平与其血胰岛素水平也呈正相关(P=0.008).[4]多元逐步线型回归分析表明,进入影响空腹血糖水平方程的因素分别为胰岛素抵抗指数、血胰岛素、胆固醇和体质量指数(P＜0.05).结论 单用氯氮平及其与经典抗精神病药联用,均易导致患者肥胖,且易导致患者血糖、血脂、血游离脂肪酸水平升高,并与胰岛素抵抗和糖耐量降低发生相关,可能增加2型糖尿病的发生.     

慢性精神分裂症患者血糖、血脂及甲状腺激素水平分析

目的调查长期服用氯氮平治疗的慢性精神分裂症患者糖、脂代谢异常的发生率及与血清甲状腺素水平的关系。方法对100例住院的慢性精神分裂症患者采用全自动生化分析仪检测血糖(FPG)、胆固醇(TC)和甘油脂(TG),采用放免法测定甲状腺相关激素水平;比较血糖、血脂异常者和正常者的甲状腺相关激素水平,并进行相关分析。结果100例慢性精神分裂症患者中,血糖异常者26%;血甘油三脂异常者37%;血糖、甘油三脂均异常者占20%;无胆固醇异常者。所有患者血清甲状腺素水平均在正常范围以内。血糖异常组血清FT3水平显著低于血糖正常组(P<0.01);甘油三脂异常组血清FT3水平显著低于甘油三脂正常组(P<0.01);血糖与血清FT3和T3水平均呈显著负相关;甘油三脂与FT3水平呈显著负相关。结论长期服用氯氮平治疗的慢性精神分裂症患者血糖、血脂代谢异常的发生率高,而且可能与甲状腺功能状态有关联。     

抗精神病药物与高血糖关系探讨

目的：了解分析目前在我院住院治疗的精神分裂症患者血糖增高情况及其与患者病程，服抗精神病药物等因素关系。方法：调查分析符合CCMD3诊断标准的住院精神分裂症患者中高血糖发生情况，以及分析患者患病病程，糖尿病家族史，抗精神病药物的使用情况等相关因素，并观察患者体重，体重指数，血糖变化。将精神分裂症患者高血糖发生率与脸群患病率进行比较，分析产生高血糖的相关因素。结果：165例精神分裂症住院患者中高血糖发生率16．4％，为普通人群患糖尿病率2．5％的7倍。长期服用抗精神病药物会引起体重、体重指数增加及患者高血糖的发生与病程长短，患者年龄，糖尿病家族史阳性等因素有关。患者的高血糖发生，服非经典与经典抗精神病药物相比较无显著差异。两种以上抗精神病药物联用者高血糖发生率高。结论：精神分裂症患者长期服抗精神病药物引起体重、体重指数增加及其高血糖的发生率远高于一般人群。精神分裂症患者血糖增高可能是长期服抗精神病药物所致的一种延迟性，慢性药物不良反应的表现。应引起临床工作者关注。     

精神分裂症患者伴发糖尿病的相关因素分析

目的 为了解住院精神分裂症患者伴发糖尿病的相关因素。方法 回顾性调查住院精神分裂症患者发生糖尿病与精神药物、体重、血糖及血脂等的相关性。结果 在1472例精神分裂症患者中伴发糖尿病者共162例(11．0％)，其发生与患者的年龄、病程、体重、甘油三酯、胆固醇及服用抗精神病药有相关性，而与性别无关。结论 患者年龄越大、病程越长糖尿病的发生率越高，长期使用抗精神病药可能会导致糖尿病，尤以氯氮平为甚。     

长期服用抗精神病药的男性精神分裂症患者骨密度与血清泌乳素的关系

目的:探讨长期服用抗精神病药的男性精神分裂症患者骨密度与血清泌乳素水平(PRL)的关系。方法:将98例长期住院的男性精神分裂症患者按照PRL水平分为PRL升高组(390 m IU/L,66例)和PRL正常组(86~390 m IU/L,32例),测定两组患者的足后跟骨密度T值,并对两组结果进行分析比较。结果:与PRL正常组相比较,PRL升高组骨密度T值明显偏低(t=3.58,P=0.00)。控制年龄因素后,骨密度T值与PRL水平呈负相关(r=-0.101,P=0.043);与体质量指数呈正相关(r=0.199,P=0.012);与病程无显著相关(r=-0.066,P=0.414)。结论:长期服用抗精神病药的男性精神分裂症患者的骨密度与PRL水平呈负相关。     

抗精神病药物对首发精神分裂症患者糖脂代谢和体重的影响

目的比较抗精神病药物对首发精神分裂症患者血糖、血脂及体重的影响,评价不同药物的安全性。方法对门诊／住院首发精神分裂症患者作为期一年药物治疗的随访观察,比较单一使用非典型抗精神病药（维思通、喹硫平、阿立哌唑）和典型抗精神病药（氯丙嗪）患者的空腹血糖、体重指数（BMI）、血脂的变化。结果完成一年随访患者179例,其中出现空腹血糖超标22例（12．3％）,确诊糖尿病1例;新增高甘油三脂48例（26．8％）、高胆固醇31例（17．3％）;单因素相关分析显示,血糖超标与体重指数、年龄、病程及高甘油三脂呈显著性相关,而与用药选择无显著性相关;各组药物对糖脂代谢均有影响,阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者的体重、血糖、血脂影响最小;Logistic回归分析结果显示体重指数增加、病程长是血糖超标的危险因素。结论抗精神病药物对精神分裂症患者糖脂代谢、体重增加等方面均有不同程度的影响,应预测性评估、定期监测和提早干预。     

抗精神病药治疗精神分裂症引致糖尿病的相关因素分析

目的　探讨抗精神病药物治疗精神分裂症引致糖尿病的相关因素。方法　回顾性调查住院精神分裂症患者中糖尿病的患病情况 ,观察治疗前后血糖的变化 ,比较各种抗精神病药物对糖代谢异常的影响。结果　本组患者中糖尿病的发生率为 7 84 % ;男女性别比较无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;病程 <10年与≥ 2 0年组比较及年龄<4 0岁与≥ 4 0岁组比较 ,糖尿病发生率均有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。抗精神病药引发糖尿病的发生率依次为 :氯氮平 (14 16 % )、氯丙嗪 (7 4 1% )、利培酮 (6 5 4 % )和其它 (5 5 8% )。氯氮平组与利培酮组比较 ,糖尿病发生率和空腹血糖均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,餐后 2h血糖亦有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论　精神分裂症合并糖尿病与患病年龄、病程有关系 ,5 0岁以上患者发生糖尿病的危险性更大。氯氮平引发糖尿病的发生率明显高于其它抗精神病药物 ,且餐后血糖控制不良。     

长期住院精神分裂症患者伴发糖尿病与迟发性运动障碍的研究

目的　本研究旨在探讨长期住院精神分裂症患者伴发糖尿病的危险因素及与迟发性运动障碍的相互关系。方法　对长期住院的精神分裂症患者进行调查。精神分裂症患者符合CCMD - 3诊断标准 ,糖尿病符合1985年WHO糖尿病诊断标准 ,共有 5 9例诊断为糖尿病 ,再选择与之相匹配的 5 9例无糖尿病患者为对照组。对所有入组者使用异常不自主运动量表 (AIMS)评定迟发性运动障碍 (TD)。结果　年龄、总病程、甘油三酯及脂肪肝为长期服用抗精神病药的精神分裂症患者易患糖尿病的危险性因素 ;TD的严重程度与血糖呈线性正相关。结论　对年龄偏大 (5 0岁以上者 )、且病程长的患者应注意尽量控制血脂 ,以防罹患脂肪肝 ,并应密切观察TD的发生 ,从而可减少糖尿病的发生和提高患者的生活质量。     

精神分裂症长期住院患者躯体疾病调查

目的：分析精神分裂症长期住院患者躯体疾病情况。方法：对精神分裂症长期住院患者215例进行心电图、血糖、血常规、血钾、血压等检验，并与一般人群进行比较。结果：伴有冠心病、糖尿病和肺结核均以精神分裂症长期住院患者显著较一般人群为多（P均〈0．01），高血压病显著较少（P〈0．05）。结论：应注意长期住院精神分裂症患者用药情况和躯体情况。     

长期住院精神分裂症患者糖代谢异常分析

目的：调查住院慢性精神分裂症患者合并糖代谢异常情况。方法：自制一般情况调查表，回顾糖尿病病史，检测空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、血脂，计算体重指数(BMI)。结果：305例住院男性慢性精神分裂症患者中，糖尿病25例(8．2％)，糖代谢异常者111例(36．4％)；高年龄、长病程、肥胖者，糖代谢异常发生率高；糖代谢异常组三酰甘油(TG)、BMI较高；病程、TG、肥胖是糖代谢异常发生的危险因素。结论：慢性精神分裂症患者糖代谢异常发生率高于普通人群，临床上应予以关注。     

High prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism and poor sensitivity of fasting plasma glucose in the chronic phase of stroke

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in long-term stroke survivors, and whole-body glucose metabolism is strongly linked to cardiovascular disease risk. This study provides important preliminary information on the prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism in chronic stroke patients (mean 3 years after stroke) and reports on the utility of screening for abnormalities using fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in this population. METHODS: Two hundred and sixteen chronic hemiparetic stroke patients were screened for diabetes status by medical history and FPG. A subset (n = 80) was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test to assess the utility of screening for abnormalities using FPG alone. RESULTS: Seventy-five of the 216 (35%) had type 2 diabetes by medical history. Another 70 were either diabetic (n = 11) or had impaired fasting glucose (n = 59) based on a single blood draw at the time of screening. FPG among non-diabetic stroke patients had a sensitivity of 49% for predicting abnormalities in the 2-hour glucose level during oral glucose tolerance test. Cumulative results identify 77% as abnormal (impaired or diabetic) on the basis of medical history, fasting plasma glucose, and/or 2-hour glucose level. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism is extremely high in chronic stroke and is underestimated on the basis of FPG.     

Serum Free Fatty Acids and Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Resistance in Schizophrenia with Chronic Antipsychotics

BACKGROUND: Weight gain and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are often linked to antipsychotics treatment. The aim of the study is to investigate serum free fatty acids (FFA) levels in schizophrenic patients who received long-term antipsychotics treatment, and to explore the associations between serum FFA and fasting blood glucose, and insulin resistance. METHODS: 308 inpatients with schizophrenia who met with the criteria of DSM-IV were recruited into this study, and were divided into four groups: control subjects, single obesity, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 DM according to different body mass index, fasting blood glucose level and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose. Serum FFA was measured with colorimetry. Serum insulin and leptin were measured with radioimmunoassay respectively. RESULTS: There was a significant elevation in serum FFA levels in schizophrenic patients who received long-term antipsychotics treatment, especially in single obesity, IGT, and DM groups. The elevated serum FFA was remarkably positive correlated with fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggested the elevated serum FFA in schizophrenic patients with long-term antipsychotics treatment affected the blood glucose metabolism, may have played an important role in insulin resistance and type 2 DM, and was also an important trait of metabolic syndromes.     

帕金森病患者认知功能与血糖水平的分析

目的探讨帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)患者的认知功能与血糖水平的关系。方法纳入PD患者200例,进行简易精神量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知量表(Montreal cognitive assessment,Mo CA)、韦氏智力和韦氏记忆的认知评估。将200例PD患者分为PD认知正常组91例,PD认知障碍组109例;另外纳入126例正常对照;比较各组的空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h postprandial plasma glucose,2 h PPG)和糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbAlc)水平及糖尿病患病率,并采用二分类logistic回归分析血糖水平对PD患者认知功能的影响。结果 PD患者的FPG、HbAlc水平及糖尿病患病率[5.19(0.72),5.7%(0.5%),14%]都比正常对照组[4.85(0.79),5.6%(0.5%),6%]显著升高(P0.05)。PD认知障碍患者的FPG水平[5.21(1.32)]较PD认知正常组[4.81(0.95)]相比,显著升高(P0.05),而2 h PPG、HbAlc都稍有升高,但无统计学差异(P0.05)。二分类logistic回归分析显示,FPG(OR:1.764;95%CI:0.06~3.244;P=0.068)与PD患者认知功能受损相关无统计学意义。结论高血糖可能是PD的危险因素之一,本研究未发现PD患者认知障碍的发生与血糖水平相关。     

Abnormalities in glucose regulation during antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus are more common in schizophrenia than in the general population. Glucoregulatory abnormalities have also been associated with the use of antipsychotic medications themselves. While antipsychotics may increase adiposity, which can decrease insulin sensitivity, disease- and medication-related differences in glucose regulation might also occur independent of differences in adiposity. METHODS: Modified oral glucose tolerance tests were performed in schizophrenic patients (n = 48) receiving clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or typical antipsychotics, and untreated healthy control subjects (n = 31), excluding subjects with diabetes and matching groups for adiposity and age. Plasma was sampled at 0 (fasting), 15, 45, and 75 minutes after glucose load. RESULTS: Significant time x treatment group interactions were detected for plasma glucose (F(12,222) = 4.89, P<.001) and insulin (F(12,171) = 2.10, P =.02) levels, with significant effects of treatment group on plasma glucose level at all time points. Olanzapine-treated patients had significant (1.0-1.5 SDs) glucose elevations at all time points, in comparison with patients receiving typical antipsychotics as well as untreated healthy control subjects. Clozapine-treated patients had significant (1.0-1.5 SDs) glucose elevations at fasting and 75 minutes after load, again in comparison with patients receiving typical antipsychotics and untreated control subjects. Risperidone-treated patients had elevations in fasting and postload glucose levels, but only in comparison with untreated healthy control subjects. No differences in mean plasma glucose level were detected when comparing risperidone-treated vs typical antipsychotic-treated patients and when comparing typical antipsychotic-treated patients vs untreated control subjects. CONCLUSION: Antipsychotic treatment of nondiabetic patients with schizophrenia can be associated with adverse effects on glucose regulation, which can vary in severity independent of adiposity and potentially increase long-term cardiovascular risk.     

Impaired fasting glucose tolerance in first-episode,drug-naive patients with schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose tolerance in first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, fasting plasma levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, and cortisol were measured in 15 male and 11 female hospitalized Caucasian patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia (mean age=33.6 years) and age- and sex-matched healthy comparison subjects. The patients and comparison subjects were also matched in terms of various life-style and anthropometric measures. RESULTS: More than 15% of the drug-naive, first-episode patients with schizophrenia had impaired fasting glucose tolerance, compared to none of the healthy volunteers. Compared with the healthy subjects, the patients with schizophrenia had significantly higher fasting plasma levels of glucose (mean=88.2 mg/dl, SD=5.4, for the healthy subjects versus mean=95.8 mg/dl, SD=16.9, for the patients), insulin (mean=7.7 micro u/ml, SD=3.7, versus mean=9.8 micro u/ml, SD=3.9), and cortisol (mean=303.2 nmol/liter, SD=10.5, versus mean=499.4 nmol/liter, SD=161.4) and were more insulin resistant, as measured with homeostasis model assessment (mean=1.7, SD=0.7, for the healthy subjects versus mean=2.3, SD=1.0, for the patients). CONCLUSIONS: First-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia have impaired fasting glucose tolerance and are more insulin resistant and have higher levels of plasma glucose, insulin, and cortisol than healthy comparison subjects.