CT环池分级结合颅内压监测在去骨瓣减压术后的应用

目的研究CT环池分级结合持续颅内压监测在重型颅脑创伤患者行单侧去骨瓣减压术后的应用。方法对19例去骨瓣减压术并行颅内压监测的患者,记录颅内压值(ICP)和头颅CT环池分级(Ⅰ级:环池完全闭塞;Ⅱ级:0.1~1.0 mm;Ⅲ级:1.0~2.0 mm);并行术后3个月GOS预后评分,5分、4分归为恢复良好,评分3分、2分、1分为预后不良;对这些因素行统计学分析。结果去骨瓣减压术后环池分级与ICP存在负相关性,环池分级越低,ICP越高,差异具有统计学意义。环池分级、颅内压与预后存在相关性,术后ICP24 h水平与患者预后相关性最强。恢复不良组的ICP值(43.60±17.92)mm Hg明显高于恢复良好组(14.18±6.62)mm Hg,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论评估去骨瓣减压术患者预后,ICP监测优于环池分级,术后ICP24 h与预后存在负相关;去骨瓣减压术后环池分级可反应ICP水平;运用ICP监测,可指导治疗和评估预后。     

重型颅脑损伤的颅内压与预后及其在大骨瓣减压术中的变化

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压(ICP)与预后的关系,以及大骨瓣减压术中ICP的变化。方法回顾性分析58例重型颅脑损伤患者大骨瓣减压术前、术中和术后的ICP值。术后6个月时评估患者的预后,对术前不同ICP患者的预后进行比较。结果本组患者在大骨瓣减压术前、骨瓣去除后、硬脑膜切开后、血肿清除后和关颅后的平均ICP,分别为(45.48±10.09)mm Hg、(29.84±5.21)mm Hg、(8.86±3.78)mm Hg、(10.15±4.12)mm Hg和(11.41±5.26)mm Hg。减压术前ICP60 mm Hg患者的预后不良率和术中急性脑膨出发生率均显著高于ICP40 mm Hg和40~60 mm Hg的患者(均P0.05)。减压术中大骨瓣去除后和硬脑膜切开后的ICP均较术前明显下降(均P0.05)。结论重型颅脑损伤后ICP明显增高患者的预后较差,应警惕患者术中发生急性脑膨出。大骨瓣减压的同时充分切开硬脑膜能最大程度地降低ICP。     

改良CT计分结合持续颅内压监测在重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术中的临床应用

目的探讨改良Rotterdam CT计分(改良CT计分)结合持续颅内压(ICP)监测在重型颅脑创伤患者行单侧去骨瓣减压术中的应用价值。方法回顾分析2015年1月~2016年1月期间收治的16例重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术患者的临床资料;分析改良CT计分及持续ICP监测与术后6个月时格拉斯哥预后量表(Glasgow outcome scale,GOS)评分之间的关系。结果本组患者中预后良好者(GOS 4~5分)7例,预后不良者(GOS 1~3分)9例。两组不同预后患者在改良CT计分(术前)、ICP(初始,关颅,术后24 h)之间的差异均有统计学意义;评估去骨瓣减压术患者预后,改良CT计分可反映ICP水平,ICP优于改良CT计分,ICP与预后存在负相关。结论改良CT计分和持续ICP监测在去骨瓣减压术患者中有助于及时发现问题,可指导治疗和评估预后,二者具有重要的临床应用价值。     

双侧额去骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅外伤所致难治性弥漫性脑肿胀患者的临床评价

目的评价双侧额去骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅外伤所致难治性弥漫性脑肿胀的临床效果以及对并发症的防治作用。方法选择2010-01-2014-06入院治疗的78例重型颅脑损伤所致难治性弥漫性脑肿胀患者,根据治疗过程分为:入院后手术组(40例)于不同的时间内施行双侧额去骨瓣减压术,对照组(38例)一直给予保守治疗以降低颅内压,2组均持续监测颅内压。随访6~12个月,采用GOS观察2组患者的预后及并发症情况。结果手术组术后颅内压较入院时明显降低(P0.05);而对照组入院后10.6h时的颅内压[(32.1±4.9)mmHg]与入院时[(34.3±8.7)mmHg]比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但较手术组术后的颅内压明显增高(P0.05)。手术组2例术后出现硬膜下积液,1例出现脑积水。随访6个月时手术组GOS评分预后较好率明显优于对照组[47.5%(19/40)vs.18.4%(7/38)],差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论针对重型脑外伤所致难治性弥漫性脑肿胀患者施行双侧额去骨瓣减压术是一种快速且有效降的降颅压手段,可使患者预后得到改善,而手术的时机是影响患者预后的关键因素。     

颅内压监测下去骨瓣减压术患者预后的分析

目的探讨重型颅脑创伤患者在持续颅内压(ICP)监测下行单侧去骨瓣减压术预后相关因素分析。方法收集我科2015年1月至2016年1月期间收治的16例重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术的临床资料,分析术前瞳孔直径及GCS评分、受伤-开颅间隔、改良CT计分及持续ICP及其对预后的影响,预后以6个月内GOS评分判断。结果预后良好组(GOS 4~5分)7例,预后不良组(GOS 1~3分)9例。两组间在术前改良CT计分、初始ICP、关颅缝皮后ICP、术后24hICP、术前GCS评分、术前瞳孔直径、受伤-开颅间隔时间等方面差异具有统计学意义。结论术前改良CT计分、持续ICP监测在去骨瓣减压术患者中有助于及时发现问题,可指导治疗和评估预后。评估去骨瓣减压术患者预后,ICP优于改良CT计分、瞳孔变化、GCS评分,ICP与预后存在负相关;改良CT计分可反应ICP水平;二者具有重要的临床应用价值。     

双侧均衡阶梯式减压策略在去骨瓣减压术治疗急性弥漫性脑肿胀重型颅脑损伤效果评价

目的探讨双侧均衡阶梯式减压在去骨瓣减压术治疗创伤后急性弥漫性脑肿胀(PADBS)重型颅脑损伤效果。方法分析本科2014年3月至2017年4月收治的PADBS重度脑创伤患者84例,治疗组52例采用双侧均衡、阶梯式减压策略进行双侧标准大骨瓣减压手术,对照组32例采用常规大骨瓣减压手术。比较两组术中脑膨出、术后颅内压(ICP)降低效果和并发症的发生率,并于术后6个月应用GOS评价救治效果。结果入院时两组患者ICP差异无统计学意义,而治疗组术后1d ICP较对照组减低显著,达到20.4mmHg(P0.05);与对照组比较,治疗组术中脑膨出、术后迟发血肿、脑干扭曲变形、术后切口疝、大面积脑梗死的发生率均明显降低(P0.05);治疗组6个月后良好率(46.15%)较对照组(19.23%)提高26.92%(P0.05),而死亡率下降12.00%。结论应用双侧均衡、阶梯式减压策略治疗PADBS能够有效降低ICP,降低术中脑膨出和术后并发症发生率,并改善患者预后。     

去骨瓣减压治疗重型颅脑损伤术中ICP的动态变化

目的探讨去骨瓣减压术(DC)治疗重型颅脑损伤中颅内压(ICP)的动态变化,分析减压前ICP与预后的相关性。方法回顾性分析35例重型颅脑损伤病人的临床资料,给予ICP探头植入后再行DC治疗。测定减压术前、去除骨瓣后、硬脑膜切开后、硬脑膜减张缝合后和关颅后的ICP,并于术后持续监测。出院时和伤后6个月以格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评估病人的预后,并分析减压术前ICP与预后的相关性。结果减压术前、骨瓣去除后、硬脑膜切开后、硬脑膜减张缝合后和关颅后的平均ICP分别为(42±12)mmHg、(26±6)mmHg、(6±3)mmHg、(8±5)mmHg和(12±7)mmHg。与减压术前相比较,骨瓣去除后和硬脑膜切开后ICP均明显下降(均P<0.001)。减压前ICP<40 mmHg组和ICP≥40 mmHg组在出院时和伤后6个月的预后良好率无显著差异(均P>0.05)。结论 DC治疗重型颅脑损伤时,硬脑膜广泛切开才能获得最大程度的ICP降低。     

改良去大骨瓣减压术对重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压及预后的改善作用

目的探讨改良去大骨瓣减压术对重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压(ICP)及预后的改善作用。方法选取2013-05-2015-03我院收治的重型颅脑损伤患者76例为研究对象,采用随机数表法分为观察组和对照组各38例,对照组采用标准去大骨瓣减压术,观察组采用改良去大骨瓣减压术。比较术前及术后第1、3、5天2组颅内压,同时采用生活质量评价量表(SF-36)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分表(GCS)评估预后,并记录并发症发生率。结果术后第1、3、5天观察组ICP水平[(20.33±1.01)mmHg、(17.62±1.65)mmHg、(13.54±2.31)mmHg]低于对照组(P0.05),对照组ICP在术后第3天开始明显下降(P0.05);术后1个月,观察组SF-36评分(84.57±1.25)分、GCS评分(13±1)分明显高于对照组(78.49±2.46)分、(12±2)分(P0.05);观察组并发症发生率5.3%低于对照组21.0%(P0.05)。结论改良去大骨瓣减压术可有效降低重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压,改善预后,且并发症发生率低于标准去大骨瓣减压术,值得临床推广应用。     

双额颞部一次成型去大骨瓣减压治疗外伤性弥漫性脑肿胀

目的探讨双额颞部开颅一次成型去大骨瓣减压术治疗外伤性弥漫性脑肿胀的疗效。方法回顾性分析16例弥漫性脑肿胀患者手术时整块去除双额颞部骨瓣、结扎矢状窦并完全剪开大脑镰减压治疗患者的临床效果。结果格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分,恢复良好7例,中度残疾3例,重度残疾1例,植物生存2例,死亡3例。治疗后中重度患者的格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分显著优于治疗前(P0.05)。结论该术式是一种安全有效的治疗外伤性弥漫性脑肿胀的方法。     

去骨瓣减压术对恶性颅内高压者影响的量化分析

目的 对去骨瓣减压术(DC)治疗恶性颅内高压者ICP影响的进行量化分析,研究去骨瓣减压术的临床疗效。方法 对我院收诊的30例恶性颅内压升高患者进行脱水药物治疗及行DC,记录患者的临床资料、GCS(glasgow coma scales)评分及术前、去骨瓣后、剪开硬脑膜后、术后24h及术后每个小时的颅内压,并记录术后6个月患者GOSE评分。结果 患者的术后6个月存活率为80%,恢复良好率为53.3%;术前、去骨瓣时、剪开硬脑膜后、术后24h的ICP分别为39.5±5.3mmHg、24.9±2.8mmHg、7.2±1.3mmHg和13.1±1.5mmHg;去骨瓣时和剪开硬脑膜后均较术前显著降低,差异有显著性(P0.01),术后24h患者ICP均恢复至正常值。结论去骨瓣减压术能够显著降低恶性颅内高压患者的ICP,且剪开硬脑膜降低效果更为明显。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.