47例脑室铸型颅内压动态监护分析

目的探讨无创颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP)动态监测技术对脑室出血铸型患者救治的指导作用。方法分别采用无创颅内压监护仪和简易脑室外引流管测压装置,对47例脑室铸型患者进行ICP动态监测观察ICP与患者生命体征、临床症状和预后关系,分析其对脑室外引流及其他降颅压治疗的指导作用。依据术后颅内压监测分为3组,A组15~20mmHg(n=12);B组21~40mmHg(n=8);C组40mmHg(n=27)。结果 ICP35mmHg,且持续不降,病死率高;脑室外引流对持续ICP增高者有显著的治疗作用。ICP值与患者预后呈显著负相关。结论无创颅内压动态监测技术监测能有效缓解颅内压监测盲区,适时给予脑室外引流使得有效及时给予降低颅内压,减少并发症,降低病死率;无创ICP动态监护安全有效、可控性强,是临床医师对脑室出血铸型患者病情变化作出判断的重要参考依据。     

持续颅内压监测指导重型颅脑损伤开颅术后甘露醇的应用

目的探讨持续动态颅内压(ICP)监测指导重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)患者行开颅脑血肿清除术和(或)去骨瓣减压术后甘露醇使用的临床价值。方法对20例sTBI开颅术后患者行持续ICP监测,根据ICP数值作个体化甘露醇脱水降颅压,并与同期未行ICP监测的21例开颅术后患者的甘露醇应用时间和计量、术后并发症、预后进行比较。结果监测组甘露醇使用时间及计量较对照组低,监测组术后总并发症(迟发性脑血肿、大面积脑梗塞、弥漫性脑肿胀、电解质紊乱、急性肾功能损害)发生率较对照组低;监测组GOS预后评分优于对照组。结论持续动态ICP监测能及时反应sTBI开颅术后ICP的变化,通过个体化精准降颅压治疗有效控制ICP,维持脑灌注压,减少甘露醇的使用,减少术后并发症的发生,改善sTBI患者预后和生存率。     

动态颅内压监测对重型颅脑损伤标准大骨瓣减压术后治疗的意义

目的探讨动态颅内压(ICP)监测对重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)标准大骨瓣减压术治疗的指导意义。方法对62例(监测组)sTBI标准大骨瓣减压患者术后行ICP监测,根据ICP值调整治疗方案,并与同期未行ICP监测的46例(常规组)sTBI标准大骨瓣减压患者的疗效、并发症及甘露醇应用的时间和计量作比较。结果监测组脱水剂应用时间及剂量较未监测组低,监测组急性肾功能损伤和电解质紊乱发生率较未监测组低,而肺部感染、尿路感染和上消化道出血等三种并发症方面差异无统计学意义;监测组预后优于常规组。结论动态ICP监测能较好地反应sTBI标准大骨瓣减压术后ICP的变化,通过个体化治疗能有效控制ICP,维持脑灌注压,减少并发症,降低sTBI的致残率和病死率。     

急性颅脑损伤的临床,CT与颅内压的关系

我院1984年5月～1988年7月收治急性颅脑损伤737例中收集了145例持续 ICP 监护的病例。全组均行 CT 扫描并持续 ICP 监护。对意识与 ICP、CT 与 ICP 及 ICP 与预后等方面进行初步探讨。结果表明:意识、脑室和脑池形态、脑室颅腔比率、中线结构移位以及预后与颅内压有一定的关系。但在临床上除以上关系外,与意识、预后有关的因素还很多。故 ICP 监护不是唯一判断预后的指标,必须结合临床才更为可靠。     

重型颅脑损伤术中持续脑灌注压监测的意义

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)患者术中持续脑灌注压(CPP)监测的意义.方法 解放军第一○一医院2009年6月至2011年12月收治的63例sTBI患者根据预后情况分为较好(GOS 4～5分)及较差(GOS 1～3分)两组,对两组患者术中CPP、平均动脉压(MAP)及颅内压(ICP)的变化进行相关性分析.结果 两组间ICP、CPP总体差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而两组间MAP总体差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)；各组内ICP、MAP及CPP在不同时间点变化的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；两组间ICP、MAP及CPP在不同时间点变化的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 术中持续CPP监测有助于术者及时判断和处理术中出现的病情变化,对改善sTBI患者的预后可能有着积极的临床意义.     

顶端装有压力抵抗传感器的压力控制排放脑脊液的脑室导管

颅脑损伤病人使用颅内压(ICP)监护在许多地方已经成为常规。脑室引流术是ICP监护的“金标准”,且并发症少,经临床使用证明可靠。许多病人经采取脑室持续或不持续引流来控制颅内压力的增高而改善了预后。然而引流管的脱位、栓塞的发生率大约为10％。持续引流脑脊液在有些病例可能会发生自发性脑室内出血以及引流过度、栓塞等,正常颅压脑积水的病人常时间监护颅内压有时有脑脊液内团块进入压力瓣,使装置不能正常工作。     

重型颅脑损伤颅内压监护的临床意义

目的观察重型颅脑损伤颅内压(ICP)的变化,探讨持续动态ICP监护在重型颅脑损伤治疗中的作用。方法选择62例重型颅脑损伤患者,随机分为ICP监护组和常规治疗组,ICP监护组根据ICP的变化随时调整治疗方案,常规治疗组根据经验进行常规神经外科治疗。结果ICP监护组在脱水剂应用时间、剂量及并发症方面均低于常规治疗组,两组差异显著(P<0.01);预后优于常规治疗组(P<0.01)。结论对于重型颅脑损伤患者行持续ICP监护有利于指导和及时调整治疗措施,降低并发症,改善预后。     

颅内压监护在急性中型颅脑损伤患者治疗中的意义

目的研究原发性急性中型颅脑损伤患者行颅内压(ICP)监测对临床诊治的意义。方法71例伤后24h内入院的原发性急性中型颅脑损伤患者,入院时均行头部CT检查无手术指征,将其随机分为ICP监护治疗组(35例):入院后即采用目前国际上通用的脑室内穿刺置管法行ICP持续监护,用美国产Marquette监护仪进行4 ~ 7 d连续监测;常规治疗组(36例):进行包括脱水、止血、防治上消化道出血等治疗,监测生命征、意识的改变及血、尿等常规和生化指标,必要时对治疗方案作出调整。结果ICP监护治疗组出现3例ICP>40 mmHg或入院后ICP很快进行性增高,行CT检查发现迟发性颅内血肿或原位血肿增大、中线明显移位,即手术治疗。术后1例重残,1例中残,1例轻残;另有5例患者ICP监护中发现达中度增高(20 ~ 40 mmHg),CT检查提示仅为脑水肿加重,不具手术指征,经调整脱水药剂量,间断开放脑室外引流后病情平稳好转。结论中型颅脑损伤伤后病情不稳定,行ICP监测能及早发现病情变化,可降低致残率和死亡率,有效提高疗效,改善预后。     

持续颅内压监测在自发性脑出血破入脑室治疗中的应用

目的探讨持续颅内压(ICP)监测在自发性脑出血破入脑室治疗中的意义。方法 100例自发性脑出血破入脑室患者,其中50例患者行侧脑室穿刺引流加持续性ICP监测(ICP监测组),另50例患者单纯行侧脑室穿刺引流(对照组)。比较两组患者的预后、并发症的发生率、脱水剂用量及再出血发生率。结果 ICP监测组与对照组患者的预后比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。ICP监测组患者血电解质紊乱、肾功能损害的发生率及甘露醇使用量均明显少于对照组(P0.05~0.01)。两组其他并发症及再出血的发生率之间比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论持续ICP监测并不能改善自发性脑出血破入脑室患者的预后,但可以减少甘露醇的使用量及部分并发症的发生率;并能及时预警患者病情的变化。     

创伤弥漫性脑肿胀患者脑室外引流术前后的CT灌注压变化

目的探讨外伤后急性弥漫性脑肿胀(PADBS)侧脑室外引流术治疗前后的脑血流动力学的变化。方法回顾性分析24例单纯性弥漫性脑肿胀患者,包括非手术治疗组与脑室外引流组各12例。患者在伤后4~5 h内首次行脑CT灌注(CTP)检查,7 d后复查CTP,对比分析两组感兴趣区域治疗前后的灌注参数变化。6个月后随访,分析预后。结果脑室外引流组各感兴趣区域脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)及平均通过时间(MTT)治疗前后差值比非手术治疗组增加,有统计学意义(除小脑区MTT及白质区MTT P0.1外,其余各区参数P0.05),预后优于保守组(P0.05)。结论对PADBS患者使用脑室外引流可以更好地改善脑灌注,提高患者生存质量。     

小脑幕缘切开术中引流环池脑脊液对颅脑损伤合并小脑幕切迹疝患者颅内压的影响

目的研究小脑幕缘切开术中引流环池脑脊液对降低颅脑损伤合并小脑幕切迹疝患者颅内压的作用。方法将40例颅脑损伤合并小脑幕切迹疝患者按随机数字表法分为两组。观察组（20例）在术中对环池脑脊液充分引流并计量,对照组（20例）术中对环池脑脊液不进行引流,两组术后监测颅内压5d,比较引流前后颅内压及侧脑室内压力的变化。结果观察组术后不同时间颅内压均值均低下对照组（P〈0．05）。观察组小脑幕缘切开前至环池脑脊液引流结束时侧脑室内压力下降均值较对照组下降均值高（P〈0.05）：结论小脑幕缘切开术中对环池脑脊液充分引流能恢复脑脊液循环通路,降低颅内压,提高减压效果。     

Intermittent Versus Continuous Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage Management in Adult Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Assessment of Intracranial Pressure Burden

Introduction

There is clinical equipoise regarding whether neurointensive care unit management of external ventricular drains (EVD) in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) should involve an open EVD, with continuous drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), versus a closed EVD, with intermittent opening as necessary to drain CSF. In a matched cohort design, we assessed the relative impact of continuous versus intermittent CSF drainage on intracranial pressure in the management of adult severe TBI.

Methods

Sixty-two severe TBI patients were assessed. Thirty-one patients managed by open EVD drainage were matched by age, sex, and injury severity (initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score) to 31 patients treated with a closed EVD drainage. Patients in the open EVD group also had a parenchymal intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor placed through an adjacent burr hole, allowing real-time recording of ICP. Hourly ICP and other pertinent data, such as length of stay in intensive care unit (LOS-ICU), Injury Severity Score, and survival status, were extracted from our prospective database.

Results

With age, injury severity (initial GCS score), and neurosurgical intervention adjusted for, there was a statistically significant difference of 5.66 mmHg in mean ICP (p < 0.0001) between the open and the closed EVD groups, with the closed EVD group exhibiting greater mean ICP. ICP burden (ICP ≥ 20 mmHg) was shown to be significantly higher in the intermittent EVD group (p = 0.0002) in comparison with the continuous EVD group.

Conclusion

Continuous CSF drainage via an open EVD seemed to be associated with more effective ICP control in the management of adult severe TBI.     

颅脑损伤后脑脊液C-反应蛋白与颅内压相关性及临床意义

目的探讨颅脑损伤后脑脊液C-反应蛋白(CRP)与颅内压变化的关系。方法颅脑损伤患者65例,按GCS评分分为轻型组15例,中型组20例,重型组30例。腰椎穿刺检测脑脊液压力,同时采集其伤后1 d内至4 w的脑脊液,以免疫比浊法测定脑脊液中CRP的含量,将脑脊液中CRP的含量与颅内压变化进行比较。结果伤后轻、中、重型各组脑脊液CRP与颅内压变化存在组间差异(P0.01);CRP含量的变化与颅内压变化呈正相关。结论脑脊液中CRP的含量是反映颅脑损伤急性期脑组织损伤的敏感指标,能反映颅脑损伤后颅内压变化趋势。     

Intracranial pressure monitors in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review

We conducted a systematic review to examine the relationship between intracranial pressure monitors (ICP) monitors and mortality in traumatic brain injury (TBI). We systematically searched for articles that met the following criteria: (1) adults patients, (2) TBI, (3) use of an ICP monitor, (4) point estimate for mortality with ICP monitoring (5) adjustment for potential confounders. Six observational studies were identified with 11,371 patients. There was marked between-study heterogeneity that precluded a pooled analysis. Patients with ICP monitors had different clinical characteristics and received more ICP targeted therapy in the ICU. Four studies found no significant relationship between ICP monitoring and survival, while the other two studies demonstrated conflicting results. Significant confounding by indication in observational studies limits the examination of isolated TBI interventions. More research should focus on interventions that affect TBI careplan systems. Further research is needed to identify which subset of severe TBI patients may benefit from ICP monitoring.     

Moderately elevated intracranial pressure after diffuse traumatic brain injury is associated with exacerbated neuronal pathology and behavioral morbidity in the rat

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is correlated with ensuing morbidity/mortality in humans. This relationship is assumed to rely mostly on the recognition that extremely elevated ICP either indicates hematoma/contusions capable of precipitating herniation or alters cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), which precipitates global ischemia. However, whether subischemic levels of elevated ICP without hematoma/contusion contribute to increased morbidity/mortality remains unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we utilized a model of moderate diffuse TBI in rats followed by either intraventricular ICP monitoring or manual ICP elevation to 20 mm Hg, in which CPP was above ischemic levels. The effects of ICP elevation after TBI on acute and chronic histopathology, as well as on behavioral morbidity, were evaluated. ICP elevation after TBI resulted in increased acute neuronal membrane perturbation and was also associated with reduced neuronal density at 4 weeks after injury. Somatosensory hypersensitivity was exacerbated by ICP elevation and was correlated to the observed neuronal loss. In conclusion, this study indicates that morbidity and increased neuronal damage/death associated with elevated ICP can occur without concurrent global ischemia. Therefore, understanding the pathologies associated with subischemic levels of elevated ICP could lead to the development of better therapeutic strategies for the treatment and management of TBI patients.     

去骨瓣减压治疗重型颅脑损伤术中ICP的动态变化

目的探讨去骨瓣减压术(DC)治疗重型颅脑损伤中颅内压(ICP)的动态变化,分析减压前ICP与预后的相关性。方法回顾性分析35例重型颅脑损伤病人的临床资料,给予ICP探头植入后再行DC治疗。测定减压术前、去除骨瓣后、硬脑膜切开后、硬脑膜减张缝合后和关颅后的ICP,并于术后持续监测。出院时和伤后6个月以格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评估病人的预后,并分析减压术前ICP与预后的相关性。结果减压术前、骨瓣去除后、硬脑膜切开后、硬脑膜减张缝合后和关颅后的平均ICP分别为(42±12)mmHg、(26±6)mmHg、(6±3)mmHg、(8±5)mmHg和(12±7)mmHg。与减压术前相比较,骨瓣去除后和硬脑膜切开后ICP均明显下降(均P<0.001)。减压前ICP<40 mmHg组和ICP≥40 mmHg组在出院时和伤后6个月的预后良好率无显著差异(均P>0.05)。结论 DC治疗重型颅脑损伤时,硬脑膜广泛切开才能获得最大程度的ICP降低。     

颅脑创伤患者的颅内压相关参数对预后的影响

目的探究颅内压相关参数对颅脑创伤（TBI）患者生存状况的影响。 方法回顾性分析新兴县人民医院神经外科自2016年6月至2018年6月收治的62例TBI患者的临床资料，依据出院时患者预后的GOS评分将其分为预后不良组（死亡、GOSⅠ~Ⅱ级，25例）与预后良好组（GOSⅢ~Ⅳ级，37例）。比较2组患者术后24 h内颅内压、脑组织氧分压、脑灌注压和血流动力学情况，并分析颅内压相关参数与TBI患者不良预后的相关性。 结果预后良好组患者的颅内压、脑组织氧分压水平低于预后不良组，脑灌注压、收缩期血流速度（Vs）、平均血流速度（Vm）和舒张期末血流速度（Vd）水平均高于预后不良组，差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。TBI患者的颅内压、脑组织氧分压水平与不良预后呈现正相关（r=0.618，P=0.000；r=0.514，P=0.000），脑灌注压水平、Vs、Vm和Vd与不良预后呈负相关（r=-0.571，P=0.000；r=-0.562，P=0.000；r=-0.501，P=0.000；r=-0.575，P=0.000）。 结论颅内压、脑组织氧分压、脑灌注压和血流动力学情况与TBI患者的预后具有相关性，积极控制颅内压和脑组织氧分压升高，促进脑灌注压，密切监测血流动力血指标，可改善患者生存状况。     

Brain energy metabolism and intracranial pressure in idiopathic adult hydrocephalus syndrome

BACKGROUND: The symptoms in idiopathic adult hydrocephalus syndrome (IAHS) are consistent with pathology involving the periventricular white matter, presumably reflecting ischaemia and CSF hydrodynamic disturbance. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a change in intracranial pressure (ICP) can affect energy metabolism in deep white matter. METHODS: A microdialysis catheter, a brain tissue oxygen tension probe, and an ICP transducer were inserted into the periventricular white matter 0-7 mm from the right frontal horn in 10 patients with IAHS. ICP and intracerebral Ptio2 were recorded continuously during lumbar CSF constant pressure infusion test. ICP was raised to pressure levels of 35 and 45 mm Hg for 10 minutes each, after which CSF drainage was undertaken. Microdialysis samples were collected every three minutes and analysed for glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and glutamate. RESULTS: When raising the ICP, a reversible drop in the extracellular concentrations of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate was found. Comparing the values during baseline to values at the highest pressure level, the fall in glucose, lactate, and pyruvate was significant (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon sign rank). There was no change in glutamate or the lactate to pyruvate ratio during ICP elevation. Ptio2 did not decrease during ICP elevation, but was significantly increased following CSF drainage. CONCLUSIONS: Raising intracranial pressure induces an immediate and reversible change in energy metabolism in periventricular white matter, without any sign of ischaemia. Theoretically, frequent ICP peaks (B waves) over a long period could eventually cause persisting axonal disturbance and subsequently the symptoms noted in IAHS.     

Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Monitoring in Non-TBI Patients: Special Considerations

The effect of intracranial pressure (ICP) and the role of ICP monitoring are best studied in traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, a variety of acute neurologic illnesses e.g., subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, meningitis/encephalitis, and select metabolic disorders, e.g., liver failure and malignant, brain tumors can affect ICP. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature about ICP monitoring in conditions other than TBI and to provide recommendations how the technique may be used in patient management. A PubMed search between 1980 and September 2013 identified 989 articles; 225 of which were reviewed in detail. The technique used to monitor ICP in non-TBI conditions is similar to that used in TBI; however, indications for ICP monitoring often are intertwined with the presence of obstructive hydrocephalus and hence the use of ventricular catheters is more frequent. Increased ICP can adversely affect outcome, particularly when it fails to respond to treatment. However, patients with elevated ICP can still have favorable outcomes. Although the influence of ICP-based care on outcome in non-TBI conditions appears less robust than in TBI, monitoring ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure can play a role in guiding therapy in select patients.