关于急性缺血性卒中发病时间与缺血半暗带相关关系模式的思考

急性缺血性脑血管病溶栓治疗是一个多因素、多环节作用的复杂临床干预过程。在溶栓治疗的实践过程中,“时间窗”是一个普遍沿用的概念,但单纯的依赖“时间窗”,往往不足以提供足够的信息以保证溶栓治疗的安全性和有效性。目的:探讨急性缺血性脑血管病发病时间与缺血半暗带之间的相关关系,以指导临床溶栓干预的决策。方法:本研究采用例证的方法,通过代表不同发病时间及相应缺血半暗带存在情况的4例典型病例,探讨关于急性缺血性脑血管病发病时间与缺血半暗带之间相关关系的模式。结果:根据基础血管病变、血流储备、侧支循环、缺血耐受等因素的不同,急性缺血性脑血管病发病时间与缺血半暗带存在情况分为三种模式,即骤变型、渐变型和缓冲型。结论:急性缺血性脑血管病发生时间与缺血半暗带之间对应关系存在个体差异。临床进行急性缺血性脑血管病溶栓干预时,要树立个体化的“时间窗”评价理念。     

CT脑灌注成像指导下的急性前循环脑梗死溶栓治疗

目的 探讨以CT脑灌注成像(CTP)指导下的急性前循环脑梗死溶栓治疗的优越性.方法 通过对比分析5例急性前循环脑梗死者"时间窗"、"缺血半暗带"、和溶栓干预疗效之间的相关关系,阐析以CTP结果指导下的急性前循环脑梗死溶栓治疗的优越性.结果 对急性前循环脑梗死患者进行CTP检查,如显示有缺血半暗带,即使超过溶栓时间窗,仍可进行溶栓治疗(本组有2例效果较好);对在溶栓时间窗内的患者,如CTP显示已有脑梗死形成,对该类患者进行溶栓治疗疗效欠佳(本组有3例).结论 以时间窗为指导的溶栓干预模式存在固有的局限性,对急性前循环脑梗死患者应行CTP检查,根据缺血半暗带来判断是否溶栓治疗,是一种较为理想的模式.     

关于脑血管病防治的几点建议

脑血管病的发病率占各种疾病的前三位，其中缺血性脑血管病（ＩＣＶＤ）的发病率更有上升及发病年龄年轻化趋势。本期脑血管病专辑不仅内容丰富，且突出了理论联系临床实践，如在研究脑血管病发病机制、病理生理机制的同时，重视干预治疗。本文对脑血管病，尤其是ＩＣＶＤ的防治研究提出以下三点建议。一、对于溶栓治疗的时间窗、药物选择、剂量及给药途径研究需加大力度自从局灶性缺血再灌注动物模型建立后，缺血中心坏死区及半暗带的概念已获得共识。治疗时间窗的提出为溶栓治疗提供了理论依据。但治疗时间窗究竟多长——几小时？几天？从…     

动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的研究进展

急性脑梗死是最常见的脑血管病,发病率、病死率和致残率均较高, 50%～70%存活者遗留明显后遗症,给社会和家庭带来沉重负担.脑梗死后治疗关键是快速恢复缺血脑组织血流灌注,挽救缺血半暗带区的脑细胞,超过时间窗,半暗带的损害就不可逆转.因此,抓住时间窗,尽早溶栓,缩短脑缺血的时间,越早溶栓,再通率越高,神经功能恢复越好.过去20 a,溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑梗死取得显著效果.     

氙-CT在缺血性脑血管病中的应用

脑血管病是严重危害人类健康的常见病、多发病,具有发病率高、死亡率高、致残率高和复发率高等特点.其中缺血性脑血管病约占80%,且大约20%的患者在病后1～2年内会再次复发,使患者的生存质量严重下降,因此,加强缺血性脑血管病的研究,不断提高其诊治水平,具有极重要的意义.近年来,国内外开展了溶栓、支架等介入方法治疗及预防缺血性脑血管病,在挽救半暗带、改善患者预后方面取得了一定进展.目前认为,发病3h内是溶栓治疗的最佳时间窗,最迟可以延长到病后6h.但临床上有部分患者在时间窗内溶栓疗效不佳,而一些学者进行了6h外延迟溶栓研究,部分患者取得了良好效果[1],表明缺血半暗带的存在时间有一定的个体差异.因此临床上迫切的需要一种能迅速准确判定缺血半暗带的检测方法,为溶栓时间窗的个体化选择提供客观根据.氙～CT(Xe-CT)技术是一种可以对局部脑血流量(rCBF)进行定量测定的先进的影像学方法,近几年发展很快,对缺血性脑血管病的诊断及指导治疗具有重要意义,现将其研究进展综述如下.……     

缺血性脑卒中侧支循环的研究进展

正缺血性脑卒中是中枢神经系统的常见病与多发病,致残率极高,严重危及人类健康。2014年中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南指出,目前在脑梗死治疗中溶栓仍是最重要的恢复血流的措施,但由于其有严格的时间窗,大大限制了临床的应用。挽救缺血半暗带是超过溶栓时间窗患者的首要治疗目的,而侧支循环开通的多少可能直接决定缺血半暗带的范     

磁共振技术指导超急性脑梗死溶栓的研究进展

卒中是严重危害人类健康的常见病、多发病,其中缺血性卒中占75%～90%,致残率和死亡率都很高,给患者家庭和社会带来沉重的负担.超早期溶栓是治疗脑梗死最有效的手段,在"时间就是大脑"的理念指导下,选择合适的患者快速应用溶栓剂是治疗的关键.核磁共振技术能够在急性缺血性卒中的超早期提供许多有价值的信息,如急性缺血灶的位置、范围;是否存在缺血半暗带以及缺血半暗带的大小;是否有颅内大动脉的闭塞或严重狭窄,甚至能够估计缺血性卒中的发病时间.核磁共振技术无疑对指导脑梗死治疗(尤其是溶栓治疗)及判断预后有极大的价值.     

醒后卒中的研究进展

醒后卒中（WUS）是指入睡时无神经系统症状，觉醒后患者本人或目击者发现有卒中症状， 占急性缺血性脑卒中的 14.3%～29.6%。由于发病时间的不确定，通常不适用于急性缺血性卒中时间窗 内特殊治疗。近年来，随着多模式CT及磁共振成像对缺血性卒中梗死灶及缺血半暗带识别的技术发展， 越来越多的证据表明静脉溶栓、机械取栓等治疗方案使 WUS 患者更好地获益。现对 WUS 的病理生理 机制、危险因素、临床及影像学特征、治疗方案的最新进展作一综述     

球囊扩张治疗大脑中动脉闭塞性急性脑梗死的探讨

动、静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效已经得到公认,但由于溶栓时间窗仅3～6h,很多患者就诊时已经超过这个时间窗而延误治疗[1].我们对1例发病12h的急性缺血性脑血管病患者,立即行闭塞侧大脑中动脉球囊扩张(PTCA)治疗,取得良好效果,报告如下.     

急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓前后多模式影像评估分析

目的应用多模式影像学检查对急性缺血性脑卒中静脉溶栓进行评估。方法回顾性分析行急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓的患者69例,通过对比缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓前后多模式影像检查方法的选择及临床疗效进行研究。结果静脉溶栓前仅检查CT的占68.1%;静脉溶栓前开启多模式影像的占31.9%。静脉溶栓后立刻或同时开启多模式影像的占30.4%。结论结合医院放射科设备配置及卒中中心发展状况,溶栓二线合理选择适合自身特点的多模式影像并判断何时开启多模式影像;结合灌注成像的分析确定梗死核心和缺血半暗带,为超时间窗的rt-PA静脉溶栓和血管内治疗进行指导评估,使更多的缺血性卒中患者从中受益。     

急性缺血性脑卒中时间窗内的动静脉溶栓分层治疗的对比研究

目的通过对比急性缺血性脑卒中发病时间窗内(     

急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓治疗研究新进展

随着静脉溶栓时间窗从3 h扩展到了9 h，研究重点也从时间窗理念扩展至组织窗理念。对 于发病时间不明、醒后卒中或者一定时间内的超时间窗患者，需完善相关神经影像学检查，权衡利弊 后决定是否静脉溶栓治疗。本文重点梳理了近年来根据组织窗寻找静脉溶栓获益患者的各种不同 筛选方法及静脉溶栓的药物选择，希望能为临床提供参考。     

时间窗超过3h急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗观察

目的 评价时间窗超过3 h的急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗的疗效及影响因素.方法 选择法国南锡大学中心医院神经影像科自2008年1月至2009年1月收治的16例急性缺血性卒中患者(时间窗均达到或超过3 h,颈内动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过6 h,椎基底动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过24h.昏迷不超过6 h),行动脉内药物联合机械溶栓治疗,分析不同因素对疗效的影响.结果 7例患者闭塞血管达到完全再通,7例达到部分再通,另有2例闭塞血管未再通,再通率为87.5%.患者动脉溶栓后与溶栓前NIHSS评分比较明显降低.时间窗大于5 h的前循环系统闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与时间窗较短患者相比较,出院时mRS评分明显较高.5例颈内动脉闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与9例大脑中动脉闭塞患者、2例基底动脉闭塞患者相比预后较差.4例患者溶栓后24h出现症状性颅内出血,3例为颈内动脉闭塞,1例死亡.1例溶栓后发生血管再闭,但因侧支循环血流丰富,最终临床预后仍较好.结论 对于时间窗超过3 h大脑中动脉和基底动脉闭塞急性缺血性卒中患者,动脉溶栓可使闭塞血管达到较高的再通率,短期内使临床神经功能恢复,改善临床结局.临床应用动脉溶栓时应注意个体化选择性治疗,评价其疗效需结合时间窗、血管闭塞部位、侧支循环、并发症等因素,避免出血等并发症.     

时间窗超过3h急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗观察

目的 评价时间窗超过3 h的急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗的疗效及影响因素.方法 选择法国南锡大学中心医院神经影像科自2008年1月至2009年1月收治的16例急性缺血性卒中患者(时间窗均达到或超过3 h,颈内动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过6 h,椎基底动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过24h.昏迷不超过6 h),行动脉内药物联合机械溶栓治疗,分析不同因素对疗效的影响.结果 7例患者闭塞血管达到完全再通,7例达到部分再通,另有2例闭塞血管未再通,再通率为87.5%.患者动脉溶栓后与溶栓前NIHSS评分比较明显降低.时间窗大于5 h的前循环系统闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与时间窗较短患者相比较,出院时mRS评分明显较高.5例颈内动脉闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与9例大脑中动脉闭塞患者、2例基底动脉闭塞患者相比预后较差.4例患者溶栓后24h出现症状性颅内出血,3例为颈内动脉闭塞,1例死亡.1例溶栓后发生血管再闭,但因侧支循环血流丰富,最终临床预后仍较好.结论 对于时间窗超过3 h大脑中动脉和基底动脉闭塞急性缺血性卒中患者,动脉溶栓可使闭塞血管达到较高的再通率,短期内使临床神经功能恢复,改善临床结局.临床应用动脉溶栓时应注意个体化选择性治疗,评价其疗效需结合时间窗、血管闭塞部位、侧支循环、并发症等因素,避免出血等并发症.     

Role of diffusion and perfusion MRI in selecting patients for reperfusion therapies

After onset of ischemic stroke, potentially viable tissue at risk (ischemic penumbra) may be salvageable. Currently, intravenous alteplase is approved for up to 4.5 hours after symptom onset of acute ischemic stroke. Increasing this time window may allow many more patients to be treated. The ability to use MRI to help define the irreversibly damaged brain (infarct core) and the reversible ischemic penumbra shows great promise for stroke treatment. Recent advances in penumbral imaging technology may enable a phase III trial of an intravenous thrombolytic to be performed beyond 4.5 hours using techniques to select patients with penumbral tissue.     

时间窗超过3h急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗观察

目的 评价时间窗超过3 h的急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗的疗效及影响因素.方法 选择法国南锡大学中心医院神经影像科自2008年1月至2009年1月收治的16例急性缺血性卒中患者(时间窗均达到或超过3 h,颈内动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过6 h,椎基底动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过24h.昏迷不超过6 h),行动脉内药物联合机械溶栓治疗,分析不同因素对疗效的影响.结果 7例患者闭塞血管达到完全再通,7例达到部分再通,另有2例闭塞血管未再通,再通率为87.5%.患者动脉溶栓后与溶栓前NIHSS评分比较明显降低.时间窗大于5 h的前循环系统闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与时间窗较短患者相比较,出院时mRS评分明显较高.5例颈内动脉闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与9例大脑中动脉闭塞患者、2例基底动脉闭塞患者相比预后较差.4例患者溶栓后24h出现症状性颅内出血,3例为颈内动脉闭塞,1例死亡.1例溶栓后发生血管再闭,但因侧支循环血流丰富,最终临床预后仍较好.结论 对于时间窗超过3 h大脑中动脉和基底动脉闭塞急性缺血性卒中患者,动脉溶栓可使闭塞血管达到较高的再通率,短期内使临床神经功能恢复,改善临床结局.临床应用动脉溶栓时应注意个体化选择性治疗,评价其疗效需结合时间窗、血管闭塞部位、侧支循环、并发症等因素,避免出血等并发症.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of intra-arterial hrombolytic therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke having their time window over 3 h and analyze its influencing factors.Methods Sixteen patients with acute ischemic stroke having their time window over 3 h, admitted to Department of Neuroradiology of Central Hospital of Nancy University from January 2008 to January 2009, were treated by intra-arterial thrombolysis using chemical (rt-PA) and mechanical technique. These patients had carotid stroke for less than 3 h, vertebrobasilar stroke for less than 24 h or coma for less than 6 h. According to the images of DSA, the recanalization after thrombolysis was evaluated by thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) grades. CT scans 24 h after thrombolysis were operated to detect the hemorrhage complications. NIHSS at baseline and 24 h after thrombolysis and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were recorded to evaluate the clinical efficacy. Results After intra-arterial thrombolysis, 7 (43.75%) in 16 patients got totally recanalization (TICI grade 3), another 7 partial recanalization (TICI grade 2), and the left 2 patients failed in recanalization (TICI grade 1); the total recanalization rate was 87.5%. A significant reduction of NIHSS scores after the thrombolysis was noted as compared with that before the thrombolysis. The atients with occlusion of anterior ciculation having time window over 5 h enjoyed no reduction of NIHSS scores after thrombolysis; mRS scores in patients having time window over 5 h were ignificantly higher as compared with those in patients having time window less than 5 h.The patients having ICA occlusion (n=5) had no reduction of NIHSS scores after thrombolysis, and enjoyed poorer prognosis as compared with whose occlusion lay in the middle cerebral artery (MCA,n=9) and basilar artery (BA, n=2). By CT scan 24 h after thrombolysis, 4 patients were detected with symptomatic intra cerebral hemorrhage (ICH, 25%) and all of them with occlusion in the internal carotid artery system: 1 patient with occlusion in MCA died of cerebral hernia causing by the large hematoma;the other 3 were all occlusion in ICA. Although reocclusion after thrombolysis occurred, 1 patient was benefitted from the affluent collateral perfusion and got a good prognosis. Conclusion For patientswith BA and MCA occlusion having time window over 3 h, intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy is effective and selective resulting from their high recanalization rate, improvement of neurological function and clinical end. The therapy should be individually chosen; mutiple factors as time window of stroke,location of stroke, ompensatory circulation and complications should be considered in evaluating the efficacy; and the hemorrhage complications should be avoided.     

An update on thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Stroke is the third leading cause of death after myocardial infarction and cancer, and is the leading cause of permanent disability and disability-adjusted loss of independent life-years in western countries. Thrombolysis is the treatment of choice for acute stroke within 3 h after the onset of symptoms. We present an overview of a diagnostic approach to acute stroke management that allows the individualization of patient management based on pathophysiological reasoning and not rigid time windows established by randomized controlled trials. RECENT FINDINGS: This review concentrates in the first part on giving the reader an integrated knowledge of the current status of thrombolytic therapy in stroke, and in the second part develops a treatment algorithm based on pathophysiological information rendered by a multiparametric stroke magnetic resonance imaging protocol. SUMMARY: Thrombolysis is an effective therapy for ischemic stroke, whether performed intravenously within 3 h or intra-arterially within 3-6 h. Meta-analyses have provided evidence of an effect of intravenous thrombolysis beyond the 3 h time window, especially when improved selection criteria such as modern magnetic resonance imaging protocols are applied. Sadly, thrombolysis is still underused. Positive results from studies currently underway may encourage more centers to offer this therapy to an increasing number of stroke patients, and thereby reduce the considerable socioeconomic burden of stroke.     

急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓治疗研究新进展

随着静脉溶栓时间窗从3 h扩展到了9 h，研究重点也从时间窗理念扩展至组织窗理念。对
于发病时间不明、醒后卒中或者一定时间内的超时间窗患者，需完善相关神经影像学检查，权衡利弊
后决定是否静脉溶栓治疗。本文重点梳理了近年来根据组织窗寻找静脉溶栓获益患者的各种不同
筛选方法及静脉溶栓的药物选择，希望能为临床提供参考。     

Feasibility of acute thrombolytic therapy for stroke

BACKGROUND: Thrombolysis is an expensive medical intervention for ischemic stroke and hence there is a need to study the feasibility of thrombolysis in rural India. Aims: To asses the feasibility and limitations of providing thrombolytic therapy to acute ischemic stroke patients in a rural Indian set-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The first 64 consecutive patients registered under the Acute Stroke Registry in a university referral hospital with a rural catchment area were studied as per a detailed protocol and questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 64 patients 44 were ischemic strokes, and 20 were hemorrhagic. Thirteen (29.55%) patients with ischemic stroke reached a center with CT scan facility within 3 hours, of whom only 7 (15.91%) were eligible to receive thrombolytic therapy as per the existing clinical and radiological criteria, but none received the therapy. Of the remaining 31 (70.45%) who arrived late, 11 (25%) had no clinical and radiological contraindications for thrombolysis, except the time factor. All the patients belonged to a low socioeconomic status and a rural background. CONCLUSION: Though a large proportion of ischemic stroke patients were eligible to receive thrombolytic therapy, the majority could not reach a center with adequate facilities within the recommended time window. More alarmingly, even for those patients who reached within the time window, no significant attempt was made to initiate thrombolysis. These data call not only for attention to improve existing patient transport facilities, but also for improving the awareness of efficacy and therapeutic window of thrombolysis in stroke, among the public as well as primary care doctors.