不同性别首次发作抑郁症的临床特征对比

目的：探讨不同性别首次发作抑郁症临床特征的异同。方法：采用一般情况问卷、抑郁白评量表(SDS)和汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)对不同性别首发抑郁症患者进行测查。结果：女性首发抑郁症患者发病年龄显著低于男性，HAMD的躯体化／焦虑、睡眠因子显著高于男性，而认识障碍、迟缓和绝望因子评分显著较男性为低。另外，女性抑郁症患者的共病显著高于男性。结论：不同性别首次发作抑郁症的临床特征存在一定的差异。     

难治性抑郁症的临床特征分析

目的探讨难治性抑郁症患者的临床特征及相关影响因素。方法采用自编一般情况量表、汉密顿抑郁量表、汉密顿焦虑量表、社会支持量表、及生活事件量表，对入组的难治性抑郁症和非难治性抑郁症进行调查和评定，并做相关统计分析。结果难治性抑郁症组在伴有其他慢性躯体疾病和慢性起病者的频率显著高于非难治性抑郁症组。两组在发作次数、住院次数、起病形式、绝望感、躯体焦虑方面有显著差异（P〈0．05）。多元逐步回归显示影响难治性抑郁症因素依次为：伴有其他慢性躯体疾病、首次发病年龄、慢性起病形式及躯体焦虑因子。结论发作次数频繁，病中绝望感重、躯体焦虑明显可能是难治性抑郁症的有效预测因子，临床上仅凭患者的症状严重程度不足以区分两组患者。抑郁症伴有其它慢性躯体疾病、首次发作年龄偏小、起病形式缓慢且躯体焦虑症状严重者，可能是导致抑郁症难治性的潜在危险因素。     

首发广泛性焦虑障碍临床特征分析

目的分析首发广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)患者的临床特征及相互关系。方法采用汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD17)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)、生活事件量表(LES)及健康状况调查问卷(SF-36)对102名首发广泛性焦虑障碍患者的临床特征进行评估。结果GAD患者有两个高发年龄段,最常见的症状为焦虑心境(99.0%)、紧张(97.1%)和心血管系统症状(95.1%);女性患者的感觉系统症状和生殖泌尿系统症状较男性明显(P<0.05);61.8%的患者病前有重大生活事件,22.5%的患者存在消极观念;SDSS平均分(13.46±8.54),68.7%的患者报告有躯体疼痛症状,疼痛症状对生活的影响程度与社会功能缺陷相关(r=0.304,P<0.01)。结论首发广泛性焦虑障碍以焦虑心境、紧张和心血管系统症状多见,躯体疼痛是影响社会功能的重要因素。     

轻性抑郁障碍临床特征分析

目的了解轻性抑郁障碍的临床特征。方法采用自制一般情况调查表、抑郁自评量表(self-rating depression scale,SDS)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depresssion scale,HAMD)24项版本、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)及社会功能缺陷量表(social disability screening schedule,SDSS)分别对符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准的35例轻性抑郁障碍(研究组)和56例重性抑郁障碍(对照组)患者进行评定,比较两组的差异。结果研究组SDSS总分、抑郁自评量表(SDS)总粗分、汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项版本(HAMD24)总分及体重、认识障碍、日夜变化、阻滞、睡眠障碍、绝望感等因子分值低于对照组(P0.01),同时抑郁情绪、有罪感、自杀、早醒、工作和兴趣减退、阻滞、体重减轻、自知力障碍、日夜变化、人格或现实解体、偏执症状、绝望感等症状出现的频率也均低于对照组(P0.01),而躯体性焦虑、全身症状、疑病等症状出现的频率及HAMA躯体性焦虑因子分值均高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);研究组有88.57%的患者首次就诊于非精神科,明显高于对照组(P0.01)。结论轻性抑郁障碍患者躯体症状相对较多,而抑郁情绪及社会功能缺陷程度相对较轻,首次多在非精神科就诊。     

治疗不敏感性抑郁症的临床特征与治疗转归

目的探讨治疗不敏感性抑郁症的临床特征与治疗转归。方法采用前瞻性的研究方法对入组的147例抑郁症患者进行随访,共124例患者完成整个研究。在治疗前、治疗1、2、4、6周末进行症状评估,评估工具包括汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、简明精神病量表(BPRS)、临床疗效总评量表、副反应量表。结果(1)A、B、C、D4组治疗有效率分别为86.21%、86.96%、50.00%和58.33%,但A组的脱落率较高,达18.69%;(2)治疗敏感性抑郁症患者的症状指标在随访3(7±1)d即有下降;而治疗不敏感性抑郁症患者在随访4(14±1)d才下降,治疗前精神性焦虑症状相对较轻,均分约少1.2分,治疗后遗留较多症状,具体为HAMD的焦虑/躯体化、阻滞、HAMA的精神性焦虑、躯体性焦虑、BPRS的焦虑忧郁、缺乏活力、激活性。结论不敏感性抑郁症患者治疗前精神性焦虑症状较轻,症状改善较慢,治疗后遗留较多抑郁焦虑的症状。     

帕金森病患者情绪障碍研究

目的 了解帕金森病患者伴发的情绪障碍.方法 采用汉密尔顿焦虑评价量表和抑郁评价量表对100例帕金森病患者和50例对照者进行情绪障碍研究;并根据简易智能状态检查量表、帕金森病统一评价量表(UPDRS Ⅲ)和改良Hoehn-Yahr分级,分别评价帕金森病患者的认知功能和运动障碍严重程度并进行病情分级.结果 帕金森病组患者汉密尔顿焦虑评价量表评分[(14.45±8.30)分]和抑郁评价量表评分[(7.98±6.24)分]均高于对照组[(3.68±3.23)分、(2.76±3.32)分],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);其焦虑症状发生率为49%(49/100),高于对照组(2%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),但早期与中晚期患者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).帕金森病组患者抑郁症状发生率(12%)虽高于对照组(2%),但组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);中晚期患者抑郁症状发生率高于早期者(P<0.05).帕金森病组焦虑症状主要表现为精神性焦虑及躯体性焦虑,抑郁症状则以焦虑躯体化、认知障碍、迟缓以及睡眠障碍为主;性别与肢体发病侧别对情绪障碍无明显影响,而汉密尔顿焦虑评价量表(r=0.199,P=0.049;r=0.295,P=0.005)和抑郁评价量表(r=0.196,P=0.050;r=0.274,P=0.009)情绪均与病程和UPDRSⅢ评分呈正相关.结论 帕金森病患者以焦虑情绪为主要情绪障碍症状,表现为躯体性焦虑和精神性焦虑,于疾病早期即已出现;而抑郁症状多出现于疾病的中晚期,主要表现为焦虑躯体化、认知障碍、迟缓以及睡眠障碍.     

神经科门诊抑郁症伴躯体症状分析

目的探讨综合医院神经科门诊抑郁症伴躯体症状的特点.方法对符合CCMD-2-R抑郁症诊断标准,抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分≥40分,汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分≥17分的73例神经科门诊患者进行临床及量表分析.结果头痛头晕为本组突出的躯体症状,成为第一主诉者占43.8%.患者均肯定有抑郁表现,各种抑郁症状出现率为67.1%～97.3%,且以兴趣减退者居多.SDS平均总粗分为(5038±8.50)分,HAMD平均(19.50±7.43)分.医院焦虑情绪自评量表(HAD-A)≥9分者明显多于<9分者,前者的SDS评分明显高于后者.结论神经科门诊抑郁症伴躯体症状患者以头痛头晕为第一主诉最多.抑郁常见症状以兴趣减退为常见.多为轻度抑郁,常伴焦虑,伴焦虑者的抑郁程度较重.     

89例首发住院老年期抑郁症的临床特征分析

目的　研究首发住院老年期抑郁症的临床特征。方法　应用自编一般资料调查表 ,回顾 1994～ 2 0 0 1年 89例住院首发老年期抑郁症患者的临床特征 ,并与同期住院的 2 4 9例非老年期首发抑郁症比较。结果　老年期组男性有自杀观念者多于女性 ,并发躯体疾病者少于女性 (P <0 0 0 5 ) ;老年期组并发躯体疾病多于非老年期组 ,精神焦虑比青年组多 ,自杀观念和自杀行为比老年前期少 ,较多单一使用麦普替林 (P <0 0 5 ) ;临床疗效和非老年期无显著差异。结论　老年期抑郁症有较多的精神性焦虑。充分的治疗可以取得满意的疗效     

躯体化障碍与以躯体症状为主诉的抑郁症个性、躯体主诉、生活质量比较

目的探讨躯体化障碍与以躯体症状为主诉的抑郁症患者个性、躯体主诉、生活质量差异。方法对30例躯体化障碍和30例以躯体症状为主诉的抑郁症患者分别采用自编躯体症状主诉频数表,艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、健康状况调查问卷（SF-36）等进行评定,对影响生活质量的某些因素进行多元回归分析。结果两组躯体主诉无显著性差异（P〉0．0．5）;躯体化障碍组E分显著低于抑郁症组,N分显著高于抑郁症组（P〈0．05）;两组HAMD总分无差异（P〉0．05）,躯体化障碍组焦虑／躯体化及认知障碍因子分显著高于抑郁症（P〈0．05）,躯体化障碍的HAMA总分及躯体性焦虑分显著高于抑郁症组（P〈0．05）;躯体化障碍组生理机能、生理职能、躯体疼痛分量表评分均显著低于抑郁症组（P〈0．05）;多元回归分析结果,影响两组患者生活质量的主要因素依次为HAMD总分、HAMA总分、EPQ精神质因子、病程。结论躯体化障碍与以躯体症状为主诉的抑郁症患者在个性、HAMA总分、躯体焦虑因子分、生活质量方面有差异,两者的个性、疾病严重程度、病程为影响生活质量的重要因素。     

肿瘤坏死因子-α与抑郁症患者躯体疼痛症状相关性的研究

目的:探讨抑郁症患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平与伴有的躯体疼痛症状的关系。方法:对42例伴有躯体疼痛症状的抑郁症患者(研究组)和79例不伴有躯体疼痛症状的抑郁症患者(对照组)测定血清TNF-α水平,并采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-24)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、视觉模拟评分(VAS)分别评估患者的抑郁症状、焦虑症状、躯体疼痛症状的程度,并进行相关性分析。结果:研究组血清TNF-α水平[(29.6±4.8)ng/L]显著高于对照组[(27.5±4.2)ng/L](t=2.491,P=0.027);经协方差分析调整影响因素后,两组血清TNF-α水平差异仍有统计学意义(F=3.855,P=0.036)。相关分析显示,研究组血清TNF-α水平与VAS评分、HAMD评分、HAMA评分呈正相关(r=0.362,P=0.018;r=0.408,P=0.006;r=0.336,P=0.038),对照组血清TNF-α水平与HAMD评分正相关(r=0.307,P=0.029)。结论:伴有躯体疼痛的抑郁症患者血清TNF-α水平增高,并可能与躯体疼痛症状的发生有关。     

Diagnosing major depressive disorder VIII: are some symptoms better than others?

The present report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services project examined whether symptoms that are not part of the DSM-IV definition of major depressive disorder (MDD) are better at discriminating depressed from nondepressed patients than the current criteria. Symptoms assessed included diminished drive, helplessness, hopelessness, nonreactive mood, psychic anxiety, somatic anxiety, subjective anger, and overtly expressed anger. A total of 1538 psychiatric outpatients were administered a semistructured diagnostic interview. We inquired about all of the symptoms of depression for all patients. Diminished drive exhibited stronger performance in differentiating MDD from non-MDD relative to all DSM-IV criteria except depressed mood, reduced interest/pleasure, and impaired concentration/indecisiveness. A compound criterion combining diminished drive with loss of energy was endorsed by nearly all MDD patients. Helplessness and hopelessness, when combined into a single criterion, performed more strongly than some of the DSM-IV criteria. Lack of reactivity, anxiety, and anger symptoms failed to differentiate more strongly than current DSM-IV criteria. The implications of these results for revising the diagnostic criteria for major depression are discussed.     

Generalized anxiety or depression measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Melancholia Scale in patients before and after cardiac surgery

We have examined the applicability of the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) and our Melancholia Scale (MES) on a group of patients suffering from cardiac disease. They were assessed before surgery and again 1, 3, and 6 months after the operation. The results showed that the median for this group of patients even preoperatively was below the cut-off scores for both rating scales with a monotonous fall in score on the follow-ups. Item analysis showed that it was the psychic or cognitive symptoms of the HAS rather than the somatic symptoms of anxiety that explained the score variation. On the MES it was symptoms like depressed mood, psychic anxiety, pains, emotional and intellectual retardation rather than symptoms of guilt, motor retardation or suicidal impulses that were present. From both scales a total of 10 items emerged which were considered to measure generalized anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Scale). When the patients were classified into groups by a global assessment according to their ability to verbalize preoperative anxiety it was found that patients who were less able to verbalize had the lowest rating scale score. It was argued that preoperative anxiety is an introspective perception of fluctuating somatic manifestations of anxiety, whereas the rating scale procedure focuses on the persistent or cognitive part of anxiety which mostly is retrospectively perceived.     

躯体化症状为主抑郁症患者的述情障碍

目的:探讨以躯体化症状为主抑郁症患者和以情绪症状为主抑郁症患者述情障碍的差异。方法:50例以躯体化症状为主抑郁症患者(躯体症状组)、50例以情绪症状为主抑郁症患者(情绪症状组)和50名正常健康者(正常对照组)参加研究,采用90项症状自评量表(SCL-90)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和多伦多述情障碍量表进行评定。结果:躯体症状组SCL-90总分、躯体化、焦虑、人际敏感、恐怖、偏执因子分及HAMD的焦虑/躯体化因子评分均高于情绪症状组(P<0.01或P<0.05),情绪症状组在强迫、抑郁因子评分及HAMD的认知障碍、阻滞、日夜变化、睡眠障碍及绝望因子分高于躯体症状组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。躯体症状组与情绪症状组仅在述情障碍因子II评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而在述情障碍总分及因子分上均高于正常对照组(P<0.05或P<0.001)。结论:以躯体化症状为主和以情绪症状为主抑郁症患者均存在述情障碍,以前者更缺乏识别情绪和躯体感受能力。     

Depressive symptoms associated with dexamethasone resistance

Using split sample discriminant function analysis on a series of 63 consecutive depressed outpatients, the authors identified several items on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale that were associated with dexamethasone resistance (late and middle insomnia, retardation, somatic and psychic anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms), and several items that were associated with dexamethasone suppression (genital symptoms, somatic-general symptoms, hypochondriasis, early insomnia, and depersonalization). The accuracy of the classification function was 100% for the index split sample, 84% for the overall sample, and 72% for the other split sample. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Achieving remission with venlafaxine and fluoxetine in major depression: its relationship to anxiety symptoms

Venlafaxine, a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), produces significantly higher remission rates in depressed patients than do the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In this analysis of pooled data, we explored the relationship between differences in treatment efficacy, early improvement of symptoms, and severity of baseline anxiety in depressed patients treated with either venlafaxine or fluoxetine. A pooled analysis was performed on data from 1,454 outpatients with major depression from five double-blind, randomized studies comparing the 6-week efficacy of venlafaxine (542 patients) with fluoxetine (555 patients). The Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D) total and item scores were analyzed at different treatment times up to 6 weeks. Venlafaxine and fluoxetine both produced statistically significant higher response and remission rates compared with placebo starting from week 2 for response and weeks 3 to 4 for remission. Venlafaxine was statistically significantly superior to fluoxetine from week 3 until week 6 in respect of response rate, and from week 2 until week 6 for remission rate. After 1 week of treatment, greater improvement in individual symptoms was observed in the depressed mood, suicide, and psychic anxiety items of the HAM-D scale for both venlafaxine- and fluoxetine-treated patients compared with placebo. Improvement in psychic anxiety was statistically significantly greater with venlafaxine than with fluoxetine. The presence of baseline psychic anxiety correlated significantly to treatment outcome when analyzing the remission rates. In depressed patients with moderate anxiety (HAM-D psychic anxiety score < or = 2), venlafaxine statistically significantly increased remission rates compared with placebo from week 4 until week 6, while a significant effect of fluoxetine on remission rates was observed starting at week 6. Remission rates in the severely anxious depressed patients (score > 2) were statistically significantly higher with venlafaxine than placebo starting from week 3 until the end of the study period, but no difference could be observed between fluoxetine and placebo. Baseline severity of psychic anxiety had a significant impact on remission rates after treatment of patients diagnosed with depression. Venlafaxine's superior remission rates in the more severely anxious patients and its ability to improve psychic anxiety as early as week 1 compared with fluoxetine suggest that venlafaxine's early efficacy on anxiety symptoms may be the basis for its superior efficacy in depression.     

Follow-up and family study of anxious depression

OBJECTIVE: The failure of the concept of anxious depression to find its way into DSM-III-R led the authors to conclude that a further report on the occurrence of anxiety symptoms in depressed subjects is indicated. METHOD: The subjects were 327 consecutively evaluated inpatients and outpatients with primary unipolar depressive disorder at five university medical centers participating in the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression--Clinical Studies. The authors restricted their sample selection to patients with primary depressive disorder so that patients with other preexisting psychiatric disorders, especially anxiety disorders, would not contaminate the symptom picture, family studies, or follow-up. The examined six anxiety symptoms and derived a new anxiety summary score to show the effect of anxiety in depression on family data and 5-year outcome. RESULTS: Depressed subjects with higher ratings for anxiety took longer to recover. There was also a significant relationship between anxiety in depressed probands and the risk for primary unipolar depressive disorder, but not anxiety disorders or alcoholism, among 832 blindly interviewed first-degree relatives. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm the usefulness of subdividing depressed patients according to anxiety symptoms: psychic and somatic symptoms of anxiety, taken together, significantly predict family illness and course. The data also emphasize the wisdom of requiring that generalized anxiety disorder not be diagnosed in the presence of a mood disorder. Clearly, symptoms of anxiety coexist with depression and need to be recognized for the effective treatment of the underlying depressive disorder.     

Association of beta-endorphin with specific clinical symptoms of depression.

OBJECTIVE: Abnormalities in plasma concentrations of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (beta-endorphin) have been reported in depressed patients. This study was done to test the hypothesis that specific clinical characteristics of depression are associated with plasma beta-endorphin concentration. METHOD: Plasma beta-endorphin was evaluated in 20 depressed patients diagnosed according to DSM-III-R and in 23 age- and sex-matched comparison subjects, and each was evaluated with the structured Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS). Twelve SADS items involving dysphoric mood and related symptoms were chosen for analysis. RESULTS: Within the group of all 43 subjects and within the depressed group, beta-endorphin level correlated significantly with psychic anxiety and with phobia. In the depressed group only, beta-endorphin also correlated significantly with obsessions/compulsions. Concentration of beta-endorphin was not significantly correlated with score on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression or Beck Depression Inventory or with scores on other SADS symptom items, including somatic anxiety, insomnia, subjective anger, overt anger, agitation, psychomotor retardation, panic attacks, appetite loss, or total weight loss. In the group of 23 comparison subjects, beta-endorphin did not correlate with Beck or Hamilton depression score or with any of the SADS clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of plasma beta-endorphin may be associated with more severe anxiety, phobia, and obsessions/compulsions in depressed patients.     

The Hamilton Depression Scale

The consistency of the Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS) as a measure of the severity of depressive states has been examined when the scale was used weekly during a trial with imipramine. By use of logistic models (Rasch) the consistency of the HDS has been considered across patient-variables as age, sex, plasma levels of imipramine, and diagnosis. The results showed that the original 17-item HDS was without adequate consistency, i.e. the total score of the sample of items was no one-dimensional measure of depressive states. However, a melancholia subscale of the HDS contained items the total of which can be used to compare patients quantitatively, although in some part of the analysis one of these items showed ceiling effect. It was concluded that the melancholia sub-scale (containing the items depressed mood, guilt, work and interests, retardation, psychic anxiety, and general somatic symptoms) can form the basis for further improvements in the field of quantitative rating scales for depressive states.     

Depressive symptoms and signs that differentiate major and atypical depression from dysthymic disorder in elderly finns

Symptoms and signs that in terms of severity differentiate major and atypical depression from dysthymic disorder were investigated in depressed Finns aged 60 years or over. The overall symptomatology of major depression was not significantly more severe than that of dysthymic disorder, although some symptoms, viz. sadness, paranoid symptoms, loss of interest in work and activities, loss of weight and depersonalization, were more severe in major depressive patients than in dysthymic patients. The overall symptomatology of atypical depression was less severe than that of dysthymic disorder. Sadness, psychic anxiety, loss of interest in work and activities, somatic anxiety, general somatic symptoms, strength of diurnal variation of symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms and suicidal ideas were less severe in atypical depressive patients than in dysthymic patients but loss of insight was more severe in atypical depressive patients. Of objective signs, loss of weight was more common in major depressive patients than in dysthymic patients. Sad expression and crying were less common in atypical depressive patients than in dysthymic patients.     

Pooled analysis of venlafaxine XR efficacy on somatic and psychic symptoms of anxiety in patients with generalized anxiety disorder

We evaluated the relative efficacy of venlafaxine XR on the psychic versus somatic symptoms of anxiety in patients with generalized anxiety disorder as determined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. Data were pooled and analyzed from 1,841 patients with generalized anxiety disorder who participated in five short-term (8-week) double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled studies, two of which had long-term (6-month) extensions. Somatic and psychic anxieties were studied using the Hamilton rating scale for anxiety (HAM-A) factor scores. We examined response rates (> or =50% improvement over baseline severity score) in the overall population and in patients with mainly somatic symptomatology at baseline (somatizers). Venlafaxine XR significantly reduced factor scores for both psychic and somatic HAM-A factors compared with placebo, from the first and second weeks of treatment, respectively. Patients treated with venlafaxine XR had significantly higher rates of response than patients receiving placebo on the psychic (58% vs. 38%, P<.001 at week 8; 66% vs. 35% at week 24, P<.001) and somatic (56% vs. 43%, P<.001 at week 8; 67% vs. 47% at week 24, P<.001) factors of the HAM-A. There was a TreatmentxFactor interaction (P<.027) in response rates: Patients treated with venlafaxine showed similar somatic and psychic anxiety response rates, whereas placebo-treated patients showed higher somatic compared with psychic response rates. Somatizers showed similar rates of response to the total population for the somatic factor of the HAM-A in either treatment group. Patients with generalized anxiety disorder treated with venlafaxine XR showed similar absolute rates of response on somatic and psychic symptoms, but relative to patients treated with placebo, more improvement in psychic than somatic symptoms.